UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK (KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR)

FACULTY:

ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEY

COURSE CODE:

BSR 150 - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

TOPIC:

ROOF, FLOOR, STAIRCASE, DOOR AND WINDOW

PREPARED BY:

NAME NO. STUDENT

MUHAMMAD FARIS IQBAL BIN RIDUAN 2020875202

AMIR HAKIM BIN SHAHRIN 2020809006

NOR ZAWANI BINTI CHE BAHAMAN 2020846292

HAZIQAH BINTI JALAL 2020871086

NUR IZZATI BINTI MOHAMAD FAUZI 2020490318

PROVIDED FOR:

PUAN SITI ZUBAIDAH BINTI HASHIM

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGES

AKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

INTRODUCTION 4

LITERATURE REVIEW ON BUILDING ELEMENTS 5-9

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION WINDOWS, STAIRCASE, DOOR, 10 - 24

FLOOR AND ROOF

CONCLUSION 25

REFERENCES 26

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

During MCO as known as movement control order, we tried our best to keep
progressing this course work report although it is not good enough to compare to
other groups assignments. I have taken effort in this project, however, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them especially my group member because
equally complete this assignment well. Thankfully to ‘those’ who always stand by our
side and available for lending their hand to us.

Therefore we would like to take this chance to express our greatest gratitude
towards Allah (god) who gave us life and breath every seconds no matter where we
are and always gave us guide and strength to do our responsibility. Secondly, we
would like to give a huge appreciation to our parents who gave us a non-stop advice
to make us always remember to keep study and finish our assignment. They also
supportive in terms of money to buy stationary food and so.

Thirdly, we would like to deeply express our gratefulness for Madam Siti
Zubaidah binti Hashim, our lecturer and advisor of this report, who continuously giving
us support in complete this assignment. Her help is unrequited and very beneficial for
us. Finally, we want to thank to our dear friends and course mates that always giving a
good response when appointing question, and also give us advice in completing the
task. Alhamdulillah’s, we manage to finish it even though in this difficult time that not
only us but the whole world facing.

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INTRODUCTION

Every building that is developed must have some elements that are important to
complete a building. Among the important building elements in building construction
are such as windows, stairs, doors, floors, and even the roof. This is because if the
building elements are not there, then a building is not complete without them.

The building elements that have been mentioned each have their own importance.
Doors that provide access to various rooms within the building and prohibit entry
when necessary are examples. The amount of doors should be kept to a bare
minimum. The door should be large enough to let the largest thing that will utilized it to
pass through. Then, the importance of windows is windows are used to get light and
ventilation in the building. They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the
floor level. In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to 20 percent of
the floor area. Another thumb rule used to determine the size and the number of
windows is for every 30 m3 of inside volume there should be 1 m2 window opening.

Besides that, floors also are a vital part of any structure. They provide residents
with working/useful places. The ground floor is prepared by filling it with brickbats,
waste stones, gravel, and compacting it with a sand layer of at least 100 mm on top. A
lean concrete layer of 1: 4: 8 is placed at a thickness of 100 mm. A damp-proof course
may be applied to this. The owner's specifications for floor finishing are then followed.
A 20 to 25 mm rich mortar course coated with red oxide is the cheapest floor finish for
a modest residence. Mosaic or marble finishes are the most expensive floor finishes.
Other floors are generally made of R.C.C. and are completed to the owner's
specifications.

After that, the roof is the building's uppermost part, which gives the structure with
top cover. It should be impenetrable to water. A sloping roof, such as tiled or A.C.
sheet, provides an easy leak proof cover. However, they provide no provision for the
installation of a second storey. A tiled roof provides excellent thermal insulation.
Additional storey are possible with flat roofs. The terrace contributes to the tenants'
comfort. Water tanks are simple to install on flat roofs.

Lastly, the stair provides easy access from the ground to the first storey. They're
needed for all outside doors. Steps with a width of 250 to 300 mm and a rise of 150
mm are suitable. The size of two successive steps should never be different. The
number of steps necessary is determined by the difference between ground and floor
levels. Stairs provide access from one floor to the next. They should be made up of
uniformly sized stages. Then, that is all the general function of each elements in a
building.

