UNIT -I

Q1.

Enlist the different types of operating system

Ans- Types of Operating System

 Batch OS.
 Distributed OS.
 Multitasking OS.
 Network OS.
 Real-OS.
 Mobile OS.

Q.2

Compare between multiprogramming and multitasking operating system

Ans-

Sr.no Multiprogramming Multi-tasking

Both of these concepts are for Both of these concepts are for
1. single CPU. single CPU.

Concept of Context Switching is Concept of Context Switching

2. used. and Time Sharing is used.

Multi-programming increases In multi-tasking also increases

CPU utilization by organising CPU utilization, it also
3. jobs . increases responsiveness.

Q.1

Explain in detail distributed system

Ans-A distributed system is a computing environment in which various

components are spread across multiple computers (or other computing
devices) on a network. These devices split up the work, coordinating their efforts to
complete the job more efficiently than if a single device had been responsible for the
task.
Distributed systems are an important development for IT and computer
science as an increasing number of related jobs are so massive and
complex that it would be impossible for a single computer to handle them
alone. But distributed computing offers additional advantages over
traditional computing environments.
Distributed systems reduce the risks involved with having a single point of
failure, bolstering reliability and fault tolerance.

Q.2

Compare between time sharing and real time operating system.

Ans-

S.N Time Sharing Operating

O System Real-Time Operating System

While in real time operating

In time sharing operating system, computation tasks are
system, quick response is emphasized before its
1. emphasized for a request. nominative point.

In this operating While in this operating

system Switching method/functi system Switching method/functi
2. on is available. on is not available.
 S.N Time Sharing Operating
O System Real-Time Operating System

In this operating system any

modification in the program can While in this modification does
3. be possible. not take place.

But in this OS, computer

In this OS, computer resources resources are not shared to the
4. are shared to the external. external.

It deals with more than

processes or applications Whereas it deals with only one
5. simultaneously. process or application at a time.

In this OS, the response is While in real time OS, the

provided to the user within a response is provided to the user
6. second. within time constraint.

Q.3

Explain in detail multiprocessor system.

Ans-
A multiprocessor system is defined as "a system with more than one processor",
and, more precisely, "a number of central processing units linked together to enable
parallel processing to take place". The key objective of a multiprocessor is to boost a
system's execution speed.

Types of Multiprocessors
There are mainly two types of multiprocessors i.e. symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessors.

1)Symmetric Multiprocessors
2)Asymmetric Multiprocessors

Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems

-More reliable Systems
In a multiprocessor system, even if one processor fails, the system will not halt. This ability to
continue working despite hardware failure is known as graceful degradation. For example: If
there are 5 processors in a multiprocessor system and one of them fails, then also 4 processors
are still working. So the system only becomes slower and does not ground to a halt.
Enhanced Throughput
Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Systems
- Large Main Memory Required
- All the processors in the multiprocessor system share the memory. So a much larger
pool of memory is required as compared to single processor systems.

Q.4

Compare command line interface and graphical user interface

Ans-
Parameters CLI GUI

Ease of Use It is comparatively more difficult to It is comparatively easier to understand

understand and use. and use.

Memory CLI consumes comparatively less The GUI consumes comparatively more
Consumption memory. memory.

Level of Precision Higher precision of work can be obtained GUI offers a lower level of precision.
using CLI.

Speed It works at a higher speed as compared to It works at a much slower speed as

the GUI. compared to the CLI.

Keyboard and Its OS only requires a user’s keyboard. Its OS requires both keyboard and mouse
Mouse to work.

Unit-II

Q.1
Enlist services provided by operating system.
Ans-
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

 It provides programs an environment to execute.

 It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.
Following are a few common services provided by an operating system −

 Program execution
 I/O operations
 File System manipulation
 Communication
 Error Detection
 Resource Allocation
 Protection

Q.2
Enlist components of operating system.

Ans-
An operating system consists of the following components:
 Management of processes.
 File Administration.
 Network Management.
 Main Memory Management.
 Management of Secondary Storage.
 Management of I/O Devices.
 Security Management.
 Command Interpreter System.

Q.3
Describe any two system call related with file management.
Ans-
Types of System Calls
File Management: File manipulation events like Creating, Deleting, Reading
Writing etc are being classified under file management system calls. Device
Management: Device Management system calls are being used to request the
device, release the device, logically attach and detach the device.

