Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Topics to be Covered
• Chemical Reactions
• Collision Theory
• Factors the Affect the Rates of Chemical
Reactions
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Expected Outcomes
• Have a deeper appreciation of what chemical
reactions are in the physical sense.
• Understand the concepts in relation to
Collision Theory and how they are closely tied
to chemical reactions.
• Apply and relate Collision Theory and the
different factors that can affect the rates of
chemical reactions
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

When you hear the word

“reaction”, what do you think of?

What is a chemical reaction?

 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A B A B

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

A B A B

Is liquid water changing into ice a

chemical reaction?
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

At the atomic/molecular level, how

do chemical reactions occur?

WE LOOK AT COLLISION THEORY!

 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory

A B A B

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

For a chemical reaction to occur and

products to form, the reactants must
interact and collide with each other.
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory

B
A
A
B The collision
A A A
B theory is also
B
B concerned about
A
B A
the probability of
B A particles colliding
A A
A
B within a given
A
B space given a
B B specific set of
B
A
B
A
conditions.
B A
A B
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory
But there are conditions that must be met:
1. The interacting/colliding particles must have
the proper orientation.

incorrect
no reaction
orientations
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory
2. The interacting/colliding particles must
collide with sufficient energy.

What does it mean if

ACTIVATION
ENERGY
a reaction has a high
activation energy?
A B How fast is it?
Energy
Reactants

A B
How about if you
Products have a low
activation energy?
Reaction Progress
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory
TRANSITION
STATE

Energy

Reactants

Products

Reaction Progress
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Exercise
Which of the following would be the faster
reaction? Why?
1 2

A B A B
E E
Reactants Reactants

A B A B

Products Products

Progress Progress
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Collision Theory
• The energy and orientation requirements
work hand in hand with each other.

right orientation no reaction

but insufficient energy?

For a chemical reaction to occur, the interacting

particles must collide with the right orientation and
sufficient energy.
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Manipulating a Chemical Reaction

CHEMICAL REACTION

orientation energy

How to make a reaction faster or slower?

FREQUENCY ENERGY OF
OF COLLISIONS COLLISIONS
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Factors that Affect Reaction Rate

1. Concentration
2. Surface Area
3. Temperature
4. Catalysts and Inhibitors
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

1. Concentration
• Concentration refers to the number of particles
in a given space/volume.

B B
B A A A
B B
A A A B A A A B
B B B
A A B A
A A
A B A
B
A A B B A A B
A
A B
B B B B
A A A
A B B
A B
B B A B B A A B
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid

(HCl) to form hydrogen gas. Let’s say that
you have 2 M HCl and 0.5 M HCl, where
would magnesium react the fastest?
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

2. Surface Area
• The surface area refers to the area that is
exposed and available for collisions. We can
alter reaction rate by changing surface area.
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) reacts with

hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form carbon dioxide
gas. Which among the two forms of calcium
carbonate will react fastest with 1 M HCl?
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

3. Temperature
The average speed (kinetic energy) of particles is related
to the temperature.
5°C 20°C 40°C
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

3. Temperature

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 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

4. Catalysts and Inhibitors

Catalysts and inhibitors are chemical substances that
can increase or decrease the rate of a chemical
reaction, respectively. They do not increase or decrease
the amount of products produced.

catalyst/ catalyst/
A B + inhibitor A B + inhibitor

REACTANTS PRODUCTS
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

4. Catalysts and Inhibitors

Inhibited

Normal

Energy
Catalyzed
Reactants

Products

Reaction Progress
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Perspective About Catalysts

Enzymes are biological catalysts. What if we

didn’t have enzymes?

“Without a particular enzyme, a biological

transformation that is absolutely essential in
creating the building blocks of DNA and RNA
would take 78 million years.”
- Richard Wolfenden, Professor of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UNC
 Exercise 1 – Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

Summary
• Chemical Reactions
• Collision Theory
• Manipulating a Chemical Reaction
• 4 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING~!

QUESTIONS/CLARIFICATIONS?