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LITERATURE REVIEW ON BUILDING ELEMENTS

For this assignment, we will choose a double story terrace house that located at
Precinct 9, Putrajaya. This house is belonging to one of our members.

source: google map

The address of this house is No33, Jalan P9A/4, 62250, Presint 9, Wilayah
Persekutuan Putrajaya. The age of this house has already reached 14 years which is
from 2007 until now 2021.

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Location of Elements

This is the floor plan of house above. Every room use the same type of window for a
better ventilation. This house also using the same type of door for each room. The
location of elements can see clearly from the floor plan above.

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Types of elements

1.Roof

i) Roof Tiles

Roof tiles are built to keep out the house from rain. This roof made from locally
available materials such as terracotta or slate. A tile roofing system consists of
overlapping roof tiles firmly connected to a solid substrate or roof deck on an slope
roof.

2. Floor

i) Tiles Flooring (Marble)

Type of metamorphic rock that has wealthy veining and is offered in an exceedingly
kind of colour. Marble is a lot of porous than granite and is not suitable for room
flooring unless honed so sealed on a regular basis.

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3. Staircase

i) L Shaped Stairs

L Shaped Stairs is a variation of straight stair with a bend in some portion of the stair.
This bend is sometimes achieved by adding a landing at the transition purpose. The
bend is commonly90°, however, it does not have to be compelled to be. If the landing
is nearer to the highest or bottom of supports (the steps) it is generally brought up as
an extended L step or 1 / 4 flip stair.

4. Door

i) Framed and Paneled Doors

This door is very strong compared to the others door. It also has a good appearance
for all types of buildings.

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ii) Glazed Doors

Glazed doors will provide a nice interior wall openings for some building. The interior
of the building is visible through the door and light also passes them. These could also
be totally glazed or part glazed and part paneled. Glass panels are provided for
glazed doors.

5. Window

i) Casement Windows

This window is attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the side. Casement
windows are hinged on the side and crank open outward to the left or right allowing for
full top to bottom ventilation. This window in commonly used in residential areas
because the window provides enough ventilation especially with Malaysia weather.

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PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION

WINDOW

1)

Measure the dimensions of the reveal in the new building construction. This simple
procedure can prevent problem from the beginning. For this installation, make sure
that all surfaces in the reveal are plain and free of dust. This will ensure that the seals
can be perfectly attached to the stone. The gap between reveal and frame is split into
three levels with various requirements. It must be vapour resistant inside, filled with
insulating materials in the centre and open to vapour diffusion outside.

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2) Complete The Construction Section

Before starting the installation of windows :

- To ensure a smooth installation, remove the window cover. Using a screwdriver,

remove the locking pin from the bottom. Lift the casing up and open it. (Picture 2a)

- Remove the protective cover from the handle position's location. To protect the
glass and lacquer from harm during installation, all other foil should be placed on
the window. (Picture 2b)

- Place the handle on the casing in a secure location until the system is installed in
the new building. (Picture 2c)

- Remove the protective foil from the outside of the container. The foil should also be
used in other portions of the structure. Remove the foil from the outside of the frame
only when you are ready for the following phase of the installation procedure to
avoid obtaining unclean uncovered areas.

- It is now possible to employ the proper sealing substance that you have
chosen.Please take note of the three distinct levels of sealing and their corresponding
insulating conditions.

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3) The Window Frame's Installation

The frame can be fitted and adjusted after it has been prepped for installation:

-Place the window frame in the wall opening with care. (Picture 3b)

-Check the vertical and horizontal orientation of the frame and adjust it with the
washers that come with it. It is critical to work exactly in order to ensure that the
window can be opened and closed smoothly (Picture 3c)

4) In a new building, the window is being installed and foamed. Only once the
sealing has been successfully placed and the element has been perfectly positioned
in the wall opening can the following stages be carried out.

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-Using the impact drill, drill mounting holes. Depending on the wall's substance, use
a wood or stone bit.

-Install the mounting screws (Picture 4).

-You can begin foaming the gaps between the insulation of the frame and the wall
once you are satisfied that the construction element is vertically adjusted precisely in
the new building construction (Picture 5a).

5) Put the Window Panel in Place

You can start installing sheath after the building foam between the house and the new
frame hardens:

-Reinstall the locking pin and insert the casing carefully (Picture 6). Close the casing
and double check that it can be opened and closed properly.

-The new sheath must be carefully adjusted after installation to ensure reliable
thermal insulation. A detailed manual for window customization can be found here
(or the door).

