BY J O HN WA R D , P SA. . .

A U T HO R OF P Y RA M I D S A N D P R OG R E SS “
G RE E K CO IN S A N D T HE I R

P ARE N T C I T I E S ,
ETC .

HU N D R E D E XAM P LES S CA R ABS CY LI ND E R S

’

F IVE OF AN D ,

T HE T RA NSL A T IO NS BY

F . LL E WE LLY N G R I FF IT H, M A .

Tlie d ist in t ion f tl s ty le s f S bs is m

c o ze o c a ra as a c /1 , a spe i l /y t
c a sn
’

ec as we
d is im in t ion f t/ m nn e
cr a o ze
fp i
a n te sr o a r ,
an d in isible to
as v fl am e
1
20 10 a re u nf mili it/ t/ t y
a ar w z ie s a a
’
.

D F L I N D E R S P ET RI E
R .
,
“
His to ri
cal Sca ra / s f .
’

N EW Y O RK

1
53
—1
57, F I FT H A VE N U E .

1 90 2 .

[ py lg
Co rz flz t re s er ve d éy t/z e A zctnorj
 H ARRI S O N AN D S ONS ,

P RI N TE R S I N O R D I N ARY T O HIS M AJ E S T Y ,

ST. M AR T I N S L A N E L ON D ON
’
,
.
 D E D IC A T E D T O

P R O FE S S O R F L IN D E R S P E T R IE

D CL
. . . LL D. . E TC .
 ES ES I I B RI T I S H
i

RAM .
M U SE U M .

P R E FA C E .

D UR I N G m an y w a n d e ri n g s by th e Ni
le , I h av e m ad e
a co ll e c t i o n o f se ve ral hu n d r e d Sc a r a b s and C y li n d e r s ,

and t h e s e fr o m t i m e to t i m e h av e b e e n a rr an g e d s y s te
m at i
c all , t r a n s l i t e r at e d
y a nd t a r n s l a te d by th e ki n d n e s s
of m y fri e n d Mr . F . L l e w e lly n G ri ffi th . He a nd

ot h e r s l e a r n e d i n E gyp to l o gi c al st udi e s h av e fr e qu e n t ly
r e qu e s te d m e to publ i s h an I llu s t r a te d C at al o gu e of th e

co ll e c t i o n ; t h is i
s m y a p o l o gy fo r i s s ui n g th e pr e s e n t
vo lu m e . Fo r t he y sa
y t h e re a re fe w bo o ks ,
r
t e at i ng
of sca a r bs a o l ne , to be o b ta i n e d .

The Re v . W J . . L o ft i
e publi s h e d the fir s t w o rk
on th e s ubj e c t ; t his w as a d a i n t y l i tt l e vo lu m e
A n E s s ay o f Sc a ra as ,
i s s ue d i n 1884 .
v i THE SACRE D BEE T LE .

Sub s e qu e n t ly a mo re co m pr e h e n s i v e bo o k a
p

p e a re d , by D r F l i n d e r s P e t ri e
. ,
“
Hi
s t or i
ca l Sca ra os .
”

It co n tai n s a se ri e s of o u tli n e s o f all s c a a r bs k no w n

at th e t ime i
t w as w ri tt e n . The s k e tc h e s i n b o th
t he s e bo o ks w e re a ll draw n by th e i n d e fa t iga bl e h a n d
of P e t ri e hi m s e lf . Bu t b o th vo lu m e s a re out of pri n t
a nd u n o b ta i nabl e e ve n at seco n d h an d . C e r ta i n ly
!
no o n e w h o h as t he m wa nts to p a t wr i t h th e m .

In t he se an d o t h e r publi c at i o n s sca a r b s h av e b e e n
hi t h e rt o re p r e s e n te d by h a n d -
co pi e s d raw n
,
w i th p en

a nd ink . I h ave pr e fe rr e d to o b t a i n m y illu s t rat i o n s

by th e a i
d of ph o to graphy , so as to r e pr o du c e th e

ac t u al Sig n s on th e fac e ,
an d th e fo r m of th e o bj e c t
i t s e lf. H i e r o gly ph i c s on sca a r bs a re fr e qu e n t ly d o n e
in r l
a ca e e ss m an n e r ,
as if th e a nc i e nt en grav e r we e r
h i m s e lf ill i te rat e . Thu s th e i n s c rip t i o n s fr e qu e n t ly
gi ve d o ub t ful r e adi ng s , and m a n y h av e no t b e e n
p o ss ibl e to r n s l ate
t a . F ro m a re pre s e n ta t i o n of th e

ac t u al sca a r b i ts e lf ,
e xp e r ts m ay b e e n abl e d to s ugge s t
th e t ru e i m p o r t of th e s ig n s .

Th e sca a r bs on th e ea rli e r p l at e s h av e b e e n

hi s w as b e i ng p u t in typ e M r F r as e r s e x c e ll e nt
A t th e t m e t i .
’

C atal o gu e o f h i
s C o ll e c t i o n h ad n o t b e e n an n o u n c e d .
 P RE FACE . vfi

a rr an g e d c hr o n o l o gi c ally ,
as far as p o s s ibl e .

Th e s e ( P l ate s I—V I I) c o n t a i n w h at a re kno w n as

H i s to ri c a l Sc a ra b s b e ari n g ,
th e ca r to u c h e s a nd

ot he r at t ribu t e s of ki n g s pri n c e s
,
and dig n i tari e s fr o m
th e X X IIN D
I I IR D D Y N AS T Y ( b o ut
a 4 2 1 2 B C
. .
) illt th e

D Y N AS T Y e re i
( b o u t 6 6 0 a BC ) T h s a n o t h e r P l at e
.

( X V I ) o f t h e h i s t o ri c a l c l a s s d e v o te d to C yl i n d e rs ,

a o l ne , most of w h i c h b e a r r o y a l i n s c rip t i o n s . The

sca a r b s s ho w n on P l at e s V I II —
XV a re no t s uc h as

a re kno w n as H i s t o ri c al ,
an d , as far a s p o s s ibl e h av e,

be e n a rra n g e d o n ly ac c o rd i n g to st yl e a nd s ubj e c t .

It i
s di ffi c ul t t o as s ig n t h e ir d ate s w i th an
y ce r ta i n t y ,

t h o ug h th e fo r m of th e b ac k s o f th e sca a r bs an d th e

st yl e o f th e h i e r o glyph s o r th e o r n am e n t ,
m ay e n abl e
e xp e r t s to a rri v e at so me co n c lu s i o n r e g a rd i n g t h e i r
p e ri o d . T h e re i
s m u c h c h a ra c t e r i n th e mo de of th e

th e
’
o rigi n al a r t i s t s t r e at m e n t o f th e b ac k ,
a nd m ann e r
i n w hic h th e l e gs an d S h a rd s o f th e b e e tl e a re e n gra v e d .

B o th S id e s of m an y s
p e c i m e n s h av e t h e r e fo r e b e e n
s how n to h e l p t hi s r e s e a r c h . All a re r e pr e s e n t e d i n
th e ac t u al s i z e o f th e o rigi n al s .

In o rd e r to ad d to th e i n te r e s t of a r at h e r dry
s ubj e c t p o r t r a i t s
, o f th e r o y a l ti e s w h o s e n a m e s app e ar
A 3
v iii T HE SACRE D BEE T LE .

on sca a r b s h av e ,
w h e re p oss ibl e b e e n gi v e n
, . Fo r

t he se I am m ai n ly i n d e b te d to Dr . P e t ri e , w ho

a ll o w e d m e to u se m an y p o r t r a i ts fr o m hi
s Hi
s to r
y

f
o E g yp t , and to th e So c i e ty fo r P r o m o t i n g C h ri s

t a i n K n o w l e dg e ,
fo r p e rm i t t i n g th e u se of se ve r al
’
fro m M . M as p e r o s vo lu m e s p ubli she d by t he m .

Dr . H e rb e r t W alk e r h as gi v e n me hi
s i n v alu abl e
as s s ta i nc e in s up plyi n g a nd a rra n gi n g th e p a rall e l
r n l i ns i n
t a s at o , w ri t i n g out th e hi e r o glyph i c s fo r th e

pri n te r , and in th e co rr e c t i o n o f th e pr o o fs of t he se
diffi c ul t C h a rac te r s .

I ll u s t ra t i o n s of th e s ubj e c ts a nd l o c al i t i e s n am e d
in th e t e x t h av e b e e n i n t r o du c e d ,
s o as to gi v e so me
id e a o f th e r se nt e ct of th e a nc i e n t lan d fo r hos e
p e as
p t

w ho h a v e b e e n u n abl e to i i i
v s tt th e ms e l ve s . The

s
p e c i m e n s h av e ,
as fa r as p o s s ibl e b e e n, a rr a n g e d
C hr o n o l o gi c ally ,
and t h e e po c h s co nn e c te d by i n fo r m a
t o i n SO as to fo r m a s k e tc h of th e hi s t o ry of

th e m o s t i n te re s t i ng ri o d s o f the u n t ry l d
p e co , e vo ve

or s ugg e s t e d by th e s t udy of t he sca a r b s th e m s e l v e s .

The n u m b e rs a
pp e a r n
i g In th e C a t al o gu e d o no t

i m ply an
y o rd e r as to d at e or
p e ri o d .
Th e y a re

m e r e ly th e co n s e c u t i v e n u m b e ri n g s o f th e s im e ns
p ec
 P REFA C E .
i
x

in my ca b i ne t ,
as t he y we re a dd e d to th e co ll e c t i o n
o ve r se ve r al y e a r s ,
and a re no w o n ly u s e d as

r e fe r e n c e s to th e figur e s i n th e pl at e s .

