Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Corresponding Author:
Mufadhol Mufadhol
Doctoral Program of Information System, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University
Semarang, Indonesia
Email: masyong29@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing crude mortality rate [1], oupled with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) pandemic and the emergence of new variants add to the increasingly long list of bad ones
associated with improving people's health and welfare records [2], [3]. This forces the Indonesian
government in 2021 to adopt a policy of imposing restrictions on community activities [4]. Facing this
phenomenon requires an appropriate step so that the impact can be anticipated properly, one of which is by
ensuring the availability of medicines in the community because medicines are one indicator to control and
inhibit the rate of increase in morbidity that can lead to death [5]. The effectiveness of the management and
distribution of medicines aims to create a supply of medicines in the right amount and time with minimal
costs but still obtain optimal results in accordance with the requirements and purposes of use [6], [7].
Medicine distribution must be carried out efficiently by ensuring the distribution of medicines according to
the type and needs of the community to other distribution facilities that have special supply chains based on
applicable laws and regulations, including the distribution of hard medicines that must be handled by mean of
special distribution [7], [8]. Restrictions on the level of mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic have an
effect on medicine activity and distribution although it is partial, medicine distribution has so far been carried
out using a special and exclusive distribution system because it must be closely monitored by the Medicine
Circulation Supervisory Agency, there are medicines that are distributed freely, there are medicines that are
distributed with a lim ited free system and there are even some medicines that are distributed in a limited
distribution [9], [10]. However, there are obstacles that must be overcome when a public health center that
lacks certain types of medicines cannot request medicines directly to other public health centers, coupled
with the unavailability of a framework system to accommodate regulations in regulating the problem of
distributing medicines directly from the center. from one health center to another contributed to increasing
the likelihood of this happening, thus allowing the availability of medicines to be unfulfilled.
The trend of research developments on mobile hybrid systems continues to increase [11]. By paying
attention to the facts about the development of current research trends that lead to the development of a
mobile hybrid system, research on medicine distribution through an information system based on a mobile
hybrid system [12], which was developed with scientific principles using the rule based reasoning method by
involving experts in the pharmaceutical field is part of steps to ensure the availability of medicines
effectively and efficiently in accordance with the basic principles of the rules of the supply chain information
system [13]. The development of mobile hybrid system technology in this new framework system model can
make transactions and medicine distribution supervision done online and real time [14]. The purpose of this
research is to create a new framework system model by combining supply chain [15] and expert system [16]
regarding medicine distribution using the rule-based reasoning method [17]. The rule-based reasoning
method is very suitable to be used in this research because it can adopt the regulations and knowledge of
pharmaceutical experts into a system in the form of an algorithm, even the rule-based reasoning method
allows experts to be directly involved in research [18]. The result of combining supply chain with
information systems and expert systems in this researh is a new framework model based on a mobile hybrid
system that can simplify medicine distribution effectively and efficiently.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The steps to achieve the goals and results of this research go through several stages, as shown in
Figure 1. To get a good research product, the research process carried out must comply with procedures in
accordance with the system development method used. In this research there are three types of methods used,
the first method for conducting research using research and development methods [19]. The second method is
to test the correlation of the data using the product moment and to determine the validity of the data using R
table, while to test the consistency of the measuring instrument using cronbach alpha. The third method is the
scientific method for solving problems by using the rule-based reasoning method [20], [21].
The validity test used in this research is construct validity. Construct validity is the widest in scope
compared to other validity, because it involves many procedures including content validity and criterion
validity [23]. After knowing the effect, the next test will be carried out to determine the level of confidence in
a measuring instrument.
In the Cronbach's alpha formula, the data is split as much as the number of items. The greater the
reliability coefficient obtained, the smaller the measurement error, the more reliable the measuring
instrument will be. On the other hand, the smaller the reliability coefficient, the greater the measurement
error and the less reliable the measuring instrument used [26].
