.

ADAM S

H Y DRA
UL G MA
C H N E RY .

L O N DO N

F W
. . P O TTE R AN D C o .
,
1 7, ! U E E N ! IC TO RIA ST RE E T E C
,
.

RE P RI N TE D, 1 885 .
H Y DRAU L IC MAC H IN E RY ,

P AST AN D P R E SE N T .

A L E C T U R E
DE LI! E RE D T O TH E

L O N DO N AN D SU B U R B AN

RA
ILWA ICIA SSOCIA
A TION
’
F
Y OF LS
O n t h e l ot h Jan u ary , 1 8 8 0 ,
BY

RY A D A M S, M . IN ST. C E . .
,
1

C on sult ing E ng in eer

an d

P rofessor f
o E ng in e ering at the C ity o fL on don C ollege .

RE P R IN TE D — 1 885 .

F . W . P OTTE R C o.
, ST E AM P R I N TE R S,

I 7, ! U E E N ! IC TO R I A ST R E E T, E C
. .
L ONDON ND S
A UBURBA
N RAILWAY OFFICIAL S A
SSOCIA
TION .

E S T AB L I S H E D 18 7 3 .

R e gist ere d as a Spe cia lly Au t hori z e d Socie t y un der the Frie ndl y ,

Soc ie ties Act , 1 87 5 ,

’
on t he first d ay of Jan uar 1 8 7 8
y, .

SE SSIO N l8 7 9 8 0 -
.

P R E S I DE N T .

W IL L I AM AD A S, E M sq Loc omotive Su pe rin t

e n de n t L on don an d Sou ht
t
, ,

W e s e rn R ailway .

! I C E -
P R E S I DE N T .

JO SE P H TO MLIN SO N E sq R e side n E n gin e e r an d t ‘

L oc omotive
t t
.
,

Supe rin e n de n , Me t ropolit an R ail way .

P AST P R E SI DE N T .

M
SA U E LW AI TE JO H N SO N ,
E sq . , Loc omotive Supe rin t e n de n t , Midl an d
R ailway .

TR U STE E S .

MR JAC K SO N Loc omotive De partme n t Mid Ry

TOFIE L D
. .
.
, ,

Ry
, n
DA! E Y , E n gin e e r 8
’
Me t Dis . . .

C H AI R M AN .

MR C O ! . .

! I C E - C H AI R M AN .

MB . R AN DAL L . .

C O MMI T T E E .

R R DALL E t t L
”
s sn s C O C K BU N AN n gin e e rs S ore s De p & S W Ry
’

R R Ry
. .
.
, . . .

BU N E TT E AY , L oc omot ive N L
RR
.

MU AY T H OM AS, L oc omot ive L C & D By

t
. . . .

C O! C OO K SO N , Loc omo ive

G W Y N N L E E , L o c omo ive t
R
B OW N AN D E W S, L ooomo R E n gme e rs De p ,
’
t
L
.

FAW C E TT C AMP IN G , L oc o C arriage

R L
.

!: STE W A T a E ! E TT , L ocomot ive Me t R

L i Ry
.

MR . F R AN C I S TOM IN , C arriage L &N v . . .

T R E ASU R E R .

MR MAT H
. E R Loco De pt L ou
, . .
, . an d S W . . Ry .

AU DI TO R S .

MR JO RDAN l t a e of t h e C arriage De p t L an d N . W Ry
LL J t L Ry
. . . . .
, ,

, U N E . Loco . De p .
, . an d S W . . .

SE C R E TAR Y .

R ST OC KDIL
. L . C arriage De p t .
, L . an d S W . . Ry .
L ONDON ND S
A U BU RBA
N RAILWAY OFFICIAL S A
SSO CIA
TIO N
’
.

P RO S P E C T U S .

Th e progre ss of rail ways of l a e ye ars h as be e n su c h as far t o e xc e e d t

t he t tt
mos san guin e e xpe c a ion s If we ake a gl an c e at th e rail ways in . t
an d n e ar we fi n d u n n e ls made bridge s viaduc s an d sign al s
Lon don . t , , t
t
e re c e d, pe rman e n t
ways, wit h all h e ir poin s an d c rossin gs laid down , t t
tt
s a ion s ware h ouse s, an d wo rksh ops b uil , e n gin e s, c arriage s, waggon s,
, t
t t t v
urn able s an d almos e e ry de sc rip ion o f m ac h in e c on s ruc t e d t o me e t
. t t
t h e de man d an d t o fut h e r d e ve IO pe t h e rail way t rafiic . W e also fin d e ve ry

cl ass o f Om anmploye d an d ac tive ly e n gage d in t h e various

an d MAN e

de part me n t s t o me e t t h e re quire me n ts an d con d uc t t h e busin e ss of a doz e n

rail way c ompan ie s I t is re maikable with so man y rail way s wit hi n t h e
.
'
,

L on don Dist ric t , h at t h e t fi

of c ials e n gage d on on e t
lin e h ave h i h e r to h ad
sc arce l y an y kn owle dge of th ose h oldin g similar position s on ot h e rs an d ,

wit h th e se fac ts be fore u s we con side r t h e time has arrive d wh e n t h e

,

of fic ial s of t h e Lon don an d Su burban R ailways sh ould be co me ac quain te d ,

an d with th at vie w this Asso c iation h as b e e n forme d W e are aware th at .

man y railway offic ials (e spe c ially in t h e me ch an ic al bran ch e s) are alre ady
e n abl e d t o be co me me mbe rs of oc ie t ie s ac co rdin g t o th e ir profe ssion whil e
p ,

man y oth e rs e qually val uable h oldin g po sit ion s of gre at re spon sibili ty in
,

t h e se rvic e are n ot e ligibl e t o j oin th e m

,
I t is th e re fore t h e in t e n tion of .

th is Asso ciat ion t o admit an y railway official t o be a me mbe r withi n t h e

L on don an d Suburban Distric t (in acc ordan c e with t h e rul e s) irre spe ctive ,

of t rade or c allin g an d as far as possible t o un it e in fe ll o wshi p an d go od

,

will an d assist e ac h oth e r in t h e main te n an ce of position an d re spe c tabilit y

, ,

whi c h we fe e l assure d will e st ablish th at con fide n ce amon g rail way

om c ial s re qu isite for t h e good m an age me n t of e ve ry d e partme n t an d ,

be n e fit of railway se rvic e ge n e rally W e h ave also some th in g more t o add .

,

an d al t h ough l as t , t
we h ink it n ot le ast in impor t an ce , viz .
—To p ovide a
r

fun d t o assis t m mb e e rs wh e n o ut of si u a t ti on s . or wh e n age or in fi rmit y

h ave in c apac it t d th
a e e m , an d at th e ir de c e ase t o me e t the c l ai ms as se t

t
for h in t h e rul e s, an d to re n de r s uc h o th e r assis an ce t as may b e de e me d
advisa ble .

In es a t bli hi g th i s n s Association we would much pre fe r t o , su bsc ribe

th an re ce iv y t t t h
e , e a e same time we con side r it our dut y t o b e p p
re are d
to assis t , or be a ble t o ob tain assis an ce t ifn e e de d . W e th e re fore kin dl y ask
th e c c - ope ra ti on an d assis an ce t of th ose ge n tlme n wh o are con n e c t e d
e

with or m ay fe e l in te re ste d in t h e progre ss of rail ways by addin g th e ir

”
,

n ame s as H on ora ry Me mbe rs or Don ors t o t h e L on don an d Suburban

R ailway O fii c ials Assoc iation
’
.
i mihmt ant Suburban Sailin g

St ation on Saturday , ro th
f an nary , 1 880 .

The P RE SIDE N T, W IL L IAM ADAMS, E so. , in t he Chair .

the follow n i g Le c ture on

H Y DRAU L I C MAC H IN E RY —PAST AN D

ME . P RE SIDE N T AN D G E N TL E IIE N ,

In preparin g th e foll ow n i g no tes I have

, assu med that a maj ority

of hydraulic p owe r ,
an d I have the refore con fin e d my illust rations t o

Hydrauli c machin ery may be defin ed as me chan ism actuated b y

water for the purpose of raisin g a load or doin g an y other mechan ical
work .

Lon g b e fore t he appeara ce of man on the earth water was the

n ,

g r e at tran sp ort in g m edi um whi ch carrie d trees an d ston es d own from

t h e hills t o t he oc e an a d it was also t h e first source of in an imat e
,
n

Water alon e might form t h e su bject of man y discourses . In the

of pil grims are to be seen travellin g t o the Gan ges , t he sacr ed river of
deemed a virtue t o thin k of t h river while t o bath in its waters e ,
e

washes away all sin an d t o e xpire on its brin k or be suffocated in it s

, ,

e mb rac e is t h e cl imax of human fe licity

, .

W e a e howe ver con c rn e d onl y with the practical appli cati on of

r , ,
e

the good qualitie s reside t in the water W e shall fin d thre e of these

n .

ve ry use ful in the ir he arin g upo the que st io before us viz its n n , .
,

tem
s r a , an d its mobility
c ombin ed with resistan ce t o comp re ssion ,

which re n der it so valuabl i transmitti g p ow r t o lo g distan ces

e n n e n .

The subject is a la ge an d imm rt an t on e an d is destin ed t o

r ,

times is apt t o lead on e t o suppose that machin e s actuated by wate r

a e of modern origi
r but an cien t w ite rs t ell us that Arch yt as O f
n, r ,

Ta e tum in ve n ted hydraulic machin ery about the ye ar 4 00

r n , no

desc iption of his in ve tions has reac hed our times but we have
r n ,

re cords ex te n din g n e a ly a fa ba k H ro a ce l brate d mecha

r s r c . e ,
e

n ic ian of Alexan dria who lived ove y a a a m g

e, rs go o r , n

oth er wo k wrote a tre ati e on Pn umatics in whi ch h d sc ibe d

r s s e ,
e e r

several c uri ous d e vices h an d e d down by forme r write rs whom he ,

at t hat time calle d a cien t phil phe rs Amo g th se d vices is !

n oso . n e e

on e in whi ch wate r is cause d b y it s w ight t o ef fe ct t h e Ope n i n g of a

,
e ,

templ doo e r.

Although the method is clumsy it is ce rtain ly in gen ious an d I , ,

shall e n deav ou r t o de sc ibe it t o u w ith t h a id f a d i g a m

y o o r a r , e

F
( g
i
ppe r portion Of t he ske tch we hav th e in te ior of a
I n t he u e r

t emPle with a d oor on th e right an d an alta on t he l ft

, Th r e . e

altar con tai s an ai tigh t re ce ptac le in

n u ch a p o ition th at it will
r- s s

be ubj ct t o gre at he at as soon as a fire is light e d

s e This re c ptacl e . e

commu ni cate by a pipe with a la ger r ce ive p a tl y fille d with

s ,
r e r r

water an d plac ed in t he base m n t o an y x cavati n be low t he

, e ,
r e o

temple floor A syphon pip e leads from this re c e iv i to a bu cke t

. er n

han gin g t o a c ord which passes ove r a pull y an d is woun d roun d a

,
e ,
Attached t o this shaft is an other cord woun d in the opposite dire ction ,

passin g ov er an other pulley an d supporti g a weight The action of

n .

the syph on pipe in to the bucke t As soon as su fi cie n t water has

.

e n tered t h e bu ck e t t o ov e rcome t h e resistan ce of t h e su spe n de d weight

an d t h e fi ic t ion of the door th e bu cke t be gin s t o lowe r an d p ullin g

'

, , ,

on t h e c ord wou n d roun d t h e u pri ht shaft ope ns the door an d raises

g ,

the we ight The apparatus is so proportion ed that as the water pours

.

in t o t h e bucke t an d the bucke t lowers t he mouth of t he syphon pipe

,

ke e p s j ust be low t he le ve l of the water an d t he bucke t re ac hes t he

,

vi ces are con cluded an d th e fire e xtin gu ishe d

se r eceiver ,
t he air-r

cools down t he air in it con tracts an d causes a partial vacuum in t he

,

large rece ive an d t he water flows back i to it from t he bucket

r, n .

The we ight h as more p ower than the e mpty bu cke t an d n ow ,

cou rse this pie c e of mechan ism below t he floor if e ve r use d forme d , ,

part of the esoteric religion an d n o vulgar e ye s were allowed t o se e

,

c i ce by mysteriously ope n in g t o the m the temple door

sa r fi .

Wh e els partly imme rsed in a run n in g stream an d receivin g

, ,

motion from it formed so an cie n t a d e vi ce for Obtaini n g power

, ,

that we have n o record of the ir origin but it is n ot gen erally ,

kn own that force pumps worked by water whe e ls date back n early
so far as they un question ably do The foll owin g an ecdote for which
.
,

I am in de bte d t o Thomas E wban k s admirable book on raisin g water

’
,

will show y ou h ow an d whe n this force pump arran geme n t re ceived

About t he year 2 00 B 0 durin g t he re ign of P tole my

. .
,

Philadelphus over Egypt an Egyptian ba ber p ursue d his vocation

,
r

in th e city of Al e xan dria Like all professors of that an cien t

.
mystery, he possesse d besides the infe rior
, p t
ap ara us , the t wo most

pe de d f om t he ceilin g of his shop an d balan ce d by a we ight

n r , ,

which moved in a con ceale d case in on corn Of t he room Thus e er .