U n t il re c e n t y e ars Sc a ra b s h av e no t b e e n gi v e n
t h e i r pr o p e r pl ac e as h i s to ri c al d o c u m e n t s ,
or r e g ard e d
as i m p o r t a n t a dj u n c t s to publ i c co ll e c t i o n s of E gyp t i a n
a n t iqui t i e s . Th i s i
s b e i n g gr a du ally r e m e di e d ,
how

e ve r m a i n ly
, ow i ng t o t h e at t e nti o n ca ll e d to t h e m by
D r F li n d e r s P e t ri e
.
,
to w ho m al l l o v e rs of E gyp t i a n
lo re ow e so m uc h . Sc a ra b s a re no w r e g a rd e d as of

fi rs t -
r a te i m p o r tan c e in h e lpi n g to e s ta bl i s h th e

c hro n o l o gi c a l p e ri o d s of E gyp t i a n h i s to ry . E v e ry

m us e u m of s uc h a n t iqui t i e s m u s t no w pos s e ss i
ts

ca bi n e t of sca a r bs .

I h av e fo u n d sca a r b hu n t i n g by
-
the N il e a mo s t
e n oj y a bl e p as t i m e , es p e c i ally ,
as h as f n be e n my
o te

g o o d fo r t u n e ,
w he n I h ad ,
at no ve ry gr e at d i s ta n c e ,

m y fri e nd s Dr . P e t ri e or P r o fe s s o r Say c e to s upply

an id e n t ifi c at i o n or c eal r u
p th e d o u b t fu l r e a d i n g of

Th e
“
so me ne w find . fri e n dly s y m p at h y of s uc h
e xp e r ts i
s e n c o ur ag i n g to o ne w ho do e s no t po ss e s s
s u c h rip e k n o w l e dg e h i m s e lf , an d d e s e rve s th e de e p e s t
grat i t ud e .
 T HE SACR E D BEE T LE .

In a ddi ti o n to my ow n co ll e c t i n g I h av e b e e n
i n d e b te d fo r so me go o d s pe c i m e ns to s e ve ral k i n d
fri e n d s . My ea rl i e s t h e l p e r w as th e Re v . W .
J .

L o ft i
e ,
th e l at e s t Mr . G e o rg e F r as e r , to b o th of w ho m
my t h an k s a re te n d e re d . Mr . W H a rry
. R yl a n d s ,

a id e d me gr e at ly i n h e lpi n g th e w o rk
t hro ugh th e p r e ss ,
w hil e Dr . W alli s B udg e ki n dly
p e rm i tte d m e to b o rr o w som e i m po r t an t m at t e r fr o m
hi
s r e m a rk a bl e bo o k M ammy .

Q
u O URC E OF TH E N I L E FRO M TH E N I L O METE R
, ,
PH I L E/ .
 T h e fi rm am e n t , re p re s e n t e d b y t h e fi g u r e w t h o u t s t re t c h e d arm s
t h e e m b le m o f e t e rna l li
Th e
fe , a s c e n d m g t o t h e h e a v e n ly re g i
o ns
i .

.
s c arab ,

F r o m a P apy ru s i n th e B r i ti sh M u se u m .

C O N TE N TS .

Pr e fac e

Li
st of I llu trs i
at o n s

I tr du ti
n o c on

P i bl u o ss e se s o f th e S c arab
D li n i ecn th u e e se s

D i v ry f th L t L angu g
sc o e o e os a e

M a ig f e C rt
n n h o a ouc e

A R yal G tt
S a o az e e

S r b w i th C rt u h
ca a s f U n k n w n K i ng
a o c es o o s

S r b wi ca ath I rip ti n O rn m n t
s n sc o s or a e

S r b E rl i t D r ti A t
ca a s : a es eco a ve r

S arab m c u riu th n b tif l

s o re c o s a e au u

D sc ri p ti n f p l t I S r b f O ld nd M iddl K ingd m
e o o a e . ca a s o a e o s

II S r b f E rly N w K i ngd m . ca a s o a e o

III S ar b f N w K i ngd m . c a s o e o

I V S r b f N w Ki ngd m . ca a s o e o

Th e M rr i g e S rab f A m nh t p III
a a ca o e o e

Th e L in H u n t o S b f A m nh t p III c ara o e o e

Li n H u nt fr g m n t y S r b f A m nh t p I II
”
Th e o , a e ar ca a s o e o e

D c ri p ti n f p l t V S r b f th N w K i ngd m
es o o a e . ca a s O e e o

V I S r b f th N w K i ngd m . ca a s o e e o

VII S r b f th L t Dy n ti . ca a s o e a e as es

VIII S r b G d W ih t . ca a s : oo s e s, e c .

IX S r b S ym b l y m m tri lly rrang d

. ca a s o s s e ca a e

X S r b S y m b l ym m tri lly rr ng d
. ca a s o s s e ca a a e

XI S r b S r ll S pi r l O rn m nt t . ca a s : c o s, a a e s, e c .

X II S r b S r ll S pi r l O rn m nt t . ca a s : c o s, a a e s, e c .

X III S r b F ig r A i m l H i r glyph t
. ca a s: u e s, n a s, e o s, e c.

X IV S b F ig r A n i m l Hi plyph t . c a ra s : u e s, a s, e ro s, e c .

X V S r b F ig r A im l H ir gly p hs tc
. ca a s : u es, n a s, e o , e

X VI C yli nd rs f v ri u p r i d . e o a o s e o s
A K HE N A T E N S PA I N T E D
’
FL OO R .
L I ST OF C O L LO T Y P E P LA T E S .

TO F A C E PA G E
S c arabs O ld d M iddl K igd m
Of an e n o

S b f E rly N K i gd m
c a ra s o a ew n o

S r b f N Kigd m
ca a s o ew n o

S r b fN
ca a s o K igd mew n o

S r b f th N K igd m
ca a s o e ew n o
‘

S r b f th N K i gd m
ca a s O e ew n o

S r b f th L t Dy ti
ca a s o e a e nas es

S rab G d Wi h
ca s : oo t s e s, e c .

S r b S y m b l y mm tri lly rr g d
ca a s o s s e ca a an e

Sc arab S y m b l ym m tri lly rr g d

s o s s e ca a an e

S r b S r ll S p i r l O r m t t
ca a s : c o s, a na e n s, e c .

S r b S r ll S pi
ca a s : r l Or m t t
c o s, a na e n s, e c .

S r b F i g r A i m l H i r glyph t
ca a s : u e s, n a s, e o s, e c .

S r b F igu r A i m l H i r gly p h t
ca a s : es, n a s, e o s, e c .

S r b s F ig r A i m l H i r glyph t
ca a : u e s, n a s, e o s, e c .

C yli d r
n f v r iu p r i d
e s o a o s e o s
 L ,

P LU MMET OF K HA F R A .
 L I ST OF I L L U ST R A T IO N S

Co l o s sa l S arab c spi
( Fr o n ti ece )

PAGE
R am e s e s II
Th e S o u rc e of th e N il e

Eg y p ti an dea
i of th e F im am e n t r
P lum m e t of Kh afra
Mod l f th S p hi nx
e o e

Wing d S r b an d R a
e ca a em bl ems

A H rt S r b ea . ca a

P l m F r t S it
a o es on e of Mem ph i s

R o s e tta S to n e
r u h f P t l my
C a to c es o o e an d C l e p atr
o a

P yr m id fi ld f G hi h
a -
e o z e

P rtr it f K h f
o a o a ra

S tatu e tte of M e nk au ra
U mas
’
s Pyr am d , inte ri
i or and e xte ri r
o

Am e n e m h at I
O b l ike s of U se rte se n I
U s e rte s e n I
M ap of La k e M oe i
s r
P trl
ec o a of U s e rt e s e n II
Py r m id a of Illah u n
Pyr m id a of D ah sh fir
A m e n e m h at III
R e s to rat i o n Of Co l oss u s

H yk so s ki
ng
’
P tah h o te p s So n
W ll a s Of E l K ab
D ah b h s ff E 1 Kab
a ea O

Qu n A h m
ee a es

A m nh t p I
e o e

Th o th m e s I
Th o th m e s II
T e rrac e T e m ple
Qu een H atas u
Qu een H atas u Obe li k
’
s s

T h o th m e s I II
T am e Li
on of th e Ph ara o h
R y lC
o a ro w n s

Ob l ik e s of T h o th m e s III
Th e S ph i
nx

Ste le of Th o th m e s IV
 xv i LIST OF I LLU S T RA T I O N S .

Am e n h o te p II an d hi
s Nr u se

T h o th m e s IV
Am e n h o te p III
Qu een T yi
Q ue e n Ty i
Ma rri g a e S c arab ( 2 c u ts )
Li Huon nt S c arab ( 2 c u ts )
Li Huon nt S c arab ( 2 c u ts )
Co l i l A m h t p III
os O en o e

A kh t e na e n

P i t d Fl r
a n e oo

H r mh b
o e e

A kh n t n nd h i F m ily
e a e a s a

K i ng r i d b y h i G rd
ca r e s ua s

Se ty O tIe ri
ng

Se ty
’
s M u mm y
G r it
an e Co R am e s e s th e
l o s su s o f G r e at

C o l o s s al S tatu e s o f R am e s e s II
S m all e r te m pl e o f Ram e s e s II
Me di t H b u P l
ne a a ac e

Me di n t H b T m p l
e a u e e
l
O so rk o n
Sh ab aka
Tah arq a (2 c ut s )
P rt it
o ra s of T ah arq a
’
s Q ueen (3 c u ts )
T ah arq a
’
s Pl a ac e

Ab u S im be l
Co l lH d
o s sa ea

Pyr m id E l K l h
a : u e

R m e
a D gg r
es
’
s s a e

Q ueen Ht S hip a as u s
’

Or m t l S l b
na en a a

E gyp ti nd G r k O rn m nt
an a ee a e

S r b w i th S pi l
ca a s ra s

G re e k d ti n f C ili g
e c o ra o O a e n

C pi t l fr m M y
a a o c e n ae

W m bri g i ng O ff r i g
o en n e n s

I v r y T b l t f M na
o a e o e

A kh n t n G r d n
e a e
’
s a e

D li nq t p n i h d
e ue n s u s e

A kh at en D gh t en s
’
au e rs

C yli d rNn e
442 O.