Some of the advantages of representing knowledge in a rule-based form are having the flexibility to
adapt quickly to new knowledge [29]. Pharmacists' knowledge will be adopted into a new framework system
to simplify medicine distribution in the form of an algorithm. Example:
R1: IF [Request Quantity < Medicine Stock] THEN [Action Accepted]
R2: IF [List of Medicine = NULL] THEN [Process Removing]
R3: IF [Expire Date OR Defective = TRUE] THEN [Process Delete]
pharmacy warehouse belonging to the healt office then will be distributed to each public health center which is
still under the supervision and responsibility of the healt office according to requests made every certain period,
this process can be seen in Figure 3(a). However, this will cause a new problem, namely when one of the public
health centers runs out of stock of medicines and requires certain types of medicines, they cannot request
medicines in real time to other public health centers, thereby increasing the risk to patients. The solution
obtained in this research is if the public health center has run out of stock of medicine supplies, it can ask
directly to other public health centers while still taking into account the regulations and policies of the health
office, so that the function of the health office as a policy holder and supervising the distribution and
distribution of medicines can still be carried out even more effectively and efficiently because it can be done
online and in real time based on a mobile hybrid [29], [35]. This solution can be seen in Figure 3(b). The supply
chain for medicine distribution becomes simpler by adding new distribution facilities as shown in Figure 3(b),
so that it can overcome the problem of possible medicine shortages for patients is shown in Figure 3(a).
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. The supply chain for medicine distribution; (a) medicine shortages, and (b) adding new distribution
facilities
The new model for medicine distribution by combining of supply chain and … (Mufadhol Mufadhol)
300 ISSN: 2252-8938
done by correlating item scores with a total score on one variable, to determine its significance by using an R
table with a significant level of 0.05 on a two-sided test. If rxy >= rtabel the result is valid and if rxy < rtabel the
result is not valid. The results of this test can be seen in Table 1.
The measuring tool to determine the variables that will be used in making a new framework for
simplification of medicine distribution in this research is a questionnaire. Questionnaire as a measuring tool
can be tested for consistency with reliability test using Cronbach's alpha. This reliability test will use 9 valid
results because the previous test found 1 invalid questionnaire. Determining the coefficients in this reliability
test using the Guilford coefficient. The results of this reliability test can be seen in Table 2.
With these results, the regulatory variables, logistics management and medicine distribution are
declared valid and reliable so that the variables can be used to create a new medicine distribution
simplification framework model. The distribution of respondent data can be seen in Figure 4. The distribution
of the data is normal and the data will be illustrated with a bar chart. The stem height is a Likert scale 1-5,
while the length reflects the number of respondents (15) and the depth represents the (10).
Figure 4. Label and relation of data to the three forming variables x: respondent, y: Likert scale and z:
question type. Series 1-3 relation with questions type about logistics management, series 4-7 relation with
regulation and series 8-10 relation with medicine distribution
4. CONCLUSION
The rule-based reasoning method is very suitable to be used because it can adopt the regulations and
knowledge of pharmacists into a system in the form of an algorithm, even allowing pharmacists to be directly
involved in the research process. The combination of supply chain and expert systems using the rule-based
research method in this research resulted in a new framework model based on a mobile hybrid system that
can simplify medicine distribution effectively and efficiently. By using this new framework model, there will
be no shortage of medicines in a public health center because it can make requests to other public health
centers by online and real time. This transaction activity can still be controlled and supervised by the team in
charge of medicine at the health office. This system can also be used by the planning, budgeting and
medicine procurement team for consideration in making decisions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this research, we would like to express our gratitude to Farida Kurniati as the person in charge of
the field who has coordinated the pharmacists at the Demak District Health Office, Indonesia, and the
pharmacy manager at the public health center as well as several parties involved in this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ferry Jie Professor at the Departmen of Business and Law, Edith Cowan
University, Joondalup, Pert, Australia. He was managing and coordinating the
undergraduate program in LSCM at RMIT from 2015 to 2016. He has maintained a high
quality of research throughout his academic career including international scholarly
leadership in the areas of supply chain management and logistics, including being invited to
be keynote speaker and to give public lectures at symposiums and international conferences
in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, China, UK and Australia. From
2015 to now. He can be contacted at email: ferry.jie111@gmail.com.