,

when a custome r h ad u de go e t he u ual p urifyin g operation s he

n r n s ,

ti t had wrought on his oute r man afte r which he re turn ed it t o it s

ar s ,

fon n er position for t h e use of th e n e xt custome r It woul d seem .

that the case in which t he we ight move d was en close d at the

, ,

bottom or pre tty accurately made for as the weight move d in it an d

, , ,

displac ed t h e air a cert ain soun d was prod uced e ither by it s

, ,

t he ide s of t h e case and the we ight This sou d had probably

s . n

remain ed un n oti ced like t he ordin ary creakin g of a doo

, perhaps r
,

for man y ye ars un til on e day as th e barbe r s son was amusin g

‘
’
, ,

boy s ’
subse qU e n t re flection s in duce d him t o in ve tigate s it s cause ,

in ven t or g eatly
r to improve t he hydraul ic o ga th force pump r n ,
e ,

gin e ow this barb e s son was C t esibius

’
t he air u
g ,
n fire en ,
&c . N r ,

of whom I have pre viously spoken . NO illustration of th e pump of

su pp osed have been co structe d as shown in our n e xt diagram

to n

( g
H A. w h e el h avin g p j e cti on s or float board s on it s rim ro

is placed in a stre am; fixed upon t he same shaft wit h the wheel ,

t ds out mo O n on e side of the haft than t he othe r At each

s an re
‘

s .

revolution this pushes down on e en d O f a le ve r t o t he o ther e n d of ,

which is co n e cte d the pump rod carryin g a solid piston closely

n ,

fit tin g t he barre l of the p ump I n t he bottom of t he pump is a .

su ct ion valve an d a pipe leadin g t o the wat e

-
an d in t h e side an othe r r
,
 p ipe t e r
,m in ate d by a d liv e ry v alv e at t h e b ott om o f a a i ve ses l n r e .

I n s te d in t he air ve sse l is a de live y pip u p which t h w te pa e s

er r e, e a r ss

t o it s desti ation The air vesse l is i e ffe ct an lastic cushio

n . n e n,

comp e d du i g the stroke of t h e pump a d e xpan din g du i g the

r sse r n ,
n r n

r tu n st ok
e r so that t h e wat
r e,is forc d u p t he d liv y pip e i a er e e er n

c o tin u u
n t am I n some cas s th re we re t wo pumps wo ke d by
o s s re . e e r

th am wh e e l a d c o
e s e ec te d t o t h e same ai v e sse l t o still furthe r
n nn r

e qu alise t h e fl w I n t he diag am o de tail a o . h w but the r n s re s o n,

m cha ical arts mus t e ve n at that time hav a iv d at some de gre e of

e n e rr e

p f ctio for we are told that t he cylin de s w m d of b s

er e n, r e re a e ras ,

t h e pisto s tu n e d ve y smooth a d t he valves hin g e d with ve y

n r r , n r

e xact j oi t n s.

Ab ou t t he be gin i g of t he Chri tia e a a Roma a chite ct n n s n r ,

n r

an d gi e er am d ! itruvius w ot a t e ati on th e p f sio s

en n , n e ,
r e r se os ro e s n
,

an d i se rt d a b ie f ac c ou t O f t h hyd aulic machi

n e r th e i u e n e r n es n n s .

Amo g th m we fi d t h tympa um a kin d O f wate whe e l o

n e n e n ,
r- s

forme d as t o lift a p o tion of t he wate i whi ch it e volv d r This is r n r e .

sh e w i nou e xt ill u st ation (Fig

n r n Th whe l i pushe d ou d r . e e s r n

by t h fo c Of t h e cu e t whil t he arms f m d lik Op gutt s

e r e rr n ,
e , or e e en er

or t oughs r co p up t he wate wh ich run towa ds t he xle as t he

,
s o r, s r a

a ms e ach a h ri o tal p o ition

r r Th e axl i a h ollow pip havin g
o z n s . e s e

Op in g t o e ch arm a d its d commu icate s with a ch

en s
“

a ,
l ove r
n en n an n e

th eb a k of t h st am wh c t h wate is c o ve y d way for

n e re , en e e r n e a

i igati o oth pu po e s Wh it was d i e d t o ise t he water

rr on r er r s . en es r ra

high e tha thi a oth e r form of whe e l was us d

r n s, It i h w in
n e . s s e n

Fig 4 Thi co si ts of a whe l with float or paddl s t o all w of

. . s n s e s e o

it s p p ul i ro by t he st am an d with squa e box s attach d t the

s on re , r e e o

side of t h e rim These boxe s have a ope i g by which t h wate is

. n n n ,
e r

admit t e d whi le th y a e p assi g th ough it an d di h

e g e d r w h n n r ,
sc ar e

the y ach t he t op in to a trough fix d i f o t of t he wh l The

re , e n r n ee .

Chi se u wh e ls O f t h e same d sc iptio as this co st u cte d O f

ne se e e r n , n r

bamboo, a d accordi g t o on e w it some are a large a 7 0 f t in

n , n r e r, s s ee

diam t d ais ov e r 300 to s O f wate in 2 4 h urs

e e r an r e O f cou e if n r o . rs ,

y ou ask e d th m the C hin e se w oul

e d cl aim ,
t o b t h orig i al i v n t ors e e n n e
 .

of this whe el as the y do of gun powder telephon e s an d e ve y thin g

, , ,
r

e lse bu t t he p op ula
, ame in an t iqu ity is t he Egyptian wh e l
r n e .

W do n ot oft e e he of Pe sia p rodu c in g an ythi g

n ove l but ar r n n ,

in th is case a de cid d imm ov me n t on the last xampl is ttributed

e e e e a

t o th at n ation The fix d box . or buckets have t he di adva t age e es s n

of discha gin g p a t of t h i c o te n t s be f
r ore the y quit e re ac h t h e t op
r e r n ,

a d so waste some of t he wat e ; i t he Pe

n ian whe e l t h bu cke ts are r n rs e

hun g o pivot s an d ve tur e d in to a trough o eachi g t he t op by

n , o r n n r n

s triki g against a proj cti g pin I n co n e ctio with these whe e ls it

n e n . n n

is i te restin g t o n t fi tly t h e de fe ct commo t o the m all f liftin g

n o e, rs , n ,
o

t he w te r at t h e o t e e d of t h a ms an d the re fo e in t h p osition
a u r n e r ,
r e

t o r qui e t h e g t st xp ditu e of powe ; a d se co dl y th e

r e re a e e en r r n ,
n ,

imp ov me n t i t oduc d by a Fre ch philosoph M De la Faye

r e n r e n e r, .
,

ab ou t 15 0 y e a ago ol ly f om ge ome tric al re a

rs ,
i g H desig e d
s e r so n n . e n

awhe e l with h ollow c urv d a m b t we e n t wo discs t h e cu ve s b e in g e r s e ,

r

of t he shap e kn ow as i volute This is h ow in t he n e xt n n . s n

diagram (Fig I th is a an ge me n t as t h e wh l e vol ve s t he

. n rr ,
ee r ,

wate flows up t hr m re mai n i g n early u n d t h c e tre u n til

e ar s, n er e n ,

l ift d t o t he axle th ough wh ich it flow as i t h ty mpa u m

e r The s, n e n .

ef fe ct O f adv le v ag i thu e tir ly obviate d a d a g at savin g

e rse er e s s n e ,
n re

in pow e ffe ct e d er S t ill be tte than this was t h i v t io f Wirt

. r e n en n o z ,

a S wi s p e wte e s i 1 7 4 6 wh o by makin g o e c o tin u s spiral

r r, n ,
n n ou ,

taki g in ai a d wat at e ach re volutio wa e n able d t o raise

n r n er n, s

the wate t o a g at h e ight in o e case 7 4 fe t

r re , n e .

O n t h e C o tin t wat whe e ls co n cte d with p mps we re

n en e r- n e u

u se d fo e le vati n g wat
r ft t he style of C t ibiu ma y y e arser a er es s, n

before t he in t odu cti of t he same thin g t o En gla d

r on n .

I n t h e ye a 1 5 82 P te M u ice a G ma r gi e e p opose d e r a r ,
er n en n r, r

to e c t a si mi la machi in L o don fo s uppl y i g wat t o t he

l I

I er r ne n ,
r n er

The L d M y r a d C ommon Cou cil w o ple ased with

I

h ou se s . or a o n n e re s

th prop osal that th y g an te d the use of o of t h a ch of t h e

e e r ne e r es

Lo do B idge of that time in which t o p lac t h m chi ry It

n n r , e e a ne .

co siste d of a seri f forc pumps 7 in che in diam t a d 30i ches

n es o e s e er n n

strok e wo ke d by an u de rshot water wh e l tur d by t h e c urren t

,
r n -
e ne
duri ng i e an d fall of th e tide raisin g t he water t o a he ight of
t he rs ,

1 2 0 feet This machi e ry was re paire d an d xte de d f om t ims t o

. n e n r

time u n til it was finally re moved i 1 822 afte r it had lon g don e n ,

good se rvi ce t o t he citi en s of Lo d A most e laborate pumpin g

z n on .

arran g e me n t of this d esc iptio was e e ct d in 1 86 2 o t he S e in e

r n r e n

n e ar P aris It con sisted of 1 4 l rg un d rshot wate r whee ls wo ki g

. a e e -
r n

2 5 0 pumps at variou s le vatio raisin g t he wate r t o a total he ight

e n s,

of 5 30 fe e t The water was lifte d in stages t h higher pumps

.
,
e

be in g worked by cran ks a d chain s le d from t he wate wh e els n r- .

This machin ery was in use ov r a hun dr d years but had man y e e ,

al te rati on s t i e d an d was n e ve
r satisfacto y
,
owin g t o t he gre at r r ,

mistak of e t d oi g all t h e w k at on lift by h avin g malle r

no n or e s

pumps a d stron ger pipe s Fin ally fallin g in to decay it was

n .
,

replace d by der of Nap leon with a steam pumpin g gi e

or o en n .

N e arly all t he e arly applicati o f wate as a motive power ns o r

with which we are acquain t d had for t h e ir obj ct t h e raisi g or e e n

di t ibu ti g of water ; n o doubt oth application w re in ven t d

s r n er s e e ,

but th y do n ot see m t o have had an y xte d d use

e Although appa e n e .

ratus con n c te d with wat r whe ls is t h e old st form of me ch an ism

e e -
e e

o f t his class y t we h ave a f w e xamples of more dire ct m th od

,
e e e .

Flu dd a E gli h a t ologer a d al hymist in 1 6 1 8 desc ibed in

, n n s s r n c , ,
r

one of hi wo ks a fo m of pu mpi g e gi e which it is upposed

s r r n n n , s

he saw in u se in Ge ma y duri g his trav ls the e r It pe ul arit y

n n e r . s c

is th at it all ows a foul sourc e f supply t o b e c m t h age n t for o o e e

raisi g a pure su pply

n I t s in te r st t o us is that it is t he Oldest
. e ,

piston pressure gi e k own The arr n g m t i sh wn on our

en n n . a e en s o

n e xt diag am Fig
( r A is the im p ure
. w a t r with a pip B l ad in g e ,
e e

from it at a ce rt in dista ce is a c ock C an d t he low

a e d D is
n , er n

ope n . From on e ide of t h e co ck C a pipe F l ad t o t h p ump

s e s e

cyli de G havi g a solid piston H free t o slid up an d down

n r ,
n e .

Le adin g f om t he t op of t h cylin d i a sh t pipe c mmu icati g

r e er s or o n n

with t h e u ctio pipe I s te i g t h well r p u e wat upply J

n ,
en r n e o r er s ,

an d havin g a su c ti on v alve at K an d a d eliv y v alve at L Th e er .

U ppe r an d of thi pipe termin ate s in a ci te or re se rvoi M

s
.
s rn r
In this book amo g a multitude of curious old con triva ce s is
,
n n ,

give n an ac cou t n t t o his autho in 1 6 6 1 by Lo d W illiam

”
n se r , r

Schrot e of a i ve tion f om H ollan d f r e mp tyi g out stagnant

r, n n n r o n

wat er .It is d c ibe d as a de ce di we ight actin g upon ge arin g

es r s n ng

which cau s a w t wh e l t o re volve a d fo c t h e wate r away the

se a e r- e n r e ,

we ight bein g ais d agai by m ans of a mall c rab win ch wo ke d by

r e n e s r

o e man
n It ap pe t o me that Fathe r Sch ot ti h a falle in to an e or
. ars s n rr

he re a d that h has v rse d the Operatio s—i fact made t he cart

, n e re e n a ,

pull t h e hors alo g I have she wn i outli at Fig 7 t h a a ge

e n . n ne . e rr n

me t ill ustrate d i t he book an d my xplan ation of it is th t the

n n ,
e ,
a

Obj e ct O f t h in ven tor was t o de vise a m a s of raisi g goods in a

e e n n

wat e side wa e hou

r Y ou will Obso ve a wate wh e e l p artly i mme se d
r se . r r- r

in t h e wat whi ch I assu me t o be a ru in g st e am; on t h e same

e r, nn r

shaft is fixe d a small wh e e l wo kin g i t a l g r on e ; t h e la g o e r n o ar e r e n

carrie s on it s sh aft a othe r small wh e l which again works i to a n e , n

se c on d la ge wh e e l r O n t he same Spi dl is an othe r small whe el

. n e

worki g i t a th ird la ge o e Thi thi d wh l is c n e cte d t o a

n n o r n . s r ee on

shaft i t h b ildi g by a clutch whi ch is a a a ge me n t fo maki g

n e u n , n rr n r n

o re le asi g t h
r co n e ction at will Attache d t o a drum on this shaft
n e n .

i a mm by which a sac k of c orn is b e in g raise d

s Upon t he sack .

re achi g t h n floo e quired the clutch is pu t out of ge ar t h sack

e r r , , e

disconn e ct d an d t h e ope lowere d e ither by th e small crab re fe rre d t

e
,
r o

o b y me an s f it s ow we ight
r oH we h av a clear a d d fi ite
n . e re e n e n

arra g mn t suite d t o t he purp ose an d I ve tur t o put it forwa d as

e en ,
n e r

t he fi st p acti cal appli cation of wate

r r p owe r t t he raising of h avy r o e

weights .

All th whe ls pr viously illustrate d belon g t o t he class kn own as

e e e

un d ershot t h e mot ive p owe r bein g o l y t he fo c e due t o t h e rap id ity

,
n r

of t h e c urr t but th re are t wo othe typical fo ms which ar u d as

en ,
e r r e se

prime m v s k own e pe ctively as ove rshot an d breas t whe els (Fig

o er ,
n r s s .