U se rte se n I
Go ld P t l f U t e c o ra o s e r e se n III
C yli d r 2 9 8
n d 3 50
e s an

E gyp ti n S ri b a c es
T HE SA C R E D B E ET L E :

E G Y P T I A N SC A R A B S

IN A R T AN D HI S T O R Y

PART 1.

OF SC A R A B Sf I N GE N E R A L .

XVII
x vi
i i
 W HA T Is A SC A R A B p

If w e r e fe r to D i c t i o n a ri e s an d C y c l o p ae di as ,
w e

do no t g e t muc h i n fo r m at i o n . The E nc
y c lo
fi aa a i
’

ta n n i
B ri ca do e s no t e ve n gi v e th e w o rd u n d e r th e

l e t te r S. I n b o o k s t r e at i n g of E gyp t i a n a n t iqui t i e s
It Is g e n e r ally ta ke n fo r gra n t e d t h a t e ve ry o ne kno w s
w h at i
s m e a n t by th e te rm “
Sc a r ab . I m y s e lf
h ad publ i s h e d so me s ke tc h e s , l i te ra ry and ri i
a t st c,

d e s c ribi n g m y E g yp t i an wa n d e ri n g s ,
a nd g av e fo r

fr o n t i s pi e c e to th e lu m e a ll o typ e pl a t e of
'

vo co

H i s t o r i c al ”? I h ad u m e d t h at
Sc ar a b s as s e ve ry
b o dy k n e w w h at sca a r bs we re ,
and s o d id no t t hink
i
t n e c e s s a ry to e xp la i n . Bu t I re c e i v e d m a n y l e tte rs
as ki n g th e qu e s t i o n “
W h at i
s a Sc a r ab 9 ”
So m e

of my co rr e s p o n d e n t s h ad ne ve r se e n o ne ; ot h e rs
w e nt so fa r as to sa
y t he y h ad n e v e r h e ard of

t h e m b e fo r e . It m ay be d e s irabl e , t h e r e fo r e , to

gi v e a fe w w o rd s on th e s ubj e c t ,
as far as I mys e l f
u n d e r s t an d h e s e m y s t e ri o u s r e c o rd s of th e p as t
’

t .

And as t h is w o rk i
s i n te n d e d m o re fo r the publ i c
a a
p y ra m i
ds a nd P rog res s .
— E yr e an d Sp o tti s w o o d e , 1 9 0 0 .

B
2 T HE SACR E D BEE T LE .

t h an fo r e xp e r ts i
t m ay ,
be w e ll at th e o u ts e t to sa
y
a fe w w o rd s a bo ut sca a r b s i n g e n e r al .

T HE E ARL I ES T SCARAB S .

It h as b e e n h i t h e r to s up po s e d t h at th e o ld e s t
sca a r bs w e e r t h o s e b e a ri n g th e n am e s of E gy p t i a n
ki n g s . So m e sma ll o va l o bj e c ts r e c e n t ly fo u n d ,

h o w e ve r ,
te nd to pr o v e t h at t h e re w e re st ill ea rl i e r
r e li c s ,
of th e fo r m o f th e s ac r e d b e e tl e p o ss ibly u s e d
,

as am ul e ts . F ro m th e fi rs t h o w e v e r
, , th e sca a r b
seems to h av e h ad a m y s t e ri o u s ly s ac r e d c h a r ac t e r .

R o y al Sc a r ab s w e re ce r ta i n ly i n u se in th e IIIR D

D Y NA S TY ,
and
p oss ibly w e m ay fi nd so me ea rli e r ,
no w

t h at th e c e m e te ri e s o f the IST an d IIN D D Y N AS T I E S

h av e b e e n di s c o v e r e d . The ea rly m o n a r c h s w e r e h e ad s
of t h e St at e C hur c h , and w e re w o s r hipp e d p o ss ibly
duri n g life an d ce r tai n ly a ft e r d e at h ,
i he r
e t as de itie s ,

o r at l e as t as a m e a ns o f a pp o ac r hi n g th e D e i ty .

Sc a ra bs w e re o rigi n ally cut o ut of so ft s to ne ,

g e n e rally s t e at t e ,i a nd e ve ry o ne w as se
p r
a at e ly en

grav e d . D uri n g a nd f r
a te th e brilli an t X V I I IT H
D Y N AS T Y ( 1 8
5 7
—1 28
3 t he y w e re f n
o te m ad e

of o t t e ry o r e n gr a v e d o n h rd t n w hil e th e
p a s o e ,

o ri i n al m a t e ri al s t e a t i t e
g ( s o a p
, s t o n e
) w a s -

,
st ill u s e d .

The b ac k o f th e sca a r b w as n e arly l

a w a ys cut in
th e fo r m of a b e e tl e ,
he nc e th e n am e ( fr o m th e
 T HE EARL I ES T SCARABS .
3 .

G re e k w o rd '

O Ka
p a Be co s a b e e tl e ) . Th e n am e of

th e ki n g , a nd l ate r ,
hi
s i l
t t es l
a so, w e re e n g ra v e d
o n th e fl at o va l fac e of th e s c a a r b .

Th e co o l ur of va ri o u s ki n d s of coc k c h a fe rs and

b e e tl e s st ill a bu n d an t i n E gyp t i
s o ft e n , o f an ir i d e s
ce n t blui s h gr e e n -
. P o s s ibly in th e at t e m pt to i m i ta t e
t hi s , all sca a r b s h av e b e e n so co o l ur e d o r i gi n ally .

Bu t dur i n g th e i i i ud e s
v c ss t of t h o u s an d s of y e ar s
‘

t hose o n ly w h i c h h av e b e e n pr e s e r v e d i n dry sa n dy
so il r e tai n t h e ir o ri g i n al gr e e n t i n t i n g ; t hose w hich
h av e b e e n e xp o s e d t o t h e s a ts w t l i h w h ic h N il e m ud
i
s s at ur a t e d h av e g e n e r a lly l o s t all t h e i r
,
co o l uri n g .

Th e r e h as be e n a s ugg e s t i o n t h at th e s ac re d
c h ar a c te r a tt a c he d to t h is i nse ct m ay h av e a ri s e n
fro m th e h a bi t o f th e du n g b e e tl e -
of l ayi n g i
ts e gg s
in a s m all p e ll e t of ,
t w i th i
dir t r o ll i n g i ts a n te n n a
t ill i
t as s ume s th e S h ap e of a b all . The c r e a tur e
c an f n
o te be see n on a s unny d ay pu s h i n g i
ts

l i tt l e b all b e fo r e i
t ,
an d t h e n buryi n g i
t in a w a rm
of A ft e r th e
’
b an k d e s e rt sa nd . a t ime s u n s ray s
h at c h o ut th e a nd th e r e a t ur e t hu s ms to
e
gg ,
c see

eme rg e a l ive out of th e sa nd . So th e E gyp t i a n s ,

b e i n g p o o r e n to m o l o gi s t s ,
m ay h av e s upp o s e d t h at th e

b e e tl e h ad th e pow e r of r e v i v i fyi n g i ts e lf aft e r d e at h ,

an d i
t t hu s w as p e rh ap s r e g ard e d as th e e m bl e m of

r e s urr e c t i o n . It h as b e e n r e m ark e d a sol t h at i

m
13 2
4 T HE S ACRE D BEE T LE .

m e di at e ly f r
a te the i n u n d at i o n of th e N il e h as

s ub s id e d ,
th e l an d i
s o ft e n fo u n d to po s s e s s as m an y
b e e tl e s as b e fo r e . The E gyp t i a n s m a y h a v e su
p
p e rp e tu al l i
'

p o s e d t h at th e c r e a tur e s t hu s h ad fe .

T h e Su n ( R a Q
) g i n i
s a l m o s t a l w a y s fo u n d o n
s

R o y al Sc a ra b s — a n d i n w all p a i n t i n g s t h e b e e tl e
-
i
s

o fte n r e pr e s e n t e d w t i h a b all b e tw e e n i
ts m a n dibl e s .

So t h e re i
s li t t l e d o ub t bu t th e e
gg of th e b e e tl e ,

m ir ac ul o u s ly pr o du c e d as t he y be l ie v e d , h ad a r e fe r
e nce to th e s u n, th e gr e at m a n ife s t at i o n of th e

c r e at i v e p o w e r of th e u n i v e rs e .

P OSS I BLE U SE S OF THE SCARAB .

