TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022
GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
● The human genome is composed of
about three (3) billion base pairs of
DNA and contains more than 25, 000
genes. The DNA that makes up the
human genome is subdivided into
sections which store information bytes,
such as genes. This information
should still be decoded to allow the
production of large molecules, called
proteins, responsible for certain
functions and organisms’ physical and
structural traits.
PROTEINS IN GENETIC CODE
● Dictate our physical traits.
● Possess all the characteristics of
genetic make up. Protein leads to
Physical appearance.
ENZYME IN GENETIC CODE
● Responsible for the rate of reaction.
● Acts as a catalyst.
● All proteins in nature need enzymes in
order to be converted.
● Enzyme used in
DNA CENTRAL DOGMA
● Formulated by Francis Crick
● Defined DNA is essentially transferred
info
● Genetic DNA transfer
● Unidirectional/One way process
● transcription produces mRNA
GENES
● Small portion of DNA
● Located in a particular region. Only a
subsection
● Unit of inheritance, responsible for
passing traits
● Loosened/unwinded by helicase
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
● Possesses enzyme reverse
transcriptase (responsible for reverse
transcription of RNA to DNA)
● Targets CD4 cells.
● Integrates with the DNA.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
● Double stranded. Double helix, runs
in opposite direction (also called
anti parallel)
● Exhibits complementary base
theory (paired one base to another,
contains lower and upper strand)
● Upper Strand - leading strand. 5’ to
3’
● Lower Strand - lagging strand. 3’ to
5’
DNA TO MRNA - TRANSCRIPTION
● Transcription - decoded
information of DNA becomes
mRNA. Only 1 strand is utilized in
RNA after getting unwinded.
● Only certain regions/sections are
unwind (genes: unwind helix)
● Enzyme used in unwinding: RNA
Polymerase
● RNA Polymerase - binds to the
double helix of DNA, and moves
through the DNA, proofreads the
DNA to find the promoter region
● Promoter region - starting point of
transcription process. promoter
region is proximal to the
specific/target gene used for protein
synthesis. every protein synthesis
has specific gene that is switched
on and off to produce specific type
of protein
● Helicase - enzyme responsible for
unwinding of the 2 strands.
● rna locates the promoter region, the
gene will be loosened/unwind by
helicase. and transcription starts to
happen until it gets decode until it
becomes the language of RNA
● pro mRNA/HnRNA - pre cursor,
heterogenous nuclear RNA,
contains exon and introns.
● Exons - coding sequence holds the
information that has the
corresponding protein that is to be
synthesized. only coding region
● Introns- non coding sequence,
does not code amino acids. non
coding/intervening sequence.
● Introns are removed by a
ribonucleic protein called
spliceosome. The process is called
splicing.
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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022
● After being removed, the exons are
ligated through ligase. producing
mRNA
● pre-MRNAs cannot go inside the
nuclear pore, however as the
introns are removed, they are then
converted to mRNA which can then
pass through the nuclear pore,
becoming compact. it then goes
through outside the nuclear pores,
then goes through the ribosomes.
TYPES OF RNA -> PROTEIN:
TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA/mRNA
● can pass through the nuclear pore,
becoming compact. it then goes
through outside the nuclear pores,
then goes through the ribosomes.
● functions as an intermediate product,
providing a codon/template for
protein synthesis. contains instruction
from DNA transcription. corresponding
base sequence decoded derived from
gene.
● contains the codon (triplets, three
letters)
Ribosomal RNA/rRNA
● genes processed by the ribosome.
● has two portions; large subunit and
small subunit. These units can be
dissociated by a centrifuge.
● portion of the physical ribosome where
the mRNA binds, and where the codon
(triplets carried by rRNA) sequences
are then exposed.
● the portion that handles the mRNA. It
is just a portion of a physical
ribosome.
● binding region.
Transfer RNA/tRNA
● contains anticodon (compliments with
mRNA’s codons)
BASE CODON
● stop codon - stops the protein
synthesis. these are the ff; UAA,
UAG, UGA
● Uracil - applicable only in RNA.
substitutes thymine
● Cytosine - binds with guanine
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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022
● Adinine - pairs up with thymine.
● Guanine - binds with cytosine
● Thymine - applicable only in DNA
● The amino acids contain 2 or more
codons in order to help prevent
error in mutation
ACTING ON BACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES
INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN OR RNA
SYNTHESIS
ACTING ONLY ON BACTERIA
1. Tetracycline - blocks the binding of
aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of ribosome.
2. Streptomycin - prevents the transition
from initiation complex to chain
elongating ribosome and causes
miscoding.
3. Erythromycin - clock the
translocation reaction on ribosomes.
4. Chloramphenicol - blocks the
peptidyl-transferase reaction on
ribosomes
1. Actinomycin D - blocks to DNA and
blocks the movement of RNA
polymerase
ACTING ONLY ON EUKARYOTES
1. Alpha-amanitin - blocks mRNA
synthesis by binding preferentially to
RNA polymerase II.
MUTATION
● Mutation are changes in the genetic
sequence, resulting either from error in
DNA replication or from damaging
effects of mutagen like chemicals, UV
radiation, infectious agents and others.
● happens when there is alteration
(changes) in the base sequence of the
DNA. either substitution brought upon
by different factors. away from the
original.
● Mutagen - agent responsible for
mutation
DNA SEQUENCE -> COMPLEMENTARY
BASE EXAMPLE
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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022