8 an d In th e t h we ight of t he wate is u tilise d as we ll a its

es e r s

velocity an d acco din g t o t h e circumstan c e s of t he case so on e or the r

,
r o

of th m c an b adopte d
e Hori on tal wate r wh e ls drive n by a cu e n t
e . z -
e rr

of water di e cted again st t he floats are said by M Glyn in his little

r r. ,
t re ati e o t h pow of wate t o hav be t h e fi t ki d use d t d ive
s n e er r, e en rs n o r

c orn mill s It w uld be in tere sti g but woul d oc cupy t oo m ch time

. o n , u ,

t o t c t h e de v lopm n t of th se in t o t h mode rn t urbi e

ra e e e In t h e e e n .

primitive form t he wat wa simply dire ct d n a le vel agai st fl at er s e o n

v an e s or p addl s ; th th paddl e boards w re curve d a d b came

e en e e n e

bucke t the t he wate was di e cte d down wards at a in cli atio

s n r r n n n,

st rikin g t h e wh l f m above t h b cke ts b in g i c lin d as w ll as

ee ro ,
e u e n e e

c urve d s ,
that t he w ight of t h wate as we ll as its mom tum was
o e e r en

mad t o assist N xt t h buck e t we co ti u e d t o t he c n t fo mi g

e . e e s re n n e re , r n

c u ve d a ms
r r blade s ; th e
r a se c n d fix d wh e l was add d t o gu id e
o n o e e e

t h wat
e o t t h movi g wh l i t h b est dire c tion a d la tly t h e
er n o e n ee n e ,
n s

whole arra ge me n t wa e n cl se d so that t h e wat might be b rought

n s o er

d own i a e clo d pipe f om a y h ight an d t he wh ole of it u se d in

n n n se r n e ,

produci g u e f l w rk
”
n s u o .

I t h e y e a 1 6 6 5 that c l b ate d amate u me ch an ic t h Ma q is

n r e e r r ,
e r u

o f W o c e ste
r wrote hi r,C tu y of I ve tion s a d amo g th s wes en r n n ,
n n e e

hav e on e
( N O 2 1 ) d e c ib d a f.oll ows ( i
) H ow t s r
o ais w at e re s s c r e

co sta tly with t wo Bu ck t s o ly by day a d ight with out an y

n n e ne n n ,

oth force the n it s ow motion u in g ot so mu ch as a y f ce

er n ,
s n n or ,

whe e l o sucke ro mo e pullie s th n o r, n wh ich t h c d or

r r e n e , on e or

chain roll th with a Bu ck t fa t e d at e ach d This I c f s I

e e s en en .
,
on e s ,

have s a d le a e d f t h g eat mathe maticia Cla diu hi studie s

een n rn o e r n u s s

at R ome h e havi g mad a p n t th ere of un to a C ardin al ; a d I

”
,
n e re se n

de ire ot t o own an y th r m s i ve tion s but if I se t dow a y

s n o e en n n , n n ,

t o n omi ate lik ewi e t h in ve tor

n Th Marquis of W c t r
s e n . e or e s e

s ee ms t p ut
o ll hi d sc ipti o s in t h
a f rm of e nigmas a d as h e
s e r n e o ,
n

g ive s n o ill u t ation s w a e f e e t o form our own Opi i ons as t o t h e

s r ,
e r r n

ac tu al a ran ge me n t h e propose d
r M D i cks from whos e dit ion I . r. r ,
e

make this e xtract give s an ill ust ation f an n dl ss chain of b ck t s

,
r o e e u e

whi ch I do ot consid r warran te d by t he d scription

n I thi k the r is
e e . n e

n o doubt that this is t h de vice kn own as t he Roman automatic e

bu ckets also de crib d by Fathe r Schott i H e ays o e was fix d in

s e . s n e

t h e con ve n t Of S an ta Maria de ! i cto ia but from its perpe tual m tion

. r , ,
o

an d n oise disturbin g the mon k s it was d e stroy e d The pri ciple , . n

of this machi e is hown i t h e n e xt diag am ( Fig
n s At A we
n r .

h v th
a e d vi w of a t ough o chann l con t in i g wat e de iv e d
e en e r r e a n r r

f m a
ro atu al nu ce a d at B we h av
r so r a tan k t a h igh
,
n le v l e a er e ,

t o whi ch t h wat i e quire d t o be ai e d

e er At C is a la g whee l
s r r s . r e

or p ull y with a ch i o ope D D passi g ov it attache d t o t he

e a n r r n er

e d
n o f t h e ch ain a
s t wo bu c ke ts E a d F ao p op ti re d that n , . r or on e

wh e mpty
en t h small ,
e E is h e avi e r than t he oth e by re as on
e on r

of a we igh t G at t ach d t o it bu t whe n full t h e l ge qua tity of e ,

ar r n

wt a er co t ai e d in F is sufli i t t o ove balan c t he small bucke t

n n c en r e

with it s c on t ts a d t he c ou n t we ight The acti en n of th is e r- . on

m chi
a ne w —
is as f llo sz In t he p itio sh own i t h di gram t h e
o os n n e a

small bu ck t h as j us t l we re d a d raise d t h
e la ge o os that t h e n e r ne, o

t app t H o t h chain D has lifte d t he le ve I an d op n e d t h valve

e n e r e e

J allowi g t he wat t pass through t h bra che d pipe t o fill both

,
n er o e n

t h b u ck t
e Whe full t he large bu ck t descen ds movin g t he
e s . n e ,
re

tappe t H from t h l v an d all owin g t h valve t o close t o pre ve n t

e e e r, e

loss f wat o Up n e a ly reachin g t he groun d t h valv with

er . on r e e

p j c t i g st m K is pushe d ope a d t he wat r e c p th ough

ro e n e n, n e s a es r

t h b ottom in to t h d ain L
e At the ame time t h bucke t E is
e r . s e

li ft d a e h e wn by d tte d li es u til t he p oj e ctin g pi M catche s

s s o n , n r n

t he l v r N a d op e e t he valve 0 allowin g t he wate t o pass out

n ens , r

in to t h upp r t n k Whe n both bucke ts a e e mpty y ou will

e e a . r

re me mb e r t h e malle r o e is t h he avie r a d it th n de sce ds

s n e n e n ,

r aisin g t h e large un til t he tapp t H again lifts t h l v r I an d

on e e e e e

ope n s valv J t o fill t he bu cke ts as be fo

e Th e app a atus is re . r

thus se lfacti g a d forms on e of a group of machi e s f om which

-
n ,
n n r

t he wat bala ce hoists of t h p e s nt day are d ive d

er -
n e r e er .

F rce pumps we e k own t o th e a cie ts ce tai ly f om the

o r n n n ,
r n r

t ime f C te sibius; t h e fo m gen e rally use d was that of a piston

o r

at t ac h d t o a rod
e wo kin g i a cylin d r with an Op e n t op as
,
r n e ,

s he wn i Fig 1 1 but it is p obable that the re were in tan ce s

n .
, r s

simil t o Fig 1 2 of t h e u se of a
ar . l arge d pist on rod without a n en

p isto t h e
n, t op of t h e cy l i de r b e i n g c on tract e d t o fit t h rod annd e ,

t h e othe r p art of t he cylin de r e l arged t o avoid t h e di ffic ulty of n

 borin g it out Although Old illustrations e xist which may be tak n
. e

t o in dicat this form it in troduction is n ot certai un til 1 6 75

e ,
s n

wh e n Sir S mu l Mo e la d maste of mec han ic s t o Cha le s II

a e r n ,
r r .

obt ia ne d a pate t for it n .

In 1 7 1 8 t h d ouble actin g p u mp was de vi e d by a F e n c hman

e - s r

n ame d L a H i by whi ch me ans t h same siz e cyli de r wa able d

re , e n s en

t o supply d ouble t h e qua tity of wate This is shown in our n e xt n r .

ill ust atio ( Fig

r n W h t he piston A is raise d t he wate r
. en ,

ab ove it p asse s th ou gh de live y valve B t o pipe rC at t he same r .

time wat r is passi g f m t he uction pipe D th ough valve E t o

e n ro s r

t he b ottom of t h cylin d r Whe t he pist on again de c ds t he

e e . n s en ,

wat r b low it is force d th ough de live y valve F i t o pip e C whil e

e e r r n ,

th
e t op i ag i pl ni h d by wate r e te rin g th ough suction
s a n re e s e n r

valve G f m pip D ro e .

Ab t 1 7 39 a p e ssure e gin e or dire ct acti g pump was

ou r n n

in t du ce d i to om min s in Fran ce by Belido a n ot e d F n ch

ro n s e e r, re

e n gin eer It d p n de d fo it s action upon the same p i cipl as

. e e r r n e

Flu dd s e gin e an d t h Roman bu ck ts an d is he w in Fig 1 4

’
n e e , s n . .

At A is a supply of wate r t o be u se d as t he motive pow p assi g e r, n

down pip B through t he f ur way cock C t o t he cyli de r D whose

e o -
n ,

pisto E i co e ct e d by t he pisto od F t o th e pi ton G of a

n s nn n r s

small er cyli de H le adi g in to a pipe I With t h fou way cock

n r n . e r-

in t h p it ion h e w
e os t h wate r actin g th ough A B C D p esse s
s n, e r r

up on t h la ge piston E an d pu hes it alon g t o t h

e r d of t he s e en

cyli dn Th e same move men t bei g commun icate d to t h e piston

e r. n

H t hro gh t he rod F t h wate r i I is force d th ough t he delive ry

u ,
e n r

valv J i to ai ve sse l K whe ce it pa e s in a co tin uou stream

e n r- ,
n ss n s

by pipe L t o a altitude M as much g e at er than t he altitude of A

n , r

as t he a a O f t h e piston D is gre ate

re than that of piston H less r ,

t he amou t lost by f i ctio

n Th e lov e of t h e four way c ock b in g
r n. r -
e

actuat d by a rod c onn e cte d t o the pist on rod

e th po ition is ,
e s

re ve rse d at ach n d of t h e st oke

e Upon t h re v rsal f t he four
e r . e e o

way c ock as h e wn in t he sid ske tch N t he piston H is force d

,
s e ,

back by t h e p e ssure of the column of water in B actin g through

r ,
t he pipe O wh ich takes the place O f a suction pipe and t he water
, , ,

i cylin d r D passes out through t h e waste pipe P

n e .

I n 1 7 6 5 William We stga t h d sign ed an d erected in t he No th r e r

of En gla d se v e al pumpi g
n gin es of t h am desc ipt io but
r n en e s e r n,

wit h ve t ical p e sure an d pu mp cylin de rs con n e c t e d by me an s of a

r r s .

beam some what similar t o t he st am e gi e of Ne wcomen The

, e n n .

fi t of thes was fix e d at Si Walt r Black t

rs e le ad min es in r e e
’
s

th e cou ty of N o thumberlan d Upon the in t od u ction of Mr

n r .
,
r .

W e st ga t h s in ve tio t o t h S oci ty of A t by Mr S meaton a

’
r n n e e r s .
,

p emium f fift y guin eas was awa de d; an d upo t he e c mmen d

r o r n r o s

ti n of t he same ge tle man wh o was g e atly in t re st ed in this

o n ,
r e

machi it wa adopte d as a p rim move r by substitu ti g a crank

ne, s e n

a d fl y wh e l for th
n -
pump
e e a

Thi i h wn i Fig 1 5 A is th e wate r su pply c o ducte d by

s s s o n .
, ,
n

p ip B
e th u gh a aroi v l C t d u
n c e t h e
r- h ck wh
e sse ic h w ou l d ,
o re s o

ot he wi r be c a se d t ach t ke of t h gi e At D i a plug
u se a e s ro e en n . s

cock wo k d by a cc t ic E o t h c a k shaft T h ough D

,
r e n e en r n e r n . r

th w t
e pasa er t v a lv e cy l i d
se s F fiott e d w it h pi t v lv s G n er ,
s on a e

a d H
n a d ,
w th ugh t he l w pass g i t cyli de I p
n no ro o er a e n o n r ,
re ss

i g ag i t pi t o J a d m vi g it u pwa ds with t h p i t o
n a ns s n , n d K
o n r e s n ro ,

valv l v L d b m M dep i g t h c o cti g d N a d

e e er ,
an ea ,
re ss n e nne n ro n

tu n in g t h c a k O cau in g t h fly wh l P t o e v lv Upo t h
r e r n ,
s e -
ee r o e . n e

pi t n J achi g t h t op f it s t k t h pist v lv G d H
s o re n e o s ro e, e on a es an

hav b e i d by the i
een ra seod th t th up pe p g
r re i w ,
so a e r assa s no

o en e
p d t o th pp l y a n d teh l
su w o c l o d
,
t t h u pp ly b u t e o er ne se o e s

Op d t t h xh t ! th ough wh ich t h w t havi g do

en e o e e au s ,
r e a e r, n ne

it w k i
s t h bottom f t h cyli d
or n e pass s away t o t h d ain o e n e r, e e r .

Th ewate f m t h t op of t h cyli de is imil ly e xhau t d

r ro e e n r s ar s e

wh il t he pi t o
e i m vi g u pward
s n Is 1 7 99 J h o L addock
n s. n o n

ob t ai d a p t t f
ne c ti ui g t he wast pipe d w wa d f a
a en or on n n e o n r s or

d pth of ab ut 35 f t i ord t o Obtai a v c uum t h e id f

e o ee ,
n er n a on s e O

t h e pi to s pp it t he p e ssur
n, o os d so mak it quival e t t o a
e r e, an e e n

co de in g gin e
n ns en .