The sca a r b w as , in at l e as t o ne of i
ts us e s ,

an a m ul e t ,
and w as p l a ce d ove r th e h e ar t of th e

m umm y , o r w as us e d to r e pl ac e th e h e a r t i t s e lf w he n
re m o ve d in th e pr o c e s s of e m b al m i n g , fo r th e e m

b alm e rs , fr o m s om e u n k n o w n r e as o n did , no t r e pl a c e
th e h e ar t i n th e b o dy P e rh ap s th e n y h e art
“
. s to

w as s upp o s e d to h av e th e po w e r of r e s to ri n g to

l ife th e h e ar t of th e d e c e as e d !
on th e d ay of

Th eJ e w s w e re fam ili ar w i th thi s u s e o f th e s c arab to

re pl ac e th e h e r t afte r d e ath I w ill tak e th e to n y h e art o u t o f
“
a ,
s

t h e ir fl e s h an d giv e th e m a h e ar t o f fl e s h
, E e ki e l xi 9 ; al s o ,
z ,
1

“
C r e ate in m e a n e w h e ar t O G o d and r e n e w a righ t s piri t , ,

w i thi n m e P s al m s li
”
, ,
I O.
 P OSS I BLE US ES OF T HE SCARAB .
5

A “
H E AR T S CARAB ,
W I T H I NS CRI P T IO N T A K E N FRO M T HE

BOO K O F T HE D E A D .

r e s urr e c t i o n , or i
t m ay h av e b e e n t h e id e a to pr o v id e
th e b o dy w i th an a t r ifi c i a l h e a r t to r e pl ac e i
ts o rigi n al
o ne , w hich h ad , w i th i
t s l ife , r e t ur n e d to th e go ds
w ho g av e i
t . The se s to n y h e ar t
-
sca a r bs w e re
s p e c i ally m ad e fo r th e purp o s e ,
an d a re of la rg e i
s z e .

An e n gr av i n g i
s app e n d e d o f o ne of t he m . Th e y
-

a re m o s t ly co mpo se d of a h a rd y e ll o w i s h or d a rk
gr e e n s to ne ,
and b e a r l o n g i n s c rip t i o n s on th e fac e ,

m o s t ly k e n fr o m th e B ook o f th e D e ad So m e
“
ta .

of
U
t h e s e r e fe r to a ne w h e a rt b e i ng su p p li e d
i n e x c h an g e fo r th e n at ur al o ne w he n the d e c e as e d
me s to be “
j u s t ifi e d an d r e s urr e c t i o n ur e d by
‘

co , as s

t h e ac t o f t h i s m agi c al su b s ti tute .

Th e b e li e f i n th e s up e r n at ura l p o w e r s o f th e b e e tl e
pr o b ably o rigi n at e d th e u se
( a)
of t k n o wh is
n S ig n ,

”
as
“
K nit e r t
, i n E gyp t i a n w h i c h s ig n ifi e d b o t h a
,
“

”
an d It
“
b e e tl e r n s fo r m at i o n
t a l
a so e xpr e s s e s th e
 T HE S ACRE D BE E T LE

K net
” ” “
and
“
ve rb “
to be ,
“
r
t o c e at e , to be co me , er

p o ss ibly ca me to m e an e te r n al l ife ,
as a nou n . It
i
s c uri o u s h at i n E n gl i s h (a n d G e r m an ) an
t a lmost
id e n t i c al w o rd t o th e E gy pt i an Kh e p e r “
s h o uld
be st ill i n u se fo r t hi s i n s e c t , as fo u n d i n c oc k
c nafe r an d ” Re fer .

Th e a n c i e n t E gy p t i a n s w e e r fi rm b e li e v e r s i n a

fu t ur e s ta t e , in w hich so ul and b o dy w o uld be re -

u n i te d ,

and h e n c e th e y w e re most a n xi o u s to pr e s e r v e th e

b o dy fo r i
t s fu tur e re -
un io n w i th th e s
p iri t . Thi s
le d to t h e ir e ffo r ts to p r e s e rv e th e co rp s e , w hi c h
t h e y did w t i h gr e at s kill . A nd sca a r bs w e re buri e d
w t i h th e m um mie s i n h o pe of fac ili tat i n g t hi s h appy
r e s ul t . Sc a r ab s w e re a sol s uspe nde d to th e ne c k
an d th e w ri s t s and
p ut a m o ng th e w rappi n g s o f th e

m umm y . Th e y w e re a so l u n d o ub t e dly u s e d an d

wo r n duri n g life ,
fo r m an y b e ar th e m ark s of l o ng
w ea r p r e v i o us to t h e ir b e i n g e n to m b e d w i th th e

p r e c i o u s d e ad .

The o rigi n al fa i t h of th e o ld E gyp t i an s w as

p ur e an d s i m pl e , and in m an y r e s p e c ts v as t ly
s up e ri o r to an
y ot h e r r e ligi o n of ea rly a ge s . So m e

h av e ca ll e d i
t t h e b e s t fa i t h e ve r i n v e n te d by m an .

Re c e nt di s c o v e ri e s see m to ca rry th e d at e of t hi s
ea rly c ul t b ac k to 5 0 0 0 or 600 0 B C . . Bu t i n l ate r
t im e s th e E gy p t i a n r e ligi o n d e te ri o rate d , and th e
 P OSS I BLE U S E S O F T HE S CARAB .

w o s r h ip of o ne d e i t y gra du ally d e g e n e r at e d i n to a

pe c ie s of p o ly t h e i s m E ac h of th e v a ri o u s ribu te s
'

s . att

of th e o ne G r e at B e i n g r e pr e s e n t e d by
, a ll e g o ri c a l
figur e s Se e m ,
at l as t to h av e b e e n r e g ard e d a s re
p re

se nti ng se p a r at e p e r s o n ag e s w o t r hy of w o s r h ip ,
a nd

so a p o ly t h e i s t i c b e li e f gr adu ally a r o s e .

Sc a r ab s ,
as s ac re d e m bl e m s ,
g r adu ally b e c a m e
n e g l e c te d ,
an d a t e f r th e p e ri o d ( ab o u t 5 0 0
P e rs i an

a lmost c e as e d to be u s e d as s u c h L o n g b e fo r e.

th e C h ri s t i a n e ra , t ru e sca a r bs h ad c e as e d to be

use d or pr o du c e d . B u t fo r m o r e t h a n t h r e e t h o u s a nd
y e a rs t he y se e m to h av e b e e n e x t e n s i v e ly b e l i e v e d
in and use d as e m bl e m s of t he a n c i e n t r e ligi o n . AS

th e o ld fa i th w axe d or w a ne d , so t he y w e re pl e n t iful
or sca ce r in use .

Of so me o f th e kno w n l i ne s of E gyp t i a n ki n g s
o n ly a fe w s ca a r b s h a v e b e e n fo u nd , w hil e of ot h e rs ,

w h e n r e l igi o u s fe r v o ur w as p o s s ibly i n th e as c e n d an t
t h e re a re man y e x a m pl e s . Bu t as lo ng as th e o ld

E g yp t i an fa i t h e xi s t e d ,
th e figur e o f th e Sc ara b e u s

w as co n s id e r e d by i
ts v o ta ri e s as th e S ig n of t he i r
r e ligi o n m u c h i n
,
th e s a me w ay a s th e C ro s s b e c am e
th e s ymbo l of C h ri s t i a n i t y .
8 T HE SACR E D B E E T LE .

D ECL I N E IN T HE U SE OF E G Y PT I A N SCARAB S IN

T HE G R E E K P ER I O D .

In th e d ay s of th e (
P to l e m i e s f r 3 0 0 B C )
a te .

s ca a r bs see m to h av e b e e n n e gl e c t e d as r e ligi o u s
em bl em s ,
an d th e G re e ks and R o m an s , w ho

p oss ibly co uld no t r e ad th e h i e r o g lyph s up o n t h e m ,

u n d o ub t e dly m ad e u se of S c arab s o n ly fo r t ri n k e t s
or c h arm s ,
or p e rh ap s s u p e rs t i t i o u s ta l i s m an s . I mi
t at o n s i of sca a r bs w e re u n d o ub t e dl y m a d e by th e

E t ru s c a n s a nd h e rs ( pe rh ap s ab o u t 1 0 0 0 B C ) a n d
ot ,

a re to be fo u n d i n t h e ir t o m b s B u t t h e s e m o s t ly .

b e ar ig n o ran t a rr an g e m e n t s of hi e r o gly phi c C h a ra c te r s ,

e n t ir e ly w t i h o u t m e an i n g ,
and S ho w t h at t h e ir m ak e rs
did no t u n d e r s ta n d th e E gyp t i a n w ri t i n g .

In so m e i n s ta n c es h o w e v e r r e al E gyp t i a n
, ,
s ca a r bs
h av e b e e n fo u n d i n ea rly Gr e c i an to mbs ,
as in R ho de s

and K r e te ,
w h ree s ca a r bs o f X I I X I I IT H D Y N AS T Y
—

( c . 2 5 0 0 B C .
) h av e b e e n di s c o v e r e d a n d s o m e o f l at e r ,

d at e . Th e E gy p t i an s w e r e v e ry j e al o u s o f t h e ir lan
gu ag e b e i n g u n d e rs to o d by fo re ig n e r s ,
an d e v e n in th e

t i me of He ro d o t o s , w ho i i d E gyp t
v s te 43 0 BC , t he ir
w ri tte n C h a rac t e r s w e r e qui t e u n k n o w n t o th e Gr e e k s .

T h e F a th e r of H i s to ry te ll s us t h at th e te m pl e s we e r
“
c o ve re d w t i h pi c tur e s ; t h is w as a ll t h at th e s to ri e d
wa ll s w t i h t he ir e a l b o rat e h i e r o gly p h i c i n s c rip t i o n s ,

w hi c h w e c an no w r e ad , co nv e ye d to hi
m .
D ECL I N E I N T HE USE OF S C AR A B S ,
GRE EK P ER I O D .
9

He ro d o t o s w as t h e fi r s t E ur o p e a n t r av e ll e r an ,

ac c o u n t o f w hos e vis it to E gy p t h a s c o m e d o w n
to us . E gyp t h a d b e e n a l
C o se d l an d fo r t h o u s an d s
of y e ars ,
an d , at th e t ime of hi
s i i
v s t, i
t s gr e at n e s s

w as on th e w a ne ,
th e r e s ul t o f th e d i s as t r o u s i
a

i
v as o n of C a m by s e s a h u n dr e d y e a r s b e fo r e , fr o m
w hich i
t h ad n e v e r r e c o v e r e d .