Q.4
Describe any two system call related with device management .
Ans-
Device management is a system call that is used to deal with devices. Some
examples of device management include read, device, write, get device
attributes, release device, etc.

Q.5
Describe any two system call related with process management.

Ans-

1. Process Control: It handles the system calls for process creation, deletion, etc.
Examples for process control system calls are: Load, Execute, Abort, Wait Signal
events for process.

fork(): This system call creates the copy of the process which has called it. The one
which has called fork is called the parent process and the newly created copy is
called the child process. exec(): This system call is called when the running process
wants to execute another executable file.

Q.1
Explain concept of system call in detail.
Ans-
A system call is a routine that allows a user application to request actions that
require special privileges. Adding system calls is one of several ways to extend the
functions provided by the kernel.
In computing, a system call is the programmatic way in which a computer
program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system it is
executed on. A system call is a way for programs to interact with the
operating system. A computer program makes a system call when it makes
a request to the operating system’s kernel. System call provides the
services of the operating system to the user programs via Application
Program Interface(API). It provides an interface between a process and
operating system to allow user-level processes to request services of the
operating system. System calls are the only entry points into the kernel
system. All programs needing resources must use system calls.
Services Provided by System Calls :
1. Process creation and management
2. Main memory management
3. File Access, Directory and File system management
4. Device handling(I/O)
5. Protection
6. Networking, etc.
Types of System Calls : There are 5 different categories of system
calls –
1. Process control: end, abort, create, terminate, allocate and
free memory.
2. File management: create, open, close, delete, read file etc.
3. Device management
4. Information maintenance
 5. Communication

Q.2

Explain any four services provided by operating system.

Ans-
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

 It provides programs an environment to execute.

 It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.

1)I/O Operation
An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers
hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users.
An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers.

 I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O
device.
 Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.

2)Error handling
Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the
memory hardware. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to
error handling −

 The OS constantly checks for possible errors.

 The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

3)Resource Management
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU
cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job. Following are the major activities
of an operating system with respect to resource management −

 The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.

 CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.

4)Protection
Considering a computer system having multiple users and concurrent execution of multiple
processes, the various processes must be protected from each other's activities.
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users
to the resources defined by a computer system. Following are the major activities of an
operating system with respect to protection −

 The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.

 The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access
attempts.
 The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.
Q.3
Explain any four components of operating system.
Ans-
There are various components of an Operating System to perform well defined tasks. Though
most of the Operating Systems differ in structure but logically they have similar components.
Each component must be a well-defined portion of a system that appropriately describes the
functions, inputs, and outputs.
There are following 8-components of an Operating System:

1. Process Management
2. I/O Device Management
3. File Management
4. Network Management
5. Main Memory Management
6. Secondary Storage Management
7. Security Management
8. Command Interpreter System

1)Process Management
A process is program or a fraction of a program that is loaded in main memory. A process
needs certain resources including CPU time, Memory, Files, and I/O devices to accomplish its
task. The process management component manages the multiple processes running
simultaneously on the Operating System.

2)Main Memory Management

Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of
quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
Main memory is a volatile storage device which means it loses its contents in the case of system
failure or as soon as system power goes down.

3)Secondary Storage Management

The main purpose of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs, together with
the data they access, must be in main memory during execution. Since the main memory is too
small to permanently accommodate all data and program, the computer system must provide
secondary storage to backup main memory.

4)Security Management
The operating system is primarily responsible for all task and activities happen in the computer
system. The various processes in an operating system must be protected from each other’s
activities. For that purpose, various mechanisms which can be used to ensure that the files,
memory segment, cpu and other resources can be operated on only by those processes that have
gained proper authorization from the operating system.

5)File Management
File management is one of the most visible services of an operating system. Computers can
store information in several different physical forms; magnetic tape, disk, and drum are the
most common forms.
Q.4

Explain any two uses of operating system tools.

Ans-
The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives
and printers.

The operating system is used everywhere today, such as banks, schools, hospitals,
companies, mobiles, etc. No device can operate without an operating system because
it controls all the user's commands.

o LINUX/UNIX operating system is used in the bank because it is a very secure

operating system.
o Symbian OS, Windows Mobile, iOS, and Android OS are used in mobile
phone operating systems as these operating systems are a lightweight
operating system.