I n 1 77 2 Mr White hurst a W atch mak . of D e rby mad a ,

-
er ,
e
machin e for ii g wt ow k own as t h
ra s n Hydra lic Ram t h e
a e r, n n e u ,

p i cipl of which is shown i Fig 1 6 A is t he pply B i a

r n e n . . su ,
s

pip laid with a f ll towards t he ai v se l C which t h wat

e a r -
es ,
e er

r ach es through val ve D a d f omwhe c

e it p a e by pip E t , n r n e ss s e o

th e l v t de e s rvoi a e F Th ac tio f t he ma hi e i a f l
re e r . e n o c n s s o

low : s As soo a t h e t ap G i pe d t h wat fl ws alo g B

n s s o ne e er o n

with a v l city de p di g upo it in cli atio

e o a d up
en n cl i g n s n n, n on os n

t h t p t h wat
e a i u able at o c t o
e st it s p og e s
er s n th o n e arre r r s, e c n

s qu e c e b e i g th at a p orti o of it ru th gh v l v D i t '

o a ns u r u e n o
e n n p n

t h e air ve s l C a d omp s e t h ai
-
se which c mp sio r act
n c re s s e r, o re s n e- s

u po t h e wat
n a d fo c it up pip E t eservoi F Mr Whit
er n r es e o r r . . e

hu t id a was t tak e t he kitch n u pply f m t ap G a d

rs
’
s e o e s ro , n as

t hi w uld b
s o pe d an d closed ma y tim i t h day he co
e o ne n es n e , u

s id e d th at
er gh wat f u e th
e n ou p p fl w l
erd b or s on e u er o ors ou e

fo c d up by it s ow
r e mom tum; b t as thi m chi e wa n t
en u s a n s no

se lf acti g-
it p ctical valu wa
n ,
s t p c i v d u til a F
ra ch e s no er e e n re n

pap m ke Mo t g lfi f fi e balloo c le b ity add d i l 7 96

er -
a r, n o e r, o r -
n e r ,
e n

a bala c d v alve i n eplac of t ap ma ke d G arr g d as how i

n e r , an e s n n

t he i de k e tc h H
s This valv h as we igh t p i g
s . it t o k p e a re ss n on ee

it Op but as soo a t he wate r attai a c rtai v l city it

en , n s ns e n e o ,

p u hs es u
p t h e v al v w hi ch cl o w ith a sn p d e,t h e t d se s a ,
an arre s e

e ner gy of t h e wat cau se s a p ti n of it t t t h ai v l

er or o o en er e r- e sse .

Imm diat ly how v that t h s plus e gy i co um d t h

e e ,
e e r, e ur ner s ns e ,
e

w ight d valv again d ops Ope n allowi g t h wat

e e e t c mm c
r , n e er o o en e

a oth
n ru sh er Numb s O f the s machin . with mi o m difi aer e e s, n r o c

ti on s, ar i u se at t h p ese t day mo tly f

e n upply i g g e tl
r n , s or s n en e

m en s c u t y ma i s an d t he in ve tion is Oft n f e d t as
’
o n r ns on ,
n e re e rr o

o e of t h
n e ate t o e co d
e n s n r r .

As w appro ch t he n i e t th c tu y we le ave b h i d u s
e a n een en r , e n

t h e mul titu din ou s de vic e by wh ich wat was mad t o rai e it own s er e s s

substa c e a d t h e di
n ct applic ti
,
n f wat e wh e l o t u bi re a on o r e s r r nes

t o wo k of oth r d c iption s an d t er
p o ti
es r e ly w , en er u n an en r ne

pha e in which t he hydraul ic p e ss i v n t d by Jose ph B mah

s , r , n e e ra
in 1 8 02 , st an ds po t ity as t he leadin g pri c iple of
ou t to all s er n

m d o e rn hyd aulic machi y Th is in ve to v w n t so far as

r ner . n r e en e

t o ugg s t it applicati t o c a
es s an d o th r mac hi e y in t h e
on r n es e n r

docks of D ubli a d l wh e e e gag in g t o n n ct st am n gin e

e se r ,
n e re a e e

i a y pa t of D ubli
n n r a d co v y th p we t o t h m chi es by
n, n n e e o r e a n

ma e ns f pip o But do cks we e more b abies in th ose d y ; t he

es. r a s

c ity fo suc h machi wa n ot felt n or was a oppo tu ity for

n e e ss r nes s ,
n r n

th i e ri t ducti n available
n ro The gra dest pa t of t h
o sc h me
. n r e e ,

th r f e e o re ,sl mb d fo man y y ars un til t he re in ve n ti of the

u e re r e ,
on

id a e d t he Oppo t u ity f r c a ryi g it out happe i g about t he

, an r n o r n n n

sam time it m de th o rapid t id which have e de re d

e ,
a se s r es r n

hyd a l ic machi e y a h ouse h ld te m

r u n r o r .

Th p of B amah
e re ss pat te d in 1 796 is she wn in its im
r , en ,
s

p l ste fo m i o u
r r e xt ndi ag am F
( g i n It co n si ts o f a rm all . s s

plu g pump aft Mo ela d patte rn wo ke d by a ha dle t he

n er , er r n
’
s ,
r n ,

wat b i g c o v y d by a pip t a cyli de i which w k a

er e n n e e e o n r n or s

la g
r e
pl u g Up no t h
er . t o p f t h l a g n p l u g e i a t b l o e r e n er s a e, on

whic h may b plac e d t h e go ds e q u i i g t b ai d W h toh re r n o e r se . en e

g odo e r m v d
s ar say at an u pp
e o e fl , t h e pl g i lw d er oor, un er s o e re

by op i g t h t ap b ath t h cyli d llowi g t h wat t p a

en n e en e e n e r, a n e er o ss

o ut i to a n ist O f om wh e c e it will be t ak
c rn , r ag i by t he pu mp n en a n

at t h e xt tim
e n of li fti g If t he p s is e qui d f
e n .xe t i g re s r re or e r n

p s
re s u a s i
re , t h e o p a tio
n n o f b a li g w o l t h
er o th t bl is n o ,
en an er a e

s u p po t d at a fix d di ta c
r e .ab ov th
e la ge cylin ds th
n e h lo e e r e r, e a

b i g qu e e d be twe e t he two tabl

e n s e z Although B amah p ifi
n es . r s ec

c al ly d sign at e d his i ve tion as applicable t

e nc a e s it i d bt ful
n o r n , s ou

wh th e he ve fo esaw t h e practic al d ifficul t i

e r e r r t be v c m i es o o er o e n

en ab li g the e c a
n s t o c mp t
s su cc ssfu lly wit h oth
r ne o a d w e e e e rs, n e

mu t ot t oo hastily awa d t o hi m un du c dit E v hi p s

s n r e re . en s re s

was ggeste d by Pascal 1 5 0 ye a be fo but B mah fi t b ght

su rs re , ra rs rou

it i t p actican o l u e r It had a some what e xt n de d pplicati f r

s . e a on o

packi g p s n O il p
re se s, e s a d te ti g machin es a d it s f re ss ,
fici cy n s n ,
n e en

was mu ch inc ase d by B j amin Hick s in ve n tio re of a e lf

en
’
n s

t ight e n in g p acki g hav i g lit tle frict io n , ! t he le athe

n c llar n, I! r o
 In 1 8 1 0 Matth
Leed use d a hydraulic cyli d
e w Mu rray, of s, n er

s usp n d e d f e rom t hr ee le gs as a dire ct actin g c ran fo lift i g h e avy e r n

b ilo t h e wat
e rs, pressure b in g obtai ed f om a tan k at an
er e n r

l v ti on
e e a f 6 0 fee t o .

I 1 84 4 Mr Phipps c on st ructe d a d ire ct ac tin g hyd rauli c

n .

wago h o i t with 1 0 i ch ram a d 2 0 fe e t stroke o t h Gre at

n s ,
n n , n e

Ea t s e rn R il way Th p i
a ci pl w a s p .ci l y t h at of eB m h rn
s e re se ra a
’

p s
re s, an d t h p m p w w o k de by a tu a m gi e as r e s e en n .

Ab t t h s m tim t h But t l y C omp y c o st uct d t wo

ou e a e e e er e an n r e

lift t O m t
s a M o e a D by t he l g of which c i t d
s as on an r, n r er ,
ar e r on s s e

of a a t i c cyli d u k i t h g
s ron d p t t g th
n er s i l gth
n n e rou n ,
u o e er n en s

m ki g b t 4 6 f t i all a d t l y b d t an i t
a n a ou ee al di m t
n , n ru ore o n e rn a e er

of 1 1 i ch i wh ich w k e d a pi t
n e s, n mad wat tight with a or s on e e r-

l at h e c ll
e r To t h o t p of t h pi t
ar . d wa tt ch d a plat
e o e s on ro s a a e

f rm
o il d rou dra e
p w hic h p a n g s w,
uc i d onT h s s se n er e re arr e . e e

lift w s w k d f om
e re or v i ab ut 90 f t ab ov t h ba m t
e r a re se r o r o ee e e se en

l v l
e e .

I 1 84 9 a
n t bl u w m d of B am h p no a e by R b t
se as a e r a
’
s re ss o er

St ph e a d
e n son Willi m F i b i i lift i g t h tubula gi d
n a a r a rn , n n e r r e rs

of t h C o way d B ita ia b idg

e n I
an th lat t b idg th e
r nn r e s. n e er r e es

t b s w igh d b ou t
u e e et ach a a d w lift d i u cc iv on s e ,
n e re e n s e ss e

O p ati er t t t l h ight f 1 00 f t
on s o a o a e o ee .

W w a iv e not t h m t i te rr t i g p i d of t h e d v lop
e a e os n re s n er o e e

m t f hyd lic m chi y; hit h t w h v

en o rau e a ly v y
n er er o e a e se n on a er

g ad
r a l a dv
u c M y g d
an i d a et oo
. k p ct ic a l f anm d i g t
ooh e s ra or ur n e

fi t h lf f t hi c t y
rs a o n ly t m i a i l t d e x mpl
s en ur of, o o re a n s so a e a es

t h c p bilit i
e a of wat
a it h f t h ge e ti n
es t a mi ion
e r, e er or e n ra o or r ns ss

of p ow ; bu t ow w fi d a
er dd n xpa i f t h p i c ipl
e n su en e n s on o e r n e,

b a chi g ut i all di cti wit h such p f si th t w f l

r n n o n re on s ro u on , a e ee

c mpe ll d t o admit th t wh v m ch a i c al p w i qui d

o e a , e re er e n o er s re re ,

wt pe u
a er car ssb m d th re ffici t ag t n All th i i d
e a e to e e en en . s s ue

th kil l a d e gy f a i gl i dividu l
e s n n er w ll k w t y u i
o s n e n a ,
so e no n o o n

c o cti with hyd ulic machi y that I c c ly

n ne on ra d t m n er s ar e nee o na e

h im t o re c ll t y u e c lle ctio
a Si William G
o o g Am t o g
r r o n r e or e r s r n .
 Ih good fo tun e t o b as ciat d with t he firm of Sir
ad t he r e so e

W illi m aA m st o g r C f t w l
r n ve y e a s i p e i t di
o. g t h e or e r n su r n en n

e re cti f th i mac hin y in L o d

on o e r a d it i with mu ch pl a u e
er n on , n s e s r

I e t u po this po t i of my ubj e ct
n er n r on s .

To app ci t e t h e c e dit d e t o Si W ill iam A mst

re a r g we u r r ron ,

must go back a f w ye til in 1 836 w e ch t h e origi of his

ars, u n e re a n

i v ti
n en T av lli g th o gh t h d e p vall ys f t he C av
on s . r e n r u e e e o r en

dist ict f Y o k hi hi att ti wa tt cte d by v i u

r o r s re , s en on s a ra ar o s

m u tai
o n ills which de c di g t h e t p l pes f t h hills
n r , , s en n s ee s o o e ,

e xp d d th i
en e gy i t h p d cti of t k of foam th by
e r en er n e ro u on s re a s ,
e re

addi g t t h b
n o ty of t h l d cap b t f lfill i g n o p p of
e e au e an s e, u u n u r ose

u til ity I o a t ic
n ul a ine t a c h ob v d a v rsh o t w at e ns e r
.
p r e r n e e se r n o

wh l wh ich mpl y d ab u t 2 0 f e t of t h e fall f

ee , e o e f those
o e o on e o

small t am s re wh il v al hu d d f t of t h
s, e se ti de sc t
er n re ee e en re en

re m i ed
a n p o d u c t ivun I t r t r all y u d t e.h i m t h at if t h na u occ re o e

t m w c d ct d i
s re a e re pip f m t h high t avail bl p oin t
on u e n a e ro e es a e

an d t h p e e f t h
re ssu r c t ai d c lou m w t oe ac t m c
onh a ic ll y ne o n e re e n a

at t h b ott m t h p w ff d d might be i c s d in p p tion

e o ,
e o er a or e n re a e ro or

t o th g e t f ll b
re a e r ght i t pe ati a rou n o o r on .

N w i o t ci g o t t he ch me by which thi id wa
,
n ra n u s e s s ea s

p f ct d d xt d d w must m mb th t alth gh f d of
er e e an e en e ,
e re e er a ou on

m ch a ic l pu s it f om
e n a ve y ly g Si William A m t g
r u s r a r e ar a e, r r s ron

wa s no t t that tim a gi bu t i p act ic a

e an s licit
en t n e e r, n r e s a o or, o

whi ch p of i ih h d b e ss on b ght p a d h h st t d th at
e a een rou u ,
n e as a e

h wa t h
e s wh lly en cq i t d with t h applicat i s f w t
o un a ua n e e on o a er

p o w erth at h ad b p vi l y m d H
e en i fi t d vic
re e w ou s w a e . s rs e as a n e

form f wat wh e l t b wo k d by
o er -
e ,of th e m
o t ai e ill r e on e es ou n n r s

b ght d w t o it i a pip Th p i ciple will b

rou o n n ily u d e . e r n e e as n er

stood f m t h ro xt figu e A i t h pip c o v yi g t h wat e

ne re s e e n e n e r

t o w k t h e wh l B
or Thi wh l h a a th i fl t im with f u
ee . s ee s n a r o r

ci c l h l th ugh it m k d C I th
r u ar o es ro hl ,
fit t d ar e . n e se o es are e

di c piv te d th gh t h i c t s o th t th y a b p t flush
s s, o rou e r e n re s a e c n e u

with t h im o m d t o p j ct o b oth id
e r ,
r a e t ight gl s t o
ro e n s es a r an e

it ; t h e id k t ch D h ws o pa tly p
s e s e Th pip A
s e ci cli g ne r o en . e e en r n
t he lowe r pa t t he w he e l plit g t he top t o all ow t he
'

r oi is s al on

wh e e l t o w k or in it . The dis cs are move d by e xter al cams so n ,

in fl h us with immediate ly the y hav e te re d the y

t he ri m, b ut e n ,
‘

op n o ut
e s as t o fill t h
,
o pipe like a pisto re c ivin g th e pressure e n, e

o f th wate a d commu icati g powe t o t he whe el A model

e r n n n r .

made i 1 839 e ali se d a high e fficien cy but lik e man y othe

n r ,
r

i v t ors b f him Sir William foun d n obody t o adopt his

n en e ore ,

machin e.