The se c lu s i v e l aw s of th e ea rly E gyp t i an rul e r s

h ad ,
at l e as t i n th e ri c h pr o v i n c e s at t h e m o u th of th e

N il e ,
b e e n all o w e d to be co me lax . The G re e k s h ad

b e e n p e r m i tt e d to s e tt e t l h e re an d build s e v e ra l i i
c t es .

So He ro d o to s w as t hu s e n abl e d to m ak e a to u r in
n o r t h e r n E g yp t ,
a nd u n v e il so me of i
t s m y s t e ri e s to

th e o u te r wo rld .

Bu t He ro d o to s ,
a to ur i s t w i th n o t e b o o k i n h an d
-

PAL M FO R E S T ON TH E S I TE OF MEM P H I S .
IO T HE SA C RE D BEE T LE .

p e n e t ra te d o n ly i n to th e D e l ta and a dj ac e n t n o m e s ,

fo r th e pri e s t s ( w h o s t ill c o n t r o ll e d u pp e r E gy pt ) w o uld

no t le t hi m g o up t h e N il e t o T h e b e s an d s o h e h ad t o ,

co n te n t hi m s e lf w i th v i s i t i ng M e m phi s ,
th e P yra m id s ,

a nd th e F ayu m . M e m ph i s w as t he n i n all i
ts g l o ry ,

th e
“
W hi te W all ”
of i
ts gr e at fo r t r e s s pr o udly
ri s i n g u
p out of th e N il e , w hi c h s urr o u n d e d i
t .

Th e S tei of M e m phi s h ad be e n a t r ifi c i ally w on fr o m

the N il e ,
th e ri v e r h av i n g b e e n di v e r te d by M e na ,

i
t s fo u n d e r , a bo ut 47 7 0 B C . .

So m e t i m e a fte r th e v s t o fi i He ro d o t o s i n ,
a t ime
o f w a r, t h e e ne my m ay h av e cut th e dyk e s t h at en

l
c ose d M e m p hi s . H o w e ve r i
t h ap p e n e d ,
th e N il e h as

sw e
p t th e w ho l e C i ty aw a y , e n to m bi n g th e te m p e s l
a nd
p l
a ac e s in i
ts mud . T all p al m s w av e o ve r i
ts

s i te t o —d ay , and if an
y buildi n g s st ill r e m a i n ,
t h e ir
rui n s a re buri e d u n d e r n e at h w h at i
s no w c ul t i v ate d
gro u n d . N augh t r e m ai n s to be see n s av e th e tw o

gr e at fall e n s t at ue s o f Rame s e s II , w hich sto o d b e fo r e

th e Gr e at T e m pl e of P t ah in th e d ay s of He ro d o to s fi i

C a ir o h ad s pru n g u
p so m e t i m e b e fo r e th e d e s t ru c

t o i n of M e m ph i s , l o w e r do w n th e ri v e r . As a C t i y
C a ir o p o s s ibly h a d no i m p o r ta n c e t ill l o n g a te f r th e

The c om pl e te di sapp e aran e o f M e m phi s i c s v e ry e x tr o rdi n ary a .

T h e tw o o v e r thr o w n c o l o s s i a e th e o nly r e m i n s an d th e Si te o f
r a ,

the gre at ci ty i s o c c upi e d by a fl o uri s hi n g fo r e s t o f d at e p al m s

( Se e .

Pa ge
D ECL I N E I N T HE USE OF S C A RAB S ,
GREEK P ER IO D . II

t ime o f th e G r e e k t r av e ll e r , l h o ugh
a t B abyl o n ,
no w

a p ar t of O ld C a ir o m ay ,
h av e e xi s te d i n hi
s ti me .

The P yr a m id s ,
m o re t h an a hu n dr e d of t he m ,

w e e r t h e n p e rfe c t , c o ve re d w i th th e i r w h i te p o l i s h e d
c as i ng . T h e Sph i n x w as d o ub t l e s s p e rfe c t to o , t hough
He ro d o t o s p e rh ap s w as so d az z l e d w i t h pyra m id s
and te m pl e s , t h at he fo rg o t e ve n to m e n ti o n th e

e xi s te n c e of th e o ld e s t and most w o n d e rful of mo nu

m e n ts ! Hi
s v is it to E gyp t w as ev id e n tly h urri e d ,

and he w as h a rri e d by th e pri e s t s ,

w ho to ld h i m as

l i ttl e as t he y cou ld , an d w a n te d h i m se nt o u t o f th e

co u n t ry as soo n as p o s s ibl e . So i
t i
s no w o nde r ,

w he n he fo rg o t to n am e th e G r e at Sph i n x , t h at he

ne v e r sa id a w o rd a bo ut Sc a r a b s , w h ich no d o ub t
a bou nde d i n h i
s da
y .

He ro d ot o s ,
th e fi r s t E ur o p e a n sc e i n t ifi c to uri s t ,

w as Sh o w n r o u n d p o s s ibly by
, , a co u n t ry m an of hi
s

o w n, p e rh ap s a m e r c h an t l i v i n g i n o ne o f th e G re e k
to w ns , s uch as N au c r a t i s , t h at h ad be e n a ll o w e d to

s pri n g up i n th e D e l ta . Hi
s guid e m o s t pr o b ably , ,

co uld no t r e ad E gyp t i a n hi m s e lf j u s t ,
as an A ra b or

Syri a n dr g m an
a o of to -
d ay ca nn o t r e ad a w o rd of

h i e ro glyp h i c w ri t i n g . So He ro d o t o s g av e no t h o ugh t
t o t h e s to ri e d wa ll s ,
and in a ll pro b a bili t y co ll e c t e d no

s ca a r bs ,
as t he y w o uld h av e no m e an i n g fo r him .

In an
y c as e , n e i th e r he n o r an
y ot he r a nc ie nt w ri te r
 T HE S ACRE D BE ET LE .

HE RO S ETT A S T O N E .

TH E ORIGI NA L I N TH E
BRI T I S H M US E U M .

ga ve : fi e n mm g mae re rz w w ri
sa ms m are r0
t -3
. mm ”

TH E H I E RO G L Y P H IC OR T IO NPTH E RO S ETT A S T ON E
OF .

te ll s us a n y th i n g w h at e v e r a bo ut t he m . Sc a rab s

a re ne v e r m e nti o ne d i n h i s to ry .

T HE D I S CO V ER Y OF T HE LO S T L A N GUAG E G IV ES A

N Ew I N TEREST To SCARAB S .

F o r tu n a te ly fo r us, 2 5 0 y e a r s l a t e r t h an th e i i
v s t

of He ro d o to s ,
a G r e e k ki n g ,
P t o l e m y I II ,
rul e d th e

l an d of th e N il e , and t h e re w e e r t he n so m any of

hi
s c o u n t ry m e n se tt e l d t h e re , t h at h e h ad to issue hi
s

!6
d e c re e s i n th e G re e k an d E gyp t i a n to n gu e s . O ne

of t h e s e pr o c l a m at i o n s ,
e n grav e d on s to ne i n th e

diffe r e n t l an g u ag e s ,
h as come do w n to us . T hi s i
s

th e l brat e d
ce e R o s e t ta St o n e ,
no w in th e B ri t i s h
M use u m ,
a nd by i
ts m e an s th e ke y to th e E gy p t i a n

Th e r e w e r e tw o s e p ar ate s c rip ts f E gyp t i an— o n e th e S ac r e d o

H i e ro glyph s o f th e pri e s ts th e o th e r th e c ur s iv e t e x t c all e d

,

D e m o t i c p o s s ibly b e tte r k n o w n to th e p e o pl e B o th app e ar o n

, .

th e R o s e t ta S to n e .
 T HE T HE LO S T LA N G UAGE
'

D I SC OV E R Y O F . 13

l a n gu ag e d e a d ,
an d lo s t t o th e w o rld fo r tw o t ho usand
y e a rs , w as , w t i hi n th e p as t ce n t ury , re -
di s c o v e r e d .

r o y al t i t l e s an d n a m e s o f
Th e P to l e m y III w e re
v e ry fr e qu e n t ly r e p e at e d i n t hi s do c u me nt an d
“
,

w he n th e sa m e n am e s i n G r e e k u n d e r n e at h w e re
ca e r fully e xam i n e d , th e co rr e s p o n di n g w o rd s w er

fo u n d e xpr e s s e d by h i e r o glyph i c s ,
an d w e re o bs e rve d
to be e
(
nc lo s e d i n ll ed c ar to u c h e s
o va s l ca ,
as w ill
be e xpl a i n e d fur t h e r on
) i n t h e E gyp t i an ve rs i o n ,

an d t hus ce r t ai n l e t t e r s ,
w he n s pe lt o u t, w e re see n to

co nve y th e sa m e id e as or so u n d s i n b o th l a n gu ag e s .

L at e r ,
a n o th e r m o n u m e n t w as fo u n d ,
w i th th e n am e
of C l e o p at ra ,
i n hi e ro g lyph i c s an d i n G re e k ,
and t hi s
g av e seve ral m o r e l e tte rs . I n pr o c e s s of t ime th e

ca r to u c h e s of ot h e r ki n g s i n h i
e r o g lyp h i c s
, , w e r e fo u n d
a nd t a r n s l at e d ,
an d on th e te m pl e s buil t i n R o m an

i me s th e E m p e ro r s n am e s re be pe lt
’

t w e se e n to s out

i n E gyp t i a n s ig n s ,
an d t hi s a dd e d m an y m o r e l e t te r s
t o th e a l ph a b e t .