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STAIRCASE

1) Designing of Concrete Stairs

-Stair design necessitates in-depth knowledge of design elements as well as a site

analysis. The height of the floor, the width of the stairs, the depth of the risers, the
thread width, the thickness of the stairs, the angle of the stairs, the load applied to the
stairs, and many other factors all influence the design of the stairs, requiring a
qualified engineer to design the perfect stairs.

2) Foundation and Support for Concrete Stairs

-The track on which the concrete ladder rests should be correctly designed to ensure
that the ladder's load is successfully transferred to the ground and that the ladder
does not shift. If the pillar beams that will convey the load are present at the start of
the steps, reinforcement iron bars can be linked to them. If no pillar beams can be
discovered, tiny concrete foundations or boulders of appropriate size are constructed.
Roof beams or slabs are typically used to support the steps at the top, which restricts
their movement.

3) Build the Form work for Concrete Stairs

-When constructing concrete stairs, the most critical step is to employ proper form
work. The angle of flight, thread size, and riser must all be double- checked. The
line of flight, thread, and risers are usually marked on the wall when creating a
stairwell attached to a wall for correct shuttering or form work installation.To sustain
the weight of the concrete, the boards must be at least 2" thick. The form's entire
construction must be supported by 4x4 posts. The wooden boards are used to make
the stairs and are secured to the form work's lateral framework with many screws.

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4) Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Stairs

-The concrete steps will be reinforced with steel bars to carry and transfer the loads
that come down the stairs to the ground. A structural engineer will calculate the
amount of steel bars and their sizes based on the loads that will be applied to the
stairwell. These steel reinforcing bars are linked together and put in the form work with
a minimum of 25 mm spacing.

5) Pour Concrete for Concrete Stairs

-Concrete pouring into the form works begins at the bottom and works its way up. The
concrete mix has a significant impact on the strength and durability of the stairwell. 3
parts cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts gravel, and 3 parts water comprise the standard
stair mix. To thoroughly fill the gaps of the steps and avoid the honeycomb formation,
it is recommended to use a concrete vibrator while pouring the concrete.

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6) Removal of Form work

-Because it takes at least 21 days for the steps to dry completely, the form work
should only be removed after that time. During these 21 days, thorough curing is
required to avoid stair cracks caused by heat expansion. The form work is removed
using a hammer and crowbar when the 21-day period has passed. To prevent
damaging the concrete or the stairwell's edges, work slowly and carefully.

7) Finishing the Concrete Stairs

- After the form work is removed, the steps can be completed in a variety of ways
depending on the intended usage. It can simply be finished with a trowel or float to
give it a concrete finish, or cement tiles or granite can be placed for a more
aesthetically pleasing look. Finishing the stairs with carpet or wood is also an option.

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FLOOR

1) Assemble and Erect Form Work

-Workers, their operators, and their machines must be able to handle construction
loads such as the pressure and weight of fresh concrete. During the creation of form
work, there are several factors of construction that must be considered. It must, for
example, be correctly laid, lined, and leveled, with the joints securely sealed and no
nail colour projecting into the concrete.

2) Prepare and Place Reinforcement

- Inspect and inspect the form before placing reinforcement for the building of
concrete floor slabs to ensure that the dimensions and location of the concrete
members match to the structural plan. In addition, the form should be cleaned and
oiled thoroughly, but not in such a way that it can leak into the concrete structure's
trunks or joints.Finally, the site engineer can order the concrete after all of the
reinforcing requirements (position, concrete cover, spacing, and correct bar
dimensions, length, hooks, and bending) have been met.

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3) Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete

-Concrete mixing, transport, and handling should all be coordinated with the laying
and finishing process. Begin placing concrete along the perimeter of the floor slab at
one end of the job, with each batch being laid on top of the previously delivered
concrete. To avoid separation, concrete should be placed at or near its previous
location. As a result, concrete was placed in big, distinct piles, preventing them from
being moved horizontally to their final location. Site engineers should also keep a
close eye on the concrete and search for any symptoms of trouble. Grout loss, for
example, indicates that joints have been improperly sealed and have moved.
Cracking, excessive deflection, level and plumb, as well as any movement, must all
be checked and addressed to avoid future issues.Furthermore, fresh concrete should
be compacted adequately in order to mould it within the forms and around embedded
items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone pockets, honeycomb, and entrapped
air. Vibration, either internal or external, is the most widely used method for
consolidating concrete. Lastly, slabs could be finished in many ways based on floor
application.

4) Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork

After the finishing is complete, the concrete must be properly cured using appropriate
techniques. Water cure, flooded concrete, pool concrete, and mist sprayed concrete
are all examples of slab curing procedures. Chemical Membranes, and waterproof
paper or plastic film seal, in addition to water holding methods in which covers like as
sand, canvas, burlap, or straw were employed to keep the slab surface wet
continually.

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All concrete floor slab construction processes are illustrated in Fig.8 and Fig.9

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

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DOOR

1) Set the Base of the Door

-Place the hanging door's base in place, centred on the rough opening, and the
hinges to the right. Tilt the mount in the direction of the opening. Having an assistance
across the door to receive it and help slide it till the frame is flush on the wall is a good
idea while doing this.

2) Adjust the Unit with A Spacer

- Adjust the device slightly until it is flush with the spacer, using a piece of drywall (or
other finish material) as a spacer between the trimmer studs. If the finish floor hasn't
been completed yet, use blocks to raise the side jambs to the proper height you
don't want to cut off the bottom of a new door if at all feasible.

3) Tap the Wood Mount

-To shim, tap pairs of tapered wooden shims securely between the jambs and the
trimmer studs on both sides with a hammer to adjust and hold the unit in place until
you nail it. Begin by shimming the door's lower hinge side. With a 10d finishing nail,
nail through the jamb and shims 1 inch into the stud; position the nail where the stop
moulding will cover it.

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4) Insert the Protector

-Place the protector next to the top hinge, check for the pipe in the jamb, and nail it to
the bottom. The shim, plumb, and nails are located in the middle of the upper and
middle hinge positions once again. Replace the middle and bottom hinges and repeat
the operation. Check to see if the door's frame is level.

5) Hit the Opposite Frame

-Shim the opposite jamb in identical places, but avoid nailing where the latch will be
cut.

6) Release Brackets or Blockers

-Remove any tacked-on bracing or blocking to complete the installation. Close the
door and ensure that the space between the door's edges and the jambs is the same
(1/16 to 1/8 inch). Pull out nails in the region that appears to be the problem if the door
sticks or is out of line. To prevent your hammer from damaging the jambs, use a
block.Drive the nails almost flush, then use a nail set to set the heads. Cut the shims
flush with the jambs with a handsaw. Finish with the door casing or other finishing
touches.

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ROOF

1) Recognize the Steps Involved

- Start building the roof after decide a style, design and material. The procedure is
divide into 4 primary steps, which are :

a) Framing is the process of building and installing the roof frame, which can be
done with prefabricated trusses.

b) Sheathing is a layer of material that covers the roof surface and sits on top of the
frame.

c) Installation of underlayment: this is a protective layer that goes over the sheath. An
ice barrier is also installed at the top of the bottom layer during this step.

d) Roof covering installation: this layer is installed on top of the bottom layer and
protects the roof from the elements.

2) Assemble the Trusses.

-The building's wall frames must already be level, plumb, and square to finish this
stage. If you're putting the roof on a structure that's still a frame, use ladders or
scaffolding. Place the trusses on the roof and hoist them up. This can be
accomplished with multiple pairs of hands or with the help of a crane.

a) Trusses are commonly 12 inches, 16 inches, or 24 inches apart. The distance will
be determined by the building regulations and the amount of weight (snow) that the
roof must support.

b) It is simpler to pull the truss ropes onto a flat roof without using a crane, and then
elevate them into position.

3) Install Temporary Brackets

- Install a temporary bracket that can be leaned on the truss until the sheath and
bracket are fixed before attaching the truss. Nail the bottom of a 16-foot-long
two-by-six board to the top of the outer wall in the centre of the rear wall, making sure
it is fastened to the studs.So that it may be secured to the first truss, the top of the
bracket should reach to the top of the roof. Wear a two-by-six brace of the same
length six feet to the left of the middle bracket, as well as a third brace six feet to the
right. Install three temporary brackets on the front of the building using the same
techniques.

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4) Install the End Trusses

-Install the two end trusses on the front and back of the building as directed by the
manufacturer, making sure they are secured to the temporary brackets. Make sure
your stick is slightly longer than the distance between your trusses. Apply the batten
to the truss's end until it is perpendicular to the building's front face.As a temporary
bracing, this will be attached to the following truss.

5) Standard Trusses Should be Installed.