1 84 0 in a le tt r t o t h e Mecha nic Magaz ine h e describe d

’
I n
,
e s ,

man y of t h applicati o an d adva t ag es of a hyd raulic sy ste m

e ns
,
n ,

a d po i t d
n ut that wh n wat
n e o is lift e d by a p umpin g e gin it er en e

b come s t h e e c ipie t of t he pow e x rted in aisi g it an d if t he

e r n er e r n .

sa me wate r be u ed as a motive powe in it desce t t o it o igi al

s r, s n s r n

le v e l it ren de rs b ack t he p ower co f e d u p on it by t h e gin e

,
n e rr e n ,

an d th b c m t h m dium t h ugh which t h p w of t h

us e o es e e ro e o er e

p um p i g g i
n e m ay b en t m it t
n e d t o a d i ta c a d
e d i t ib t d
ran s s n e n s r u e

i la g
n r e m ll q titi a cca i may q i
or s a u an Al es th t a s o s on re u re . so a

s mall gi p mpi g t i u ly in t a l v t d
en ne u n con v i i abl n uo s o n e e a e re se r o r s e

to s u pply ma y p w f l m chi n w ki g i t mit t t ly

o er u a n es or n n er en .

A s t h fitsoon f h yd ulic p ow
as e t t he ope atio
n e ss o of ra er o r ns

c an g b cam pp t h w th t it w uld be b tt t ff ct
r a e e e a are n ,
e sa a o e er o e e

t h p oce r f lift i g by th
e ss o i gl t r k of pi to bt i i g t he
n e s n e s o e a s n, o a n n

nec e y ssar g e f lift byran m m t h

o d f m l t iply i g t h m t i so e e o o u n e o on .

E v n t lly h de cid d p
e ua th e p l w ed o p t d f
u p i g
on t h e an no a e ,
o ass n e

lift i g ch ai
n v h av a a g d i t h i v t e d d f pull y
n o er s e es rr n e n e n er or e r o e

t ckl Thi a g m t m y b b t xpl i d by taki g

a e . s rran e en a e es e a ne n a

so m w h ate l t f m d d
a er c ibi g i t
or s a
,
B m h
an p p u t es r n a ra a re ss

b twe t h pp
e en d l w e bl ck of p ull y t ckl t h p s
u e r an o er o s a e a e, e re s

e xe t i g g t p w i f ci g t h block p t th o gh a sh t
r n re a o er n or n e s a ar r u or

dsi t c an d c e, i g t h
an l d f
au s n t h e c h i t m v e p id lyoose en o a n o o e ra

w it h c m p a t iv ly hoi gh l ara d th u gh
e a g t d i ta c A er oa ro re a s n e .

c e was t h d ig d p t hi pri cipl with t h ddit i of

ran en es ne u on s n e, e a on

an ot h cyli de t o swi g it u d t h pi to f the l tt cyli de

er n r n ro n ,
e s n o a er n r
be in g attache d t o a ack w ki g i to a ci cl of te th at t h b as r or n n r e e e e

of t he c a S uitabl valve s w a a g d t o admit an d e l ase

r ne. e e re rr n e r e

t he wate a d small bu t i mporta t d tail th at ma y a l

r, n a ca ful n e n e ss re

inve t r might hav ove l ok d wa also add e d

n o This wa a se ie s
e r o e ,
s . s r

of re li e f valv s t o p e v n t damage t o t h
e cyli d if t h motion of
r e e n e rs e

th c ae ho l d he udde ly a ste d The p i ciple f th e i

r ne s u s n rre . r n o es s

she w i Fig 2 0 whe

n n A i t h supply pipe f m whic h t h e water
.
,
re s e ro

pa s th o gh t he e gulatin g valve B t o t he cylin d C a d

s es r u r er ,
n

pre sses upo t h e pisto D escapi g by valv E wh en t h e load is

n n , n e
'

be i g lowe d If t h valv E ho l d be udd l y cl e d while t h e

n re . e e s u s en os

l oad i low i g t h mome tu m f t h l d an d m vi g p t will

s er n ,
e n o e oa o n ar s

b c mmu ic at d t t h w te which s ki g a way f e c ape will

e o n e o e a r, , ee n o s ,

fo ce up t h
r lie f val v F a d a mall qu a tity will p a s b ac k
e re e n s n s

th ough pip G t supply pip A A w ki g mod l f t he cra e

r e o e . or n e o n

thu d sig d wa m de a d was fo d t o an sw xc e di gly w ll

s e ne s a ,
n un er e e n e ,

bu t til l s c m f wa d t ad pt it alt hough it h d be e

no on e a e or r o o ,
a n

made k w t t h public no n o e .

At last a opp ort n ity offe e d a d in 1 84 6 o

n w fix d on u r ,
n ne as e

t h N wc a t l ! ay t he wate
e e s
p ssu e b e i g
e u bt i d f,
m the r re r n o a ne ro

tow wat pip s Th p i ciple w

n er u c h as I h v
e . de sc ib e d e rn s e re s a e r ,

but th e lifti g cyli d

re w applie d i
n d that t h p owe n e rs e re n or e r e r

might b va i d t sui t t h l ad t he cyl i d

e r e o b i g u d p ate ly e o ,
n e rs e n se se ar

orc ll ctiv l y
o e qui d Thi c a e xcit d m ch c u i ity d
e as re re . s r n e e u r os ,
an

we ll it might f it w t o ly t he fi st p ctic l pplic tio of

, or as n o n r ra a a a n

wat e p ru t di a y c a g
re ss re bu t it w ke d dmi b ly e v y
o or n r r na e, or a ra ,
er

mov m t b i g e t i e ly
e en d co t ol E gin rs c m f om all
e n n r un er n r . n ee a e r

pa t t o
r s it a d m g the m a
se e ,
ce t ic old g tl ma
n a on n ec n r en e n,

M Je s e Ha tl y n gi
r . s of t hr Liv p ol D cks It wa n ot at
e , e neer e er o o . s

W or k whe n h iv d bu t Hyd lic Jack was th re t h man

e arr e , rau e , e

wh o looke d afte r it a d Mr H tl y t d i to a c v sati ,

n . ar e e n e re n on er on

with him Th ma wh h ad b e c m qu it d xt ous i ma gi g

. e n, o o e e e er n na n

t he c a e g av
r n a acc
, o u t f it w ed e fu l c pab
n ilit i s d h i n o s on r a e an s

ow t o un til M
n o ,
Ha tle y pp a i g i c d l ous t h m wa pu t
r. r a e r n n re u ,
e an s

on hi me ttl an d ri i g t o t h oc casio offe d t o drop a h g he ad

s e, s n e n, re o s
of su gar highest p oin t of t he cran e an d pick it up before
from t h e
it reache d t he groun d This was eve tually pe fo med to t he . n r r

satisfaction of t h e visitor b ut like a true n orth c oun t yme t he

”
-
r n,
, ,

c an n y N orthu mb ian prefaced his Op rati with t h e re mark

r e on s ,

“
An what 11 y e stan if I show y e ?
’ ’
Th e result of th is e pisode ’

was a o d e fo some cran e s for t h e Albe rt D ock Liverp l soo

n r r r ,
oo ,
n

followe d by ord rs from othe r en gi e e s a d t h e n e w syst em of

e n r ,
n

machin e ry was fai ly laun ched on t h e world r .

Hydraulic c an e s we re fi t use d f r ailway station purpose s

r rs o r

in 1 84 8 at the Trafalgar goods station Ne wcast le ou Tyn e on

, ,
- -
,

what is n ow t he Nort h E ast e m Railway Up t o t h e b gin i g of

'

. e n n

1 84 9, all t h e cran es whic h had be e e e c ted derive d the i powe r n r r

from t h e tow reservoi but ow t wo cas arose in which t h e town

n rs, n es

suppl y did n ot afford ufficie t pres ure an d t he e xp e nse of s n s ,

co stru ctin g spe cial levated rese rvoirs would have bee n t oo great
n e .

It was th re f e d cided t o adopt ste am e gin es for givin g p e ssure

e or e
'
n r

to th water by m an s of a plun ge p ump at each

e ed of t h e r en

cyli de r t he piston rod be i g co ti u d th ugh both e ds t o t he

n ,
n n n e ro n

s te am cyli de t o form t he plu ge rs actin g in t h pumps To quali e

n r n e . e z

t h p ress ure of t h e wate r su pplied t o t h e c an es a

e ai ves s l w s
a r ,
n r
-
e

con n e cted t o t he u pply pipe n e ar t h e e gin e as he w in Fig 2 1

s n s n . .

This e xpe die t a sw re d fai ly we ll a d is e ve n n ow use d i some

n n e r ,
n n

i he re t d fe cts in an air ve sse l for this purpose

n n e -
.

I 1 84 9 hydraul ic machin ery was pu t in han d for t h e Gre at

n

G ri msby D ock w t h e pre ssu w obtais,d by b uildi g a

e re re as ne n

towe 2 00 f t h igh t ca y a es voi i to which t h e e gi e

r ee ,
o rr r er r n n n

p u m p e d Th is was a g. e at im p ov m n t o v t h e t ow n su ppl y r r e e er

syst m e b cause t h flu ctuation i t h e p ure f om a va iable

,
e e n re ss r r

draught was void d He e t he wat p w w u d for wo kin g

a e . r er -
o er as se r

cra s fo p i g a d closi g t he d ck g t an d fo wo ki g
ne ,
r o en n n n o a e s, r r n

t he slui ce s Th e w t wo paralle l t a c l ck 7 0 fe e t a d
. er e re en r n e o s, n

4 5 f e t i width a d th e e p airs of gat

e n i ach t h e t we lve l
,
n ves r es n e ,
ea

be i g all wo ke d by th e e cylin de r o t h yst m show in t h e

n r r s n e s e n
ne xt diagram ( Fig A i a cylin de fitte d with a piston ; t h e
. s r

pisto od con tin ue d th ou gh e ach e n d of the cyli d ca ie s at it s

n r r n er rr

e xt e mi tie
r he aves BB r u d which a chain is pass d as s n at
s s , o n e ee
,

C o e e d of t he chai i fixe d a d t he othe t ake s h ld of a othe

n n n s n r o n r

sh e av D c a ryi g a imil a chai E ; by thi a a g m t whi ch

e ,
r n s r n s rr n e en ,

i si mila at e ach
s rd of t h cylin de r t he t ave l of t h pi ton is
en e , r e s

mul ti plie d f u fold i t h way o Th en d of chain E i c

r- e er ct d . e s on n e e

t o a fl t li k d chai
a -
F whic h is co ve ye d alo g t h wh l li e of
n e n , n n e o e n

gat e c abs a d is ra g d t o ge a with a og wh ee l G ru i n g

r ,
n ar n e r c -
nn

l os up
o e a shafton bu t abl t o clu tch t he d u m of a y on e gate
,
e r n

machi which may be re qu i d t o act

ne Th e slu ice s w e worke d re . er

by a i mpl cylin d an d pisto as i Fig 2 3 t h wat be i g

s e er n, n .
, e er n

admitt d b low o e ab v t h pist n acc o di g as t h

e r olu ic e p addl e
e e o r n e s
,

was quir d t o ope o clo

re e n r se .

I n t h e same y a f 1 84 9 some wat e r p e u e e gin e s of a

r o -
r ss re n

mo c omp act fo m tha

re
y p vi o u l y r
ad op t d w d ig n nd by an re s e e re es e

Sir William A mst o g a d fix d i t h e mi s t All h ad s e ach

r r n ,
n e n ne a en e

e g i e w s c ompo d of t wo cyli d e rs p lac e d at a a gl e

°
n n a se of 4 5 n ,
n n

t o t h e b d plate d at ig ht a gle t o e ach oth

e -
, an The y w re r n s e r. e

co cte d t o t he am c a k pi a d wo ke d by bala c d cyli d ical

nne s e r n -
n ,
n r n e n r

valv havi g lie f valve imila t o t he cran machi y

e s, n re s s r e ner .