Dr . B udg e lu c i dly e xpl a i n s t he se ea rly di

s

c ove r e s i ; w e gi v e hi
s ow n w o rd s
Th e n am e s P to l e m a i o s a nd C l e o p at r a w ri t t e n
i n h i e r o glyph i c s w e re fo u n d to be as fo ll o w s

No . 1, P T OLEMA I OS . No . 2, C LE O PAT R A .
I4 TH E SACRE D BEE T LE .

Now in No . 2 ca r to u c h e ,
S ig n No . I , w h ic h
m u s t r e pr e s e n t K i
s n o t fo u n d i n ,
r uche
c a to No . I .

Sig n N o . 2, a l i o n lyi n g d o w n i
s id e n t i c a l ,
w t i h Sig n
No 4 .
in ca r to u c h e No . I . T hi s C eal rly i
s L . Sig n

No e n, r e p r e s e n ts th e Sh o rt vo w e l E ; tw o
.
3 ,
a
p
of t he m a re to be se e n in c h a r ac t e r No . 6 in No . I

ca rto u c h e ,
an d co n s id e ri n g t h e ir p o s i t i o n , t he ir va lu e
mus t be A I of a ro g .
‘

Sig n N o .
4 i
s id e n t i c a l w i th
No in No I r uc h e
c a to an d m us t h av e th e v a lu e O
.
3 .
,

in e ac h n am e . Sig n No .
5 i
s id e n t i c a l w i th S ig n

No . I of No . I ca r to u c h e , w h i c h be i ng th e firs t
l e tt e r of th e n am e of P to l e m y ,
m us t be P . Sig n

No . 6 i
s no t fo u n d i n No . I ca r to u c h e , bu t i
t

must be A ,
t i
b e c au s e i s th e sa me S ig n as s ig n
No hi c h nds th e n am e '
.
9, w e KA EO FIAT PA ; w e

kno w t h at S ig n s 10 a nd I I l
a wa ys ac c o m p an y
fe m i n i n e r
p po e r n am e s b e c au s e ,
w e see t h e m fo ll o w
i ng th e n am e s g o dd e s s e s l ik e fig I s i s a nd
of , fig
N e ph t hy s . Sig n N o 7 an o pe n s t re tc h e d
.
, out

h an d , mus t be T . It do e s no t occ ur i n No . I

ca r to u c h e ,
bu t w e fi n d fr o m ot he r ca r to u c h e s t h at
Q . ta ke s th e p l ac e o f <3 ,
a nd th e r e v e rs e . Sig n

No . 8 m us t be R ; t i
i s no t in No . I ca r to u c h e ,

an d o ugh t no t to be t h e re . In No . I ca r to u c h e
s ig n No .
7 m u s t be S , b e c au s e i
t e nds th e n am e
w h i c h i n G re e k e nds w t i h S . T hu s fr o m t he se
 T HE DI SCO V ER Y O F T HE LOS T LA N G UAGE . 15

tw o ca r to u c h e s w e m ay co ll e c t t w e ve l c h a r a c te r s of

th e E gyp t i a n a lph ab e t , v z i .
,
A ,
AI , E ,
K ,
L , M ,

O ,
P , R ,
S ,

T h is ,
as w e see, g av e ce r ta i n l e t t e r s or t he i r
e qui v al e n t s ,
an d le d to ot h e rs b e i n g gu e s s e d . The n
so me o ne su gg e s t e d t h at th e C o p ts , th e u n d o ub te d
d e s c e n d an t s of th e a n c i e n t E gyp t i a n s ,
h ad st ill a

w ri tte n l a n gu ag e of t he ir ow n — a fo r m of G re e k us e d
to s p e ll a n c i e n t E gyp t i a n w o rd s w hich h ad co me
i n to u se so me tw o t h o u s an d y e a s r a
g o, w h e n G re e k
i nfl ue n c e w as p a r a m o u n t i n E gyp t .

The C o pts h ad a l an gu ag e of t he i r o w n, un

d o ub te dly a s ur v i v al of th e o ld E g yp t i a n to n gu e ,

bu t t hi s w as l o s t by th e p e o pl e so me ce n t uri e s s i nc e ,

a nd w as o n ly k n o w n to th e pri e s t s . It i
s n e a rly a

hu n dr e d y e a rs s inc e an
y of th e C o p ti c c e l rgy co uld
e ve n u n d e r s ta n d t h e i r ow n o ri g i n al l an g u ag e . Ho w
e ve r ,
th e C o ptic n am e s fo r m an y co mmo n o bj e c ts
w e re S t ill k now n to b o th th e pri e s t s an d t h e i r p e o pl e .

Th e pro n u n c i at i o n of m any o ld E gyp t i an n a m e s fo r

o bj e c t s t hu s ,
w he n so ug h t fo r ,
ca me to l igh t , an d e v e n
t h e i r a n c i e n t s p e ll i n g . T hi s w as fo ll o w e d up ,
an d n o w

th e o ld r e c o rd s ,
w h ic h h ad b e e n du m b fo r t h o u s an d s
of y e a r s h a v e b e e n gr adu ally m ad e
, to s p e ak . So m e

B y p e rm i s s i o n of D r B udg
. e, fr o m l e M cm my .
16 T HE SACRE D B EE T LE .

o f th e l at e r Gr e e k s and R o m an s u n d o ub t e dly k n e w
th e
"

hi e r o glyphi c s ,
bu t s h o r tly aft e r th e C hri s t i a n e ra

k n o w l e dg e see ms to h av e b e e n co m pl e te ly l o s t .

M EA N I N G OF T HE W OR D C AR T OUCHE .

R e t ur n i n g to th e R o s e tt a St o n e ; i
t w a s di s c o v e r e d ,

as h as be e n to ld b e fo r e , t h at i n th e E gy p t i a n te xts th e

n am e of a ki n g qu e e n w as a lw a s i n c lud e d w i th i n an
or y
o va l s
p ac e and s urr o u n d e d by a li n e . T h is w e ca ll a

c a r to u c h e — th e E gyp t i an s ca ll e d th e o v a l e n c l o s ur e
Re n . The li n e e n gra v e d r o u n d th e fl at fac e of

th e sca a r b e t i h e r e xpr e s s e s t hi s , o r th e c a to r uc he
e nc l o s i ng l i n e i
s r e p e at e d w h e ne ve r th e ro y al na me
a
pp e a s r am o ng ot h e r s ig n s ,
fo r i n l ate r sca a r b s th e re
a re a ddi t i o n al i l
t t es of r o y a l ty e m pl o y e d . E v e ry
E gyp t i a n ki n g co uld t hu s h av e h i
s
p ri v ate a nd r o y al
n am e s ,
hi
s t i tl e s , and s o m e t i m e s al s o hi
s c r e s t b o ldly
,

e n grav e d on hi
s v a ri o u s s ca a r bs i n , hi
s pr o c l am at i o n s
e ve ry w h e r e . Th e s e r o y al e m bl az o nm e n t s w e re l
a so

c a ver d on hi
s w ea po ns ,
a nd on th e o bj e c ts of

a do rnm e n t of hi
s r o y al p e r s o n a nd of hi
s fa m ily .

A ny sca a r b we no w pi c k up m ay th us be c o me a

p o r tabl e h i s to ri c al d o c u m e n t , a r e c o rd of th e p as t
of a p e o pl e w ho po s s e s s e d a l i te r at ur e five t h o u s an d
or p o s s ibly ( fro m D r P e t ri e s r e c e n t di s c o v e ri e s )
.
’

s e v e n t h o u s a n d y e a r s a o — l o n g e re
g H o m e r s p o e t i c
’
 S CA R A BS USE D TO P RO M U LGA T E D E C RE ES . I7

fi re s h o n e fo r t h to illu m i n e th e Gr e e k w o rld . M an y

of th e C h a ra c t e r s on the R o s e tt a St o n e a re l
a so t ho se
of th e ea rly i n s c rib e d m o n u m e n ts of o ld E gyp t ,

bu t duri n g fo ur t h o u s a n d y e ar s m an y ne w s ig n s w e re
a dd e d to t hose in u se in th e ea rl y P yr a m id t im e s .

The m o s t r e c e n t g e n ui n e sca a r b t h at w e m ay pi c k up
i
s h o w e v e r m o re
, ,
t h an tw o t h o u s an d y e ars o ld , and

b e s id e i
t w e m ay fi nd a n o th e r sca a r b of th e ea rl y
pyr am id build e r s of s x t i h o u s a n d y e a r s ag o .

SCARAB S U S ED AS A R O Y AL G A Z ETTE .

At l e as t o ne g r e at E gy p t i a n m o n a r c h u s e d Sc a r ab s

fo r pro m ulg at i n g r o y al e di c t s . T h is w as AME N H OTEP

III ,
w hose tw in l
co ossa l s t at u e s m o n o li t h s
, o f s e ve nty
fe e t high ,
st ill e xi s t at T he be s . Th e s e pr o c l am a t i o n s
a re gra v e n o n th e fac e s of sca a r bs of u n u s u al i
s z e,

the l a rg e s t k n o w n . I p o s s e s s fo ur of t h e s e ra r e
pe c im e ns O ne of t h e m publ i s h e s t h i s gr e a t k i n g s ’
s .

pr o w e s s i n th e hu n t i n g of l io ns ,
and r e c o rd s t h at he

h i m s e lf s l e w “
o f l i o n s fi e rc e , o ne hu n dr e d a nd tw o ,

w he n he w as a y o u ng m an ,
b e fo r e hi
s m a rri ag e .