-Install the first standard truss, working your way to the front of the building, following
the manufacturer's directions. Apply it to the first truss's stick as well. Attach a new
batten to the end truss and the first standard truss, long enough to build four trusses
with the proper spacing.

a) Depending on your plans, continue to build regular or periodic trusses on a regular

basis. Attach a longer batten rope progressively (with a truss length of four or more)
as you approach the end of the batten so that you can install a batten that spans the
length of the roof from one end to the other.

b) Building codes in some regions require that a roofing system be joined to the
structure below with steel connection plates or hurricane clips, so make sure your roof
is built to comply.

c) Install permanent bracing as directed by the truss manufacturer once all trusses
have been placed.

6) Sheath the Roof

-You can start painting the roof once your trusses are anchored and properly fastened.
Starting at the bottom corner and going across the bottom first, the sheath is fitted
longitudinally. Continue row after row, starting at the same end of the half-sheet sheet,
until your sheath is unstable.Always stack the panels on top of the support, with a
spacing of one to eight inches between them. Rep on the opposite side of the roof.

a) Use conventional or deformed 8D calves to secure the holster to the frame.

b) Fasteners must be three to eight inches from the edges. Each panel's fasteners
should be spaced six inches apart around the perimeter and 12 inches apart within.

7) Install the Drip Edge

-This is metal flashing that directs rainwater into a gutter or away from the house,
protecting the bottom of the sheathing.

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8) Install the Underlayment

- Roofing cloth, which is similar to tar paper but uses asphalt instead of tar, is the most
frequent bottom layer. The bottom layer's primary function is to keep you dry.

a) Roll the bottom layer uniformly, lengthening the sheath, starting at the bottom
where you started with the sheath. Place it where you want it.

b) Roll up the next layer, running towards the top of the roof, once the first layer is
down. About six inches should be overlapped between the layers.

c) Continue laying the bottom layer until it reaches the ridge, or within four inches of
it.

d) Carry on with the same procedure for the rest of the roof.

e) Roll the last layer through the ridge like a hat after laying the bottom layer on both
sides. Make sure this layer overhang the bottom layer by at least eight inches on both
sides of the ridge.

9) Install the Roof Cover

- The roof covering is put lengthwise from the bottom up, just as the sheathing and
bottom layer. The syrup, like the sheathing, must be staggered and overlapped, much
like the bottom layer. Both sides of the bridge should be walked to, and the ridge
should be finished with ridge cover syrup.

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CONCLUSION

As conclusion,a structural elements come in a range of shapes and sizes, with

intricate linkages between them. Elements requirements are necessary for users who
are interested in the elements, both functional and non-functional.Elements creators
must follow the framework's rules and formats when creating and specifying elements,
while element users will use the framework to more efficiently and accurately
assemble systems from elements. The knowledge of the building elements above is
useful in understanding the construction process and the differences in the elements.
Determine the size and type of elements to verify that they are appropriate for the
house's requirements. This should be done before they are installed. Natural
ventilation, natural lighting, and a warm home ambiance are just a few of the
advantages these factors provide to make our lives easier.

Other than that, the presence of a structure is denoted by the material used to
construct it. It indicates the existence of aesthetic sense in a design and, as a result,
determines the structure's practicability. When creating a structure, the choice of
building materials is symbolic of its presence in the realm of architectural visualization.
It aids in the establishment of a link between architectural aesthetic excellence and
structural integrity. An architect's choice of building materials and construction
techniques. The materials used in construction have also influenced the name of
historical structures. There was a time when a single construction piece might be
used to construct a whole edifice. Things have progressed to the point where diverse
components are employed in various nooks and crannies of the same edifice.

Last but not least, each building element used in forming a house or a building
plays an important role. This is because to ensure that a building that has been built
can be inhabited for a long period and always strong even if there are many obstacles
from the outside such as hot and cold weather that is uncertain and severe weather
disturbances.

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REFERENCES

https://www.civilengineeringx.com/building-planning/elements-of-a-building/

https://theconstructor.org/building/12-basic-components-building-structure/34024/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40095-018-0281-9

https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8018

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_element

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_most_important_building_elements_
in_Building_Rating_System

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-floor-slab-construction/25628/

https://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/install-door.html

https://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Roof

https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/concrete-stairs-construction/26064/

https://www.windows24.com/windows/instructions/install/new-construction.php

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