I t h y e a 1 8 5 0 h y d aulic machi e ry w s d c id d up o fo
n e r r n a e e n r

t h e N e w H ll d Stat i f t h Man ch e t
o an Sh ffi ld a d Li c ln
on o e s e r, e e ,
n n o

s hi Railw y I thi c the e wa n o p sibil ity f obtai i g

re a , n s ase r s os o n n

a n l vate d ese voi ; t h

e e g rd was of uchr r atu that e roun s a n re no

foun d tio f a a t w c uld b ob tai e d t h ai v l p e viou ly

n or o er o e n , e r e sse s r s

u se d we n t ltog th
re s t i fac t o y a d Si Will iam wa
o a e le d t o
er a s r ,
n r s

d vi that m st val bl pi c of apparatu n w u iv ll y use d

e se o ua e
‘
e e s, o n e rsa

with all ki d of hyd aulic machi ry t h e

n s accu m l at r r i to ne ,
u o ,
n r

du d i 1 85 1 a d h wn i our e xt d i g am
ce n ,
n s o I t co n n a r n

i t
ss s o f a v t ic al cyli d A i which w k s a am o p lu ge B
er n er ,
n or r r n r

ca y i g a c ss h ad C
rr n p p rort i g a -
w e ight
e o w i ght s D ,D su o n r e ,

us ally i
u th fo m of n a u lar c a in g ca y i g b al la t
e r Whe n
an nn s rr n s .

t he gi e ta ts p umpi g t h wat is f ce d int t he cyli de r of

en n s r n ,
e er or o n
the ac c u mulat or,
i g the ram a d wit h it t he han gin g load ra sin n ,

b u t imm e diately an y water is qui d at a y of t he machi es th e re re n n

ram l o w rs a d forc es t he wat e through t h supply pip wi th a

n er e es

pr e ssu re p rop orti on ate t o the l oa d h an gi g on t h e c ss head Th e n ro .

ac c u mu l ator thus an swe rs all t he p u poses of an l vat d ta k r e e e n

with u t it s e xpe n se a d e n ables a much greate p e su e t o be

o ,
n r r s r

us e d vi
P re ousl
. y 90 l bs pe r sq uare i c h w a t h e m xim u m ow . n s a ,
n

6 00 l b wa use d equal t o a head of

s . s fee t ,
This i c ease of . n r

t h pre ssu re e n able d small e r pip

e an d cyli d to d t h e same es n e rs o

wo k a d from t h ad pti
r ,
n f t h ac c umulator we may d ate t h e
e o on o e

est abli hm t of hyd aulic machin e y as a mecha ical n ec essity

s en r r n

this as in man y p e vious in ve tion s a t iflin g additi on

In ,
r n ,
r

e fl e c t d g e at resul ts ; a ch ai from t he ac cu mulator show in

'

e r n ,
n

Fig 2 5 was con e cte d t o a w ight d l v attache d t o a th ottl

.
,
n e e e e r,
'

r e

val v i t he steam pip upplyin g t h e gin e so that as t he accu

e n e s e n ,

mu l at ro t he l v f ll a d c l d t h valve p i g it agai as
or se e er e n ose e ,
o en n n

t h e acc umulator lowe re d Th wo kin g of t he e g i e was th u . e r n n s

au to matically g ula te d t h e po w e b i g
re xp d d o l y w h e
,
n r e n e en e n

r qu ir d by t h e wo ki g
e e f t he machi n Th e i c as d p ressure
r n o es. n re e

cau se d som diffi culty at fi st in co ec tion with th pipe j i t

e r nn e o n s,

but that wa soo ov come by i st i g a i g of gutt a p cha

n er n se r n r n er

co d in each j oin t an d squee i g it up as in Fig 2 6 whe e on

r ,
z n .
,
r e

sid e of a pi pe is sh w e n.

Th first hydraulic mach in y fix d in L o don by Sir

e er e n

W illiam Arm t g was in 1 85 1 at t he P oplar D ock Stati of

s ron , on

what i ow t h e No th L o don Railway It wa at that time

s n r n . s

gen ral ly call d t h C lli B i of t h ; We t I dia D ocks an d

e e e o er as n e s n ,

bel ge d t t h e No t humb lan d a d D urham Coal C mpan y t o

on o r er n o ,

whom my f the was en gin an d maa ger Thi machi e y wa

r ee r na . s n r s

fo u l adi g c al from sc w collie rs by me an of wh t a e call d

r n o n o s re s a r e

raki g j ib h ist s ; t he arran g m

n t i h w i t h xt di g am
o e en s s e n n e ne a r

( Fig wh.re A i t h e r ki g jib hi

e n g e d at it s low er e d
s t a a n n o

woode t uctu e con taini g t h machi e y an d ais d o low re d

n s r r n e n r , r e r e
l at e r ad di I t h de liv y pipe t o ac cumulato The action i
tio ) n , an d e er r. s

as foll o w z— O t h e piston maki g it

s ut t ok e th at is in t h
n dire c n s o s r , ,
e

ti o o f t h e arrow t he suctio e d f the pump is fill d with water

n ,
n n o e

throu gh pipes D F a d valv E an d on t h in strok this wat r is

,
n e ,
e -
e e

force d o ut again through pip e D a d d e live y valve G un til it n r ,

re ac h e s t h bran ch J w here it di vid e s half p assi g th ough v alv

pipe e , ,
n r e

H an d pipe I t ac cu mulato an d t h e oth o half g oi g u p pip J t o r, er n e

d e l iv y a d of cyli d filli g t h e ann ul sp ac rou d t he ram

er . n n e r, n ar e n

or pis ton rod whi ch is j ust e q ual in are a t o half t h e pi st

, a a O on re . n

th e e xt out stroke of t h e pi t
n -
t h wat i f t f it i fo ce d s on e er n ron o s r

t h o u gh J H a d I t o acc umul ato makin g t he p ump double acti g

r , n r, n

an d all p a t ea y of ac c es r s s s .

B idges w ke d by hydraulic powe r have bee n improve d in

r or

de tail but t h ge eral pri ciple e main s un alte r d D aw b idg a e

, e n n r e . r r es r

lift e d off t he sti g b l ck s by t w p ess carryi g oll

re n th o o r es n r e rs on e

rams a d th e
, haul ed by hydraulic cyli d ers S wi g bridges of
n n n . n

ordi n ary i f which a la ge n umbe have b

s z e, o mad lift d by r r een e , are e

a ce nt pre ss an d turn e d by a pair of h auli g cyli de rs

re n n .
,

Gat machi es w fi t wo ke d as I have describ d at th G imsby

e n e re rs r e e r

D ck ; th n cyli de rs with plain rams we u d t he chain passin g

o e n re se ,

ove sh aves at
r e ach d a d a se parat cylin de app li d t
e ach gate
en ,
n e r e o e ,

as t t h e W t I dia D ocks
a Aft e wards a wat r p essur e gi wa
es n . r e -
r e n ne s

ad opte d givin g motio , t o sh fti g t o which ach gat c ab might ben a n ,

e e r

c o e ct d by mea s of a clutch as at Swan sea ; d then a s p a at

nn e n ,
an e r e

en gin t o each crab was use d an d thi was t he ordi ary type f ma y
e ,
s n or n

years but re c tly M W est mac ot t t he t le t d pa t e ofSir William

en r. a n e r n r

Armst o g has de vise d a pla of usi g a sin gle chain for Op i g a d

r n , n n en n n

closin g ach gate mad fast t it e xt miti to t he mason y on ith

e , e a s re es r e er

s ide f t he lock moveme n t of t he gat be i g obtain e d by placi g the

o ,
e n n

e n gin e in t h e gate grippi g t h chai by me an s of a cupp d d um an d

,
n e n e r ,

s walkin g alo g it in e ith er direc tio

o This arran ge me t ff ct a
n n. n e e s

gre at savin g in fou datio wo k an d is lik ely t o be large ly ad pte d

n n r ,
o .

Wh ere first cost is n o obj e ct plain cylin d s an d rams may be adhe re d ,

er

t o as t he labour for main te n an c e is almost n il

,
.
 The ma chin e ry of t he cran es also un de rwe n t various improv e
me n ts The origin al Ne wcas tl e cran e had thre e liftin g cyli n de rs
. ,

fi tt e d with pistons arran ge d so that e ither o e t wo or thre e migh t ac t

,
n ,

upon t he cross he ad t o which the sh e aves were con n e c t e d

- In su b .

s equen t case s as at t he West In dia D oc ks three cylin d e rs with p lai n

, ,

rams we re use d t h e cylin de rs be in g plac e d ve rti cally an d t h e rams

, ,

re turn in g in to t he cylin de rs by the ir own we ight on t he re le as e of t h e

wate by t h e e xhaust valve

r Aft e rwards a double power was ob tain e d
.

b y on e cylin d e r havin g a diffe re n tial piston an d ram simil ar t o t h e

This arran ge me n t as adopted at Woolw
, ,

s t e am e n gin es . ich Arse n al ,

an d e lse wh e re is she wn in Fig 2 9 t h e v al ves bein g slightl y alte re d t o

,
.
,

s h e w t he prin ciple more cle arly A is th pressure valve B t he e x . e ,

haust valve an d C an in de pe n de n t valve in t he position she wn t h e

, ,

wate r i passin g through A t o both e n ds of t he cylin de r but althoug h

s ,

t h e p re ssure of t h e wat e r is e qual in each e n d t h e surfaces u pon whic h ,

it is actin g are un equal O n on e side we have t he full are a of the

.

piston an d on t he other side we have le ss by the are a of th e ram th e

,

c on sequ e n ce of this is that t h e total pressu re on t h e pist on side ov e r

balan ce s t he t otal on t he other side an d force s t he piston alon g t h e ,

c ylin de r t h e wate r on t h e ram side p assin g rou n d t o t h e piston side ;

,

this is t he lowe r powe The highe power is obtain ed by closin gr. r

valve 0 an d ope nin g valve B then t he full pressure of the wate r acts ,

o n t h e pisto n without de d u ction for coun ter pre ssure

, t h e ram an d -
,

bein g ope n t o e xhaust through valve B The lowe rin g of t he load is .

ef fec te d by e xhaustin g both e n ds oft h e cylin de r A bein g closed while ,

B an d C are both op en .

Th e n e xt great improve men t in t h e cran e s was the ir adaptation t o

t he purposes of we ighin g c oal while dischargin g it from t h e hold of
a vesse l This was e ffe cted by havin g a se parate love r or beam ca ryin g
. r

t he jib head sh e ave as in Fig 30 an d supported on a kn ife e dge A

-
, .
,

fixe d on t h e jib ; t he small we ights B on t he lon g an d of t he le ve r

balan ci g th e heavy t ub of coals C at t he short e n d Twen ty of the se
n .

cran es formin g part of a large plan t of machin e ry un der my presen t

,

c harg e weigh an d deliver about t wo mill ion ton s of coal in t he c ourse

,
 l

of a y e ar, t he maximum work pe r h our b e in g 6 5 t on s i d

l ft e 30 t o 4 0
fe e t f e ach c a
or Th s c a be lo gi g t
r ne. s W m C ory
e e r n e s, n n o Me s rs . .

S on , h v be n f equ tly allu ded t i va i u publi h d c ds of

a e e r en o n r o s s e re or

hy d a lic machi e y as fo mi g a
r u xce ll t xampl of wh t a b
n r ,
r n n e en e e a c n e

d o e i t h way of discha gi g c al pidly a d e c omic lly t h c st

n n e r n o ra n on a ,
e o

so fa as t h mac hi
r y i c c e d b i g o l y about
e n er s p y
on p e e rn e n n on e enn r

to l ift d 4 0 f e t wu g th ugh h alfa circl we ighe d a d d live d

n, e e ,
s n ro e, n e re .

A ot h r g at immo m t wh
n e re th c an e s w re q i d ve en e re e r e re u re

f or u se a rai lway plat f m

on wa t h placi g of t h lift i gor ,
s e n e n

c yli d b tw t he ch k of t h pill makin g t he c a e lf

n er e een ee s e ar, r n se

t i d th at is re qui i g o fou d tion boy o d wh t t he fo t

c on a n e , ,
r n n n a n a o

st p e ta ds up o as at t h Ni e Elms G ood Statio of th

s n n, e n s n e

Lon do d So th W t
n an R il w y u Th we h ve t h lifti g e s e rn a a . en a e n

c yli d t h e m lv made t d duty as c a e pillars

n e rs se es at t h
.
o o r n -
,
as e

i t ia D ock D p t f t he Midla d R ilway Th n w fi d t h

I

c or s e o o n a . e e n e

c r an made move abl so th at the y may b shift e d t a y e q i d

es e, e o n r u re

p o it ios till n b , i g cso ct d w it h t h

e n e w a t e p re s u nne m i as e a t r- s re a n,

th e L do D ck ; a d l stly we hav e v yt hi g cl a e d aw y
on n o s n a e er n e r a

f m b l w an d t he c ra
ro e o ,
with h iz o tal jib d ne, pill a or n an no ar,

p l c d
a e u p i t h e of s ant t h F i g d o
ro G o o d s,
S t
a at i f t h e e arr n n on o

G at No the Rail way

re r rn .

I effe cti g t h swi gi g of c a

n n j ib t he a k a g me t
e n n r ne- e, r c rran e n

O fth N wca tl c a e was s

e e s imp v d upo by u i g a p i of
e r n oon ro e n s n a r

m all cyli de
s p la ce d
n on e o rs,c h s id f a g o v d d u m at t h e n ea e o ro e r

ba e of t he pillar t o which t h tu i g chai s we e attach d

s e rn n -
n r e .

Th move me t of t he valves i t h N wc a t l c
e n e wa obtai e d n e e s e ran s n

by a cra k han dl tur i g a sc w t poi ts ma ke d o an i d x plat ;

n -
e n n re o n r n n e -
e

s b u q ue tly by m a s of l ve s t h impl m v me t of a han dl

se n , e n e r ,
e s e o e n e

f wa d o back wa d accomplish e d t h
or r r m r ult e sa e re s .

Th p p li c a tei aof si mp le h y d u lic con a t o c o k ea st ag e i ra r ne s, n

o
c ec tio
nn with a h ppe ; from which t he locomotives may tak t h e
n o r e

c k di c t h as ot c ive d t he att tio it d s v ; v iou f ms

o e re ,
n re e en n e er es ar s or

h av b en p opose d but I am ot awa of satisfacto y

e e r ,
l t io h av n re a r so u n

i n g bee obtain e d n Th a a ge m t must be c ompact ligh t che ap

. e rr n en , , ,
an d a pplicabl t o cas whe e o ly a low wat e r p e ssu is btain abl e
e es r n r re o .