A n o th e r of t h e s e l a rg e sca a r b s b e ars the r e c o rd of

hi
s unio n w i th a gr e a t A s i at i c p ri n ce ss ,
T YI

by n a m e . He r n at i v e k i n gd o m lay b e tw e e n the

E uph r a t e s and th e O ro n te s . On th e s ca ar b ,
A me n

h o te p s ta t e s t h at hi
s dominio n e x t e n d e d fr o m t hi s
18 T HE S ACR E D B EET LE .

cou n t ry to N ubi a . Tw o or t hr e e ot h e rs h av e b e e n
fo u n d ,
o ne d e s c ribi n g a ta nk or s ac re d l ak e w hic h
A m e n h o te p co n s t ru c t e d ,
s om e w h e re in th e n o r th .

Bu t th e l a rg e s t sca a r b , o ne r e c e n tly ac qui r e d by Mr .

G e o rg e F r as e r fa r u a d e s c rib e s th e ki n g s ’

,
and s o ue ,

of c at t le fi
i
p r ow e ss in a w o n d e rful ca p tur e W ild
In a ll o f t he se , h o n o ura bl e m e n ti o n i
s m ad e of

hi E ho i l ys c al el d k i ng s ’

s Q UE N TYI ,
w s a w a a

d augh t e r ,
an d i
s ac c o rd e d the dig n i ty of h av i n g
he r nam e e n gra v e d w i th i n a r o y al ca r to u c h e . If
ot h e r E gy pt i a n ki n gs m ad e u se of sca a r bs to publi s h
ro y al d e c r e e s ,
none as
y et h av e b e e n di s c o v e r e d .

Thi s r o y al p ir a
( A M E N H O TE P I I I an d T Y I) rul e d th e

N il e c o u n t ry fr o m 1 4 1 4 t o 1 3 7 5 B C . . Tyi Se e ms to

h av e s ur v i v e d he r l o rd , and fo r s e ve r a l y e a rs ac t e d as

re ge n t of he r so n A M E N HO T E P IV ,
duri n g h i
s m i n o ri t y

He s ub s e qu e n tly c h ange d hi
s n am e to A kh e n at e n ,
as

i
s e xpl a i n e d b e l o w .

SCARAB S WI T H C AR T OU CHES or U N K N O W N K I N GS .

So m e w e ll k n o w n ki n g s h av e as
y et o ffe r e d
no sca a r bs to th e co ll e c to r ; to b al a n c e t his ,
m an y

sca a r b s h av e b e e n fo u n d w i th ca r to u c h e s b e ari n g
n am e s of co m pl e t e ly u n k n o w n p o te n tat e s .

Th e r e a re s e v e ra l a n c i e n t li s ts of R o y al D y n a s t i e s .

C ata log a e f
o Sca ra os belo ng i
ng to G F r a s e r . .
—
Q u ar i
tc h ,
I
9 0 1 .
 S C A RAB S WI T H CA R T O U C H E S OF U N K N O W N K I N GS 19

O ne ,
a p apyru s p r e s e rve d i n th e Turi n M us e um ,
i
s

p o s s ibly th e e a rli e s t . Th e n t h e r e a re th e T abl e t s of

A n c e s to rs at A byd o s ,
and o t h e r l i s t s l ik e w i s e e n gra v e d
,

o n s to ne , w hich w e r e fo u n d at K a r n ak Sa kka ra h , ,
and

l
e se w h e re , th e o rigi n al s o f w hic h , or co pi e s of t he m ,

a re to be se e n in va ri o u s m u s e u m s . Bu t th e l is ts of

k i n gs s uppl i e d i n h i s t o ry are st ill fa r fr o m c o rr e s p o n di n g

w t i h th e ac t u al di s c o v e ry of r e m ai n s . T h e re a re
y e t

m an y bl a n k s to fill up ,
b u t P e t ri e or M a s p e r o m ay

an
y d a
y find to mbs ,
S te l e s , or m u mm i e s to id e n t ify
t he s e lo s t so ve r e ig n s . D r P e t ri e
. fo u n d fiv e unkno w n
ki n gs ’
to m b s l as t y e a r ,
and s e ve r al ot h e r bl an k s h av e
b e e n fill e d i n by hi
s w o rk of 1 9 0 1 , at A byd o s . It i
s

to b e fe a r e d ,
ho w e ve r , t h a t t h e s e ki n g s w e re ea rl i e r
st ill t h a n th e t im e o f sca a r bs . M any r o y al ce m e t e ri e s
h av e no t
y e t b e e n pr o p e rly e xpl o r e d ; m e a n w h il e w e h o ld
to th e t ru t h of t he n am e s on th e sca a r bs ,
a nd w a t i fo r

th e ki n g s th e m s e l v e s , or t h e ir to m bs ,
to be di s c o v e r e d .

In th e X IIIT H D Y N AS T Y ,
an d ea rl i e r p e rh ap s ,

th e n am e s and i l
t t es of gr e at o ffi c i al s b e g a n to be

e n gra v e d on sca a r bs . H o w e ve r ,
t h e i r n am e s w e re
n e v e r p e r m i tt e d to a pp e a r on
“
C ar to u c h e s , t his
h o n o ur w as re s e rv e d fo r r o y a l ty a o l ne . The se
d ig n i t ari e s se e m to h av e ca rri e d th e r o y al c yli n d e r
o r sca a r b a bo ut w i th th e m as t h e i r b adg e of of ce fi
fr o m t h e ir s ove r e ig n . It h as b e e n fo u n d t h at so me
20 T HE SACR E D BE E T L E .

of t he se s ca a r bs w e re w o rn as ri n g s , a nd t hu s w e re
ve ry p oss ibly th e r o y al S ig n m a n u al , th e ri n g or

S ig n e t gi v e n on a p po i n t m e n t , or as a m a rk of fav o ur
fr o m th e ki n g , as m e ntio n e d i n th e So m e

sca a r bs se e m to h av e b e e n d e e ply e n grav e d ,

an d

i n te n d e d to be use d as s e a s l . O ne i m pr e s s i o n i n m y
co ll e c t i o n ,
w hi c h h ad be e n o rigi n ally m ad e on l y
C a ,

h as by some co n flagr at i o n b e e n ac t u ally co n v e r te d

i n to te rr a c o t ta
-
.

O f c o ur s e t i
i s o n ly a s m all sect o i n o f the s c a a r bs
p i c k e d up e ve ry y e a r t h at c an be r e ga rd e d as pr o o fs
of hi s to ry . Th e r e a re fa r gr e at e r n u m b e rs fo u n d
w i th o u t c a r to u c h e s t h a n w i t h t h e m . Th e s e a re diffi c ul t
to d at e ,
bu t e x p e r ts a re l e ar n i n g to di s c ri m i n at e th e

st yl e of w o rk of ce r ta i n e po c h s .

SCARAB S WI T H I N S CR I P T I O N S O N L Y
O R WI T H O R N AM E N T .

Th e s e h av e fr e qu e n t l y th e n am e s of de iti e s or

of pl ac e s ,
so m e t i m e s p e r s o n al n am e s or m o tto e s .

So m e b e a r fri e n dly W i s h e s ,
a nd seem to h av e b e e n
gifts to fri e n d s . Bu t the gr e a t e r p a r t of t h e m h av e
be e n ev id e n t ly i n t e n d e d fo r so m e r e ligi o u s purp o s e .

The y a re fr e qu e n tly fo u n d st ru n g to g e th e r an d w e re

i s xlii 4
Ge ne s An d P h ar ao h to o k o ff h i
,
2, s ri n g an d p t i
t , u

up o n J o s e ph s h an d & c Thi s w as w h e n J o s e ph w as app o i n te d

’
,
”
.

pri m e m i n i s te r o f E gyp t .
 EARL I ES T D E CORA T IV E ART FO U N D O N SC A RABS . 2 1

p o s s ibly u s e d as a s o r t Of r o s a ry fo r th e r e p e t i ti o n of

pr ay e r s , as i
s st ill d o n e i n m a n y C h ri s t i a n cou n t ri e s .

The n at i
ve M ah o m e tan s e ve n no w h av e st ri n g s Of

b e ad s ,
w hi c h t he y ca rry a bo ut w i th t he m ,
bu t o n ly
use fo r t ri fli n g w i th as p as t i m e .

P o s s ibly t h is i
s a s ur v i v al o f the Old E g yp t i a n
c u s to m of h av i n g sca a r bs st ru n g to ge th e r , th e o rigi n al
use of w hi c h h as b e e n l o s t i n d e g e n e r at e d a y s .

T HE E ARL I ES T D E CORA T IV E A R T IS FOU N D O N

SCARAB S

D r P e t ri e
. b e l i e v e s th i s ,
an d h as publ i s h e d a ve ry
i n te r e s t i n g l i t tl e vo lu m e to pro v e i
t (
“
E g yp t i
an

D e c o ra ti
ve A rt M e t hu e n an d w h ic h he doe s
in hi
s u s u al co n v i n c i ng st yl e . Th e s pi ral st yl e O f
o r n am e n t ,
he e xpl ai n s ,
i
s fi r s t fo u n d on sca a r bs ,

an d , u n d o ub te dly ,
he a rgu e s , th e pr ac t i c e g a i n e d i
n

o r n a m e n t i ng t h e s e s m all Obj e c ts , le d th e E g yp t i an s
to d e c o r at e t h e ir w ea po ns ,
t h e ir g a r m e n t s , t he i r w ood

ca v r i ngs a nd p a i n ti ngs w t i h S i m il a r s pir al and sc ro l l

p a tt e rn s . T h e re i
s no d o ub t t h at of t he se st yl e s
of d e c o r at i o n we h av e no s pe c im e n s as ea rly as

E gyp t i a n w o rk ,
an d w i t h m u c h i n g e n ui t y an d m an y
i n t e r e s t i n g e x am pl e s ,
D r P e t ri e
. be l ie ve s h e h as s o vel d
th e m y s t e ry . Bu t ,
in my o pi n i o n i n ,
a dd i t i o n to

th e o r n a m e n t al c h a r ac te r of the sc r o ll , s pira l ,
tw s ti
an d ke y -
p att e r n s ( c o n n e c t i n g C ir c ul a r an d o va l fo r m s
22 T HE S A C RE D BE ET LE .