M y pl n s hav b t i d fo adj usti g t h p owe r f c a e t o

an a e ee n re r n e o a r n

t h l ad t b lifte d bu t t h e c t of t h e wate i so sligh t th at a y

e o o e ,
os r s n

s avi g i th i
n pe ct i g e rally m e than coun t b la ce d by t h
n s re s s en or er a n e

in c as d c t of t h e machin y xcept in la g cra e I d vis d a

re e os er ,
e r e n s . e e

pl an so me ix y s ago f adapti g a inj e c t o n le t o t h e suppl y

s e ar o n n r oz z

pip of y hyd a lic mac hin i uch a way that whe a ligh t load
e an r u e s, n s
!
n

w t b d alt with t h
as o e n e gy of
e p tion of t h e wat wo ld b
,
e e r a or er u e

e xp d d in d awi g i by
en e i du ce d curre t some of t h e xhau t
r n n an n n e s

wt a e r and by mu ch du ci g t h m u t of p e ssu w t
so e q ui e d
re n e a o n r re - a er r r .

This ch me w t o fu th r tha p limi a y k t h which I

s e en n r e n re n r s e c e s,

h av by m e ow bu t t he id e a h
e n be c tly b ugh t f wa d
,
as e n re en ro or r

agai quit i d p d tly by my f i d Mr Ma ti dal a d may

n e n e en en r en . r n e, n ,

p ibly om d y be p t i to p actic
oss ,
s e a u n r e .

Th t yp f c a e that I h ve me ti
e es o d form o ly a sm ll
r n s a n on e n a

s ampl f t h va i tie c o t ct e d o
e o e t he A m t o g sy t m ; t h e
r e s ns ru n r s r n s e

i dividual x mples hav v i d so mu ch that it would be impo ibl

n e a e ar e ss e

f m t o d c ib th m t y ou i on
or e es r v i g Al mo t v y p s ibl
e e o n e e en n . s e er o s e

fo m h a b nuse d cc o di g t t he va yi g ci c um ta c e of ach c
r s ee a r n o r n r s n s e ase ,

an d t with t a di g t h e v t mas of machi

no s n y which has b tu e d
n as s ner een rn

o t f m th
u El wick Wo k
ro e fi m has had fe w mi t k t o ctify
s r s, n o r er s a es re .

Th c dit f th is i la g ly du t o th at mo t c are ful of m

e re or s t he
r e e s en ,

lat C hi f D
e gh t ma G o ge Hutchi o
e rau s n, e r ns n .

O f t h wat p e e gi e
e t h fi t had t wo fix d cyli d e s
e r- r ssu re n n s, e rs e n r

with c o c t ing d as t Al l he ad ; the we fi d th cyli d

nne ro s, a en s n n re e n e rs ,

e qu lly divid d u d a ci cl t h thi d e b i g v tic al a at P d

a e ro n r e, e r on e n er ,
s a

di gt fo w ki g t h p i ti g p s s Th pplicat i t o h li g
n ou, r or n e rn n re s e . e a on au n

p p
ur o t h m d
se s
a e h o i t al
encyli d s d si ab l e as i t h c ap
r z ont a n er e r ,
n e s ns

at P ddi gt a d Haydo Sq uar t he v alv s of which w

n on an mit d n e, e e re re

Spi dle wo ke d by w ight d l v

n s r mov e d by c am o t he c a k e e e e rs, s n r n

sh f t a Aft . thi w have a g e t improve m t i t h cyli d s

er s e r a en n e n er

b i g mad scill ati g with plai ms t he valves be i g lid w k d

e n e o n n ra ,
n s es or e

by li ks attached t o t he cylin de rs a d aft rwa d t he same typ but

n n e r s e, .

with t h valve s worke d by e c cen t ics on t he cylin de r trun n ion s an d

e r ,
 ( l l‘ i t l

for gen eral purposes this patte rn has n ever been improve d upon
in an y of t he n ume rous variatio s whic h have sin ce appe are d n The re ,

have howe ve be en othe r forms suitable t o spe c ial case s where light
,
r, ,

n e ss a d e c n omy i on first cos t have b e e an obj e ct

n In the e arlie r n .

e xample s of these other forms t he e ngin e has t wo cylin de rs made ,

d ouble actin g by usin g combi ed pistons a d rams with tru n ion valve s
-
n n n

aft e rwards by t he addition of a third cylin de r an d an i mp rove d valve

‘

arran ge m n t a se c on d an d third p owe r we re obtain e d by me an s of

e ,

d iff en tia
er l pre ssu e i t h e same way as I howe d you in t h e case
r s, n s

o f t he double p owe re d cran e Fig T h p tt w d pt d

-
( e a e rn o a o . n e

fo r ailway
r capsta pu po e s co sist s of a pai of oscill atin g
n r s n r

c y lin de rs wit h tru ion valve t he piston rods attached t o o e cran k

nn s, n

fi xe d on t he b ottom of th e ve tical shaft passi g throu gh t he capst an r n

h e ad t h e whole of t h e ge arin g b e in g attach d t o the bed plate an d

, e -
,

move able up trun n ion s o hin ge s through which the wate is con
on r ,
r

v ye d t o a d f om t h cyli de rs
e n r e n .

The first wago hoists c onsiste d of cradl es lifte d by ch ain s as at

n ,

Paddin gto Stat io afte wards t he lift i g cylin de r was place d in a

n n, r n

p it un d e t h
r p la t foe m o f t h e hoistr t h e w e ight of t h e p la t form & , , c .
,

be i g balan c d by cou t we ights hu g by a chain carrie d ove r

n e n e r- n

she ave s an d attach e d t o t he plat f m as at t h e Blackf iars Stati o or of ,

r n

t h e Lo do n Chatham an d D ve Rail way Then t he bala ce weight

n, o r . n

an d chai w re dispe se d wit h a d a small cons tan t pre ssure cylin de r

n e n ,
n -

p u t a lo n gsid e t h e lif t i g cy lin d t o t

n ak e t h e we ight o f t h e p la t
e r,form
with out c on sumi g an y wate as at B oad S treet G oods Station of
n r, r

t h e Lon don an d North We stern Rail way .

Whe n a railway platform is re quire d t o he some times con tin uous

for traff ic ove it an d some time s b oken fo traffic through it a movable
r ,
r r ,

pi ce is inse ted f t h width a d le gth re quire d At Paddin gton

e r o e n n .

this pie ce is haule d un de t he fixe d portio by hydraulic c ylin d rs ; at

r n e

t h e Midl an d R il way St Pan c as it i lowe re d down in to a re ce ss

a , . r ,
s

at rail le ve l a d work e d by a ve y simple arran ge me n t of hydrauli c

n r

pre s an d knuckle ge a
s r.

Trucks ofte n re quire to be transferred from one lin e t o an ot her

this is most con ven ie n tly effecte d by mean s of t h e hydraulic trave rse rs ,

which are simply low frame s up on which t h e t ucks a e u a d th r r r n n en

ha l e d on t an sverse rails ac oss t he me tal t o a y particul a li e wh e

u r r s n r n er

th y may be quired The haulin g is i some ca d e by Sp cial c yli

e re . n ses on e n

de rs an d in othe rs by ordin ary capstan s ; b oth me thods are in operat ion

at St P a cras
. n .

Wher the re is an uppe floo t o a tation jigge h ists are mu ch

e r r s ,
r o

u se d ; the s c on sist ofa cra e cyli de r wi t h t h

e ch in l d ove con v y
n n e a e r e

an c e she ave s t o a trapway givin g acc e ss t o t h e l owe floors This is a r .

ve y e con omical an d rapid me thod f dealin g with light g ods

r o o .

He avie goods are mo e oft e n raise d in small cradle hoists fitt d

r r ,
e

with st 0ps to hold the m at an y flo r o .

Dire ct actin g pumps wo ked by t he ordi a y accumulato pre s ,

r n r r

sure of 7 00 lbs t o t h e squa e in ch have b e e n u se d f some ye a s

. r , or r

fo supplyin g station s with wate ; e x amples of this me th od are f u n d

r r o

at St Pan c as a d B oad S
. r tre e tn r .

Although hydraul ic machin e y in t he form of cran e s or hoists r , ,

has e stablishe d itse lf as an in di p e ns able adj un ct t o all b uildi g s n s

of an y mag itu de wh e e me rc han di e

n i d alt with it is asto ish
r s s e , n

in g how littl it s de tail are kn own t o architects A fe w ye a s

'

e s . r

ago an archite ct wh o had c ar ie d out se ve al e n gi e e rin g work s an d

,
r r n ,

was mo e ove r a Fe ll ow of t he Royal I titute of British A chit e cts

r ns r ,

built a large waterside ware house an d quay for which he orde d t h ,

re e

requisite hydraulic machin e ry While this was be i g fixe d h e . n ,

obse rve d t he app are n tly complic at e d valve arran ge me n t of a mul ti le

p
powere d 1 0 t o cran e an d privat e ly gave me his fi m Opin ion that it
-
n , r

wa all humbug pu t i t o i c e ase t h e co t a d that t he pipe s ough t

s n n r s ,
n

t o have b ee n laid st raig ht away t o t h e c a e j ih I did n ot app iate r n -

. re c

t he force of his re mark s u n til som time aft wa ds whe he in fo m d e er r ,

n r e

me that he thought t he cran e s w e wo k d by chain s f om t he e n gin e er r e r

le d th ough t he pipes which we h ad fi st put in

r ,
r .

The application of h ydraulic p owe r t o ban d machin e y t o c oal r ,

shippi g hoists t o wi n din g e n gi e s an d man y oth e r purp ose s migh t

n ,
n , ,

claim our n otice but I must n ow brin g t o a close this rapid surve y f
,
o
the Arm st ron g y tem an d re gre t that time will n ot pe rmit m t o
s s , e

e la g u po it h re It may howe ve in te est some of you t o kn ow

”
n r e n e r, r
,
.

th at 1 h ave arran ge d t o de live r a course of t e n le cture s at t he City of ,

L o d o n C olle ge o t he Practical D e signin g ofHydraulic Machin e y

n ,
n r .

W e mu st re me mbe that we are de ali g t o n ight n ot with o e r n -

n

sy st e m bu t with t h e g e e ral subj e ct

, an d I must brin g t o you r n ,

n o ti c e a f w othe r promi e n t n ame s Foremost amon g the m is ne .

th at o f Ralph Ha t T we dde ll What Si William A mstro g has r . r r n

d o e for outdoo machin e ry M Twe dde ll i doin g for wo kshop

n r r. s r

an d y ard t ool an d of th se t he p o table rive tt er is t he m st n otic e

s, e r o

ab l e It c
. i ts of a m ll hydraul ic pre ss slun g from a cran e jib in
on s s s a ,
-

s u c h a wa
y th t it m y be m o vad abo t t o a y p art of aa boil or e u n er

o th e r iv tt d structu without i t e f ri g with t he pipe c o n e c

r e e re n r e n n

tion s I f cility of ha dl i g apidity of wo k a d accuracy of e xe

. n a n n ,
r r , n

c u t io n it s p erforman c e s a e un ivalle d
, An ill u tration of this is r r . s

s h o wn i Fig 31 A B a t wo le vers wo kin g like t he claws of a

n . . re r

l o b st e beari g again st e ach other at on e e d a d holdin g di e s for

r, n n ,
n

fo mi g t he ive t he ads at t h othe r

r n r The y are h e wn in t h a t of e . s e c

r iv tti g a girder
e n C is a cylin d r co e ct d t o t he uppe le ve r A
. e nn e r

an d D is a ram c o e ct e d t o t h e lowe le ve
nn B ; E is an in n e ram fixe d r r r

t o c yli d C with a con stan t p re ssure from t he accumul ator passi g

n er ,
n

in t o it th ough F a d thus in to t he ann ul ar sp ace G H is t he pre ssure

r ,
n .
'

pip adm tti g wate r t o t he ann ular space I an d J is t he exhaust

e, i n ,

pip fo e movin g t he water when don e with N ow it will be se en

e r r .

that t he pr ssu i I is pu hin g D up an d C down ; this mov me t is

e re n s e n

c ommu icat d t o t he l ve s A B an d so t he rive t i close d The n on

n e e r ,
s .
,

Ope i g t he e xhaust valve t he pre ssure in G come s i to action lift i g

n n ,
n ,
n

C a d A an d lowerin g B an d D so that t h e apparatus may be move d

n , ,

to th e xt riv e t
e n .

This i g n ious syste m is also applie d t o pun chin g an d she a i g

n e r n

mach in s slott i g machi e s a d othe h e avy t ools an d h as b e e large ly

e ,
n n n r ,
n

ad pte d o
o t h e C o tin e t
n I shoul d have be n glad t o de scribe
n n . e

the se applic ation s but the y are wo th a eve in g t o the mse lves an d r n n ,

pe hap M Twe dd ll may be in duce d t give you a le cture upon

r s r. e o

them illustrated by some of his beautiful models .

de vo t i n g t he time t o it s preparation that I sh oul d have wishe d but
”
,

I tru st t hat I have bee n able t o give you som ide a of what is fore e

sh ad o we d in t he tit le Hydraulic Machin e ry—Past an d P re se n t

, .

At t he close of t he lecture TH E P RE SIDE N T said it gave him great

sat is fac t ion t o h ave be e n t he me an s of in trod u cin g t o t h e Association

a p rac tic al pap e r of such val ue from his n e ph e w t h e le c ture r an d if , ,

t h e C o mmittee woul d allow him he would be happy t o un de rtak e t h e

c os t o f prin tin g an d distr ibuting a copy t o e ach me mbe r H e .

re marke d that for some ye ars t he coal hoists at P opla we re un der h is r

c h ar e b u t h e might say he n e v e r h e ard of the m for th e y re all y

g, ,

re qu i re d n o re pai rs b e yon d t h e oc casion al grin di n g in of a val ve or ,

pu tt in g on a n e w liftin g chain Hydraul ic machin e ry was charac

-
.

t e rised by imme n se force , with litt le we ar an d t e ar owi n g t o t h e slow ,

mo v e me n t of t he workin g parts while t he mult iplication of the

,

s pe e d by pullie s made it an swer all p urp ose s H e would n ot de t ain .

th e m with an y furthe r re marks as the re were man y me mbe rs an d

,

ge n tle me n pre se t w ho we re more or le ss acquain te d with hydraulic

n

machin e ry an d h e hope d the y would have a good discussion showin g

, ,

u p th e we ak p oin ts if th e re were an y
, .

A discussion then en sue d in which several gen tle men took part
, .

Th e followi n g is a b rie f abstract

MB .JAC KSON District Locomotive S upe in ten d en t of the Mid

,
r

lan d Railway at K e n tish Town said that fo man y y e ars he h ad had

,
r

un de r his up e vision a la ge quan tity of hy draulic machin e ry an d

s r r ,

foun d it superior t o an y othe r mode of d al in g with he avy weights e ,

e ithe r i n liftin g or hauli g H e wished al o t o ackn owledge t h e

n . s

as it an c e h e had d
s ive d f om t he l cturer in t he pe rson al i t rvie ws
er r e n e

whi ch his busin ess had n e ce s itate d f om ti me t o tim

s W ith resp e ct
r e .

t o t h e prin tin g of t he lecture he did n ot thi n k t he C ommitte e ought

,

t o allow the P reside n t t o bear the e xpense ; they coul d afford t o pay
 for it themselve s an d he t hon g ht it was onl y righ t the y should do so ;
,

at t he same ti me he than ke d t he Preside n t fo h is ve y ki d ofie

'

r r n r.

Ms JO H N L E E havin g t he imme diate ch a g of t h hydraulic

.
,
r e e

machin e ry belo gin g t o t h Midla d R ailway i L o do as fo e man

n e n n n n, r

un de Mr Jackson de sire d to c orroborate all that M Jac kson h ad

r .
,
r .

s aid .

Mr T W E DDE L L said h e had he ard man y pape rs on hydraulic

.

machin e y but o e i whi ch so much in formati was c o d e sed i to

r ,
n n n on n n n

s o mall a sp ac e or wh e re su ch i mpartial j ustice had b e n me te d ou t

s , e

t o i n ve tors in all ages

n W e h ad he re at on e vi e w all t h e pri n cip al
. .

i v tions b ari g upon t he use of water pow f om t h ea lie st

n en e n er r e r

tim Whe n h e he ard of t h varie ty of hyd ul ic machi e put i to

es . e ra n s n

u sebe fo e t he time of Si Wi lliam Arm tro g he b gan t f a that

r r s n ,
e o e r

p haps some of t h an ci ts had also a ticipat e d t h p o tabl rive tte

er e en n e r e r,

bu t h e was glad t o fi d the y had n ot He t he n d sc ibe d some of t he

n . e r

sch e me s wh ich h ad b n p op ose d fo a ge n e ral high p e s ure syst e m

ee r r r s ,

by which wharfin ger a d the rs could have t he wate laid o t o the i

s n o r n r

p mise s for wo kin g c a e s &c withou t t he e c e ity for an in de

re r r n , .
,
n ss

e dn n t stee am e n gin e at e ach plac e an d in sta c d t h e case f Hull n e o

p , ,

whe e t h e sy stem h as be e n satisfactorily workin g fo some time

r r .

MR H OMFR AY f om t h e fi m of Sir W G Armst on g

. , r Co r . . r .
,

ackn owle dg e d t he c omplime ts whi ch had been p aid t o Sir William n

A m t on g by pre vious spe ake

r s r a d me n tion e d some of t h e most rs, n

r e c e t applic ati on s of hyd aulic p ower b y that fi m amo g th m t h e

n r r ,
n e

n e w swi n g bridge ove r t h e Ty e f whi ch h e gave ome p a ti cul ars n , o s r ,

a d t h e n e w fire e xtin gu i h i g app aratus at t he L n do

n -
Docks s n o n .

MB G ARRE TT de c ibe d a me thod adopte d at some places for

. s r

coali g t he e n gin es whe e th e trucks we re run u p a i cli an d t he

n ,
r n n ne ,

coal th own out in to a h opp e H e said it w ld b of gre at

r r, ou e

adva tage t o apply hyd au lic p ow r t o t h e larg e e g i e tur t able s t o

n r e n n n ,

avoid t he con stan tly e c u rin g d if ficulty of som thin g wron g with
“
r r e

th e ce t e
!
n r .

MB MAN IC O Chie f D raughtsman in the Locomotive D p artmen t

.
,
e
of th e N or th London i
Ra lway, sa id that three of the '

coal hoists at

mac h in e ry e cted in Lon don we e stil l at work un loadin g scre w

re . r

c ol l i e rs appare tly as p e rfec t as eve

,
n an d like ly t o l ast for man y y e ars
r,

l on g e r. The hyd raulic tippin g machi n e s f r loadin g b arg es f om trucks o r

an s we re d admirab ly an d af fec te d a great savin g on t h e forme r

,

m e th od s .

MB TH OMP SO N a Reside n t En gi nee r on the Great North e rn

.
,

R ail way said that t he machin e ry at Farrin gdon Street Goods S tati on
,

h ad be en refe rred t o an d he was happy t o bear te stimon y t o it s

,

e fi c ie n cy an d also o t h e valuable in formati on he had re c e ived from

, t
Mr Adams at various times This machin e ry was chie fly re markable
. .

fro m t he fac t that the pumpin g e n gi n e fo givin g pre ssure t o t he r

wate r was Situate d some distan ce off u n de r t he Smith fie ld Mark e t t he , ,

wate r be in g con v ye d alon g th e railway t o an d from t h e e gin e house

e n -

b y pipes laid in the groun d No difficul ty was e xperie n ced in this.

arran geme n t as th e y had an addition al acc u mulator n e ar t he p oin t

,

whe re the heaviest work occ urre d an d he thought this might be ,

ad opted in othe cases with advan tage

r H e be lie ve d t he cran e an d . s

machin e y ge e rally we re t he most perf ct of the ir kin d an d he

r n e ,

Should be happy t o Show the m t o an y of t he me mbe rs .

Ma JOSE P H NE W TON Preside n t of t he Lon don Association of

.
,

Foreme n E gin e e rs an d D raughtsme n said he had b e n con n cted

n , e e

for man y years with Association s like t he on e wh ose me mbers

were n ow prese t an d he foun d that whe e the me mbers we re
n , r

willin g t o help the mse lves the y woul d always fin d other pe ople ready
t o assist H e u d stood that although n ot a n e w socie ty it had
n er
. , ,

o ly re ce n tly starte d the readin g of pap rs an d he th ought this was

n e ,

a ste p in t he right dire ction A ben e v len t socie ty was all ve ry we ll

. o ,

but t he y wan te d somethin g more than cha ity t o hold t he me mbe rs r

toge the an d h e thought they could do n o be tter than con tin ue that
r,

n e w Sph ere whi ch had been so w ll b g u H e had listen e d withe e n.

much ple asure t o t h e le cture which had be e n given that e ven in g ; an d

with the aid of the diagrams which had been so luci dl y described he , ,
thought n o on e prese n t could have failed t o le arn a gre at d e al about '

hydraul ic machin e ry
MR DU OKH AM E gin e of t he Mill wall D ocks said he h ad
.
,
n er ,

re c e tly h ad occ asion t o d wn mo e pumpi g p we r a d h e had

n
pu t o r n o ,
n

go back t o t he olde st fo m f Si W illi am A mst g e gi e

ne r o r r ron
’
s n n ,

i which plain plu g r p umps were u se d on e at e ach e d of t h e

n n e ,
n

ste am cylin de Thi of c ou e t ook u p a gre at d al of om but as

r
. s rs e ro ,

th y had ple n ty of Spac h p fe re d t he Simpl pat t e

e e H e had
e re r er rn .

also place d the gat ma hi s with t h e old p attern of cyli de r an d

re e c ne n

ram first u se d i Lon do as h e foun d t he co t an d t ouble of

n n, s r

m i te n a ce we re much g te r with t he n e w patter than with t he

a n n re a n

old .

-
MR . d it was rathe r re markable that th e arlie st
P ISOH ON sai e

applic ati on of wate p ow ill ust ated in t h e di grams w for t he

r- e r, r a ,
as

pu p se of religious d c ptio whil e t he same motive had prompte d

r o e e n ,

it s use in t h e latest i t a c e that had come un d r his oti ce

ns n H e e n .

re ce ive d f om Spain a f w day

r ago a n e wspap e
,
co tain in g an
e s ,
r n

acc un t of t h e way i
o which an image of t h e ! i gi was mad e t o
n r n

W e p in symp at hy with it s wo h ipp e r , by t h e tur in g of a t ap by

e rs s n

whi ch water was admitt d th ough a small p ipe c ce al d i t he e r on e n

ima e a d te rmin ating at t he e yes t he te a s be i g tu e d on or off as

g n
,
r n rn ,

occa i o might re qui

s n H e al o c all d atte n tio t o t he f ct that i
re . s e n a n

S wit e rlan d pe rambulati ng hyd aulic machi we e ve y common

z r nes r r .

A m n would t av l ab ou t wi th his machin ry f om hou se t o hou e

a r e e r s ,

conn ctin g t o stan d pipe s o the wate main s whe ev e qui e d a d

e n r ,
r er r r ,
n

sawi g up wood or d i g othe u se ful wo k fo t h e in h abi tan ts

n o n r r r .

Aft er a fe w rema ks f om other ge n tle me r r n,

Mr HE N RY ADAMS i. ply said that he had ot attempte d

,
n re ,
n

t o illustrate mode rn hyd ulic machin e ry b e yo d it first prin ciple s

ra n s ,

as it would h ave i volv d c o side rable labou a d the re we re

n e n r, n

al e ady n ume ous publi h d diag ams in the mi utes of proc ee din gs
r r s e r n

of t he In stituti on s of Civil a d M chan ical E gin e rs H e had c on n e n e .

fin ed his rcfe ren ces in the mode n p ortion prin cipally t o railway de pot s r
in L don from which the re were so man y re presen tatives presen t
on , .

W i t h re gard t o Swing bridges the re were se ve ral large bridges in ,

e x i te n ce wo ke d by hydrauli c powe r
s r t h e re fe c e w hi ch had be e n
; ren

m ad e in t h e le cture t o s win g bridges did n ot exclude the se but ,

d e s c ribe d Spe cially t he action of the smaller on es At t he Millwall .

D o cks we h ad a u ique case of hydrauli c machin ery of a modern

n

p a t te be
rn i g re mo v e d
n foi t he app li cati on o f a n ol d e r form H e did ,

n o t dou bt that th e re woul d be less e xpen diture for main ten an ce

aft e r this alt ration but t he first cost in mac hin e ry an d foun dation s
e ,

wo uld be far in e x cess Ma y cases happen ed in which makers of

. n

h ydraulic mac h in e y were compe ll e d by co sid erati on s of first c ost

r ,
n
,

may have bee o e but in asmuch as a very large n umber of Similar

n n ,

machin es t o the se discarde d on es we re at the pre sen t momen t in use

el sewhe e an d n o S pe cial difficul ty was foun d he thought the
r , ,

machin e y ought ot t o get all the blame With rega d t o t h e steam

r n . r

e n gi es it took on ly t we n ty mi u tes t o change a pump le athe

n , n an d r,

t h e Slip va ie d from 3 t o 5 p r cen t so that it was doubt ful econ omy

r e .
,

t o go bac k t o t h e cu mbrou s sin gle actin g e n gin e The appli cation of-
.

ac cumulato p essure t o fire e xtin guishin g purposes was made in 1 85 4

r r -
,

at t h We st In dia Docks by me ans of a re ducin g valve G ood use

e , .

h as be e mad e of thi s at va i ous times but the latest d e velopmen t

n r ,

all ude d t o by Mr H omfray is an un doubte d improve me n t worth the

.
,

atten tion of all use rs of wat e r un der an accumul ator pressure

! arious .

p e ssure s had bee n men tio e d for workin g hyd aulic machin ery but
r n r ,

aft e t he most ample e xpe ie n ce 700 lbs pe r square in ch had been

r r -
.

de cide d upon by Sir William Armstron g as t he best pre ssure for

g e ne ra l p u p ose s l owerrp ressu res,
in volv in g h eavy m ac hin e s a n d ,

highe pre ssures causin g the rams t o be so small that sufi cie n t st ren gth
r

could n ot be obtain e d without adoptin g costly expedi en t s

‘
fl re .

workin g of turn tables by hydraulic power was on e of t he first

application s at P addin gdon St atio an d again at S t P an cras some n, .

2 4 fe e t turn tables had be e n worked by t hat syst em

- Wi t h regard t o .

t he prin tin g of t he lec ture he though t it had been t oo hurriedly

,
pre pa d t o be suit able fo p erma e t record but he was quite willin g
re r n n ,

t o han d ove r h is n otes an d make a

, duce d copy of t h e diag ams for
re r

t h e Association if t h y de si e d it
,
e He thanked th m for the ir
r . e

atte n tion an d fo th in te rest th y had she wn in t he discussion

,
r e e .

A vote of than k s t o t h e le cturer , the r t o t he P e siden t

an d an o r ,

which we re heartily re ec ive d an d c arried un an imously . then close d

t he procee din gs
.
TH I S BO O K IS DU B O N TH E L AST DATE
STAMP E D BE L O W

AN I N I TI AL FI N E O F 2 5 C E N TS
W IL L BE E
AS S I G S E D FO R FAIL U R TO E N
R TU R
T H IS B O O K O N T H E DAT E DU E TH ! P EN AL TY
N EN
.

W I L L I C R E AS E TO BO C TS O N T H E FO U R T H
DAY AN D TO ON TH E SE ! EN TH DAY
O ! E R DU E .

APR 3 1m

AUTO D!SC
.
F
EB2 7
.
3?

L D 2 1—l oom ( 4 02 8 )