in m ost i nge n i o u s and m y s t e ri o u s m an ne r ) t h e s e S ig n s ,

m ay h av e h ad so me ot he r m e an i ng . T he y m ay b e

p a t r Of a sc ri p t , th e ke y to w hi c h i
s lo s t ,
bu t w hi c h m ay

s ome d ay b e fo u n d a ga i n j u s t ,
as M r A r t hu r E v a n s
.

h as di s c o v e r e d i n K re te c lu e s to som e a nc ie n t con

n e c t o ns i b e tw e e n th e H i tt i te , K re tan ,
an d P h oe n i c i a n

and o t he r sc ri p t s . It i
s v e ry u n li k e ly t h at sca a r bs ,
re

li
g i
o u s ly k e p t duri n g l ife ,
and buri e d w i t h t h e ir ow n e rs
a tef r d e at h ,
w o uld be c a ve r d w i th ca e r fully d e s ig n e d
p at t e rns fo r m e re o r n am e n t al fan c y . E v e ry t hi n g
the a c e n i n t E gy p t i a n s did so l b o ra t e ly
e a and w e ll ,
h ad

u n d o ub t e dly a m e an i ng . III l at e r d ay s th e G re e k s
l
c e ve rly use d s
p ir al s an d k e y p at t e r n s
-
fo r m e re
ri i
a t st c e ffe c t d o ub t l e s s ,
bu t t h e y d e ri v e d t h e m fr o m
th e E gy p t i a n s — a muc h ea rli e r r ac e , w t i h w ho m
e ve ry t hi n g w as s y m b o li c Of so me h idd e n m o ti ve

or id e a . The Gr e e k s h o w e v e r , ,
o n ly t h o ugh t of s uc h
d e s ig n s as d e c o r at i v e o r n am e n t , w hil e th e E gyp t i an s ,

w ho i n v e n te d th e p at te rns ,
m ay h av e h ad a m uc h
m o re i n t e ll e c tu al id e a ,
w h ic h i
s lo st to us .

SCARAB S MORE C U R I OU S T HA N B E AU T I FUL .

I ca nn o t C l ai m , at l e as t i n th e co ll e c t i o n illu s t r ate d
i
n the s e p a ge s ,
t h at sca a r bs p osse ss m uch if an
y
ri i
a t st c qu ali ty . In ve ry a nc ie nt t i m e s t hi s fe a tur e
i
n a r e ligi o u s to ke n m igh t h av e b e e n co n s id e r e d i n ap
 —

S CA R AB S MOR E CU R I OU S T HA N BEAU T I FU L . 23

p ro
p i r at e , bu t duri n g an d f r
a te th e X IIT H D Y N AS T Y

( 2 77 8 —2 6
5 5 B C .
) r bs
sca a we re s kilfully and b e au t ifull y
m ad e Of g o ld and pr e c i o u s s to ne s . O n ly a fe w of

t h e s e h av e r e ac h e d us .

The to mbs of E gyp t i a n m o n a r c h s h a v e fo r a ge s

b e e n r u d e ly plu n d e r e d Of t h e i r t r e a s ur es — th e w o nde r
i
s th at a n y t hi n g h as b e e n l e ft to o u r t ime . A n d ye t

w t i hin th e l as t fe w y e a r s j e w e l s p e c t o r al s
, ,
a nd s c a a r bs ,

t o th e v a lu e Of h av e b e e n r e s c u e d fr o m th e

r a p ac i t y of A rab plu n d e re r s fo r th e e njo y m e n t Of th e

i n te ll e c t u al w o rld . Th e s e t r e as ur e s w e r e fo u n d by th e

o ffi c i a l au t h o ri t i e s Of th e E g yp t i a n D e p a r t m e n t Of A n
t Iq u It Ie S, a n d w e e a m o r ng th e c o n t e n ts o f tw o o r t hr e e
to mbs ofe a rly pri n c e s s e s , w ho se se pul c h r e s h ad e sca pe d
di s c o v e ry by th e t h i e ve s fo r fo ur t h o u s a n d y e ar s .

Had th e to m b s b e e n fo u n d by th e A rab s o f to -
d ay ,

th e y w o uld p o s s ibly h av e m e l t e d u
p th e pr e c i o u s
Obj e c t s fo r th e s pe c ie t he y co n tai n e d . T ho s e w ho

w s i h to s e e s c a a s r b Of t h i s r i i
a t s t c c as s , l mus t V i s it th e

C a i ro M u s e u m . The j e w e ll e ry w o rk i
s in e xqui s i t e
tas te , and t he w o rk m a n s h ip s h o w s w o n d e rful s kill .

The b e s t s p e c i m e n s i n g o ld and pr e c i o u s s to ne s
w e r e h i t h e r t o d ate d fr o m B C
. . 2 6 60 . Bu t t h i s ye ar
( )
1 90 1 D r P e t ri e
. di s c o v e r e d at A byd o s so m e e xqui s i t e
j ew e ll e ry , w h i c h b e l o n ge d to th e qu e e n ,
or d augh t e r Of ,

M e na , th e fi r s t ki n g Of all E gyp t ,
w ho l i ve d 47 7 0 B C .
24 T HE SACRE D B E E T L E .

O ne s ugg e s t i o n as to th e p o ss ibl e u se o f s ca a r bs
I o m i t te d to m e ntio n . U n t il th e G r e e k rul e r s ca me
i n to E gyp t ,
no m o ne y w as kno w n in th e l an d .

The s ca a r bs w e r e m ad e a
pp a e r n t ly i n fix e d i
S z e s,

w hic h m ay h av e r e pre s e n te d va lu e s . C e r ta i n ly

m o ne y ca me i n to u se i n E gyp t a b o ut th e t i me
t h at sca a r b s l o s t t h e ir r e ligi o u s as pe c t , o r at l e as t
w h e n th e y w e nt ou t Of fas hi o n . B u t h ad sca a r bs
be e n li ed to purp o s e s of t a r de or b a r te r th e fac t
a
pp ,

w o uld p r o b ably h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n h i s to ry .

In t h e c a ta o l gu e of e n gra v e d g e m s i n our N a t i o n al

C o ll e c t i o n , a w hole se ri e s of s m all s to ne s a re te rme d

Sc a r ab s . Thi s h o w e v e r i
,
s m e r e ly ,
a d e s ig n at i o n
fo r o v a l flat te n e d e n gr av e d g e m s , some w h at r e s e m bli n g
sca a r b s i n fo r m ; bu t th e b ac k s a re se ld o m or n e ve r
s h ap e d l ik e a b e e tl e ,
and t h e ir d at e i
s g e n e r ally to o

l at e to a p pe a r to h av e an
y l im
c a w h at e v e r to be of

n a t i v e E gy p t i an w o rk m an s h i p . So m e of t h e m h av e
b e e n u n d o ub t e dly fo u n d i n E gyp t , and
p r o b a bly w e re
e x e c u te d i n t ho s e to w ns i n th e D e l ta w h e re th e

G r e e k s Ob ta i n e d a fo o t i n g d u ri n g an d a ft e r th e r e ig n
Of A m as i
s ,
w ho h ad e n c o urag e d th e fo r e ig n e r s to

s e tt e l at N au kra t i
s and ot h e r pl a c e s ,
in th e s ix t h
ce n t ury B C. .

J OH N W AR D ,
F SA . . .
 T HE SA C R E D B E ETL E

E G Y P T I A N SC A R A B S

IN A R T A N D HI S T O R Y

PA R T II .

A CO L LE C T IO N OF SCARABS ;

TR AN LA T I O N S
S BY

F . L L E W ELL Y N G R I FF I T H , M A .

W IT H N OTE S AND IL L U S TR A T IO N S BY

J O H N W AR D ,
F SA
. . .
A K HE N A T E N S PA I N T E D
’
FL OO R .
 M E N KA U R A . KH A P RA . K HU F U .

TH E P YRA M I D F I E L D -
OF GHI EH Z .

D E S C R IP T IO N OF

A C O L L E C T IO N OF SC A R A B S ,

HI ST O R I C A L AN D O T HE R S .

P LAT E I .

S C A R ABS OF THE O LD A N D M IDD LE K I N G D OMS .

K IN G S AN D N O TA B LE S .

N EB KA R A' '
. T hi s w as th e fir s t ki n g o f th e I I IR D DY NA ST Y
ac c o rdi ng to M A N E T H O w h o c all s h im N E K HE R O F E S O n
, .

th e Turi n li s t he i
s k no w n as N EB KA . O n th e A byd o s
ta bl e t he i
s al s o n am e d G
U . But on th e Sakkarah

li s t he i
s call e d as on t hi s sc a a r b . It i
s

l ur e d s te ati te ve ry b e au tifully c u t an d is m o u n te d
of c o o , ,

in a g o ld filigr e e ri n g w hi c h i s p o s s ibly o f X V I I IT H
,

DY NA ST Y w o rk Thi s ki ng s d ate i
. s s u pp o s e d
’
to b e

4 2 BC
2 1 an d h e r e ig n e d
, 8 y e ar s 2 .

2 7 D 2
28 T HE SACR E D B E E T L E .
[ Pl a te I .

But t he re u c h t o i n v e tig te b o u t th e ki ng s o f th e
i
s as y e t m s a a

II N D an d I I I R D DY N A ST I E S n o t o n ly as t o t h e o rd e r o f th e ir ruli n g
, ,

b t as t t h e ir c rr e c t n am e s an d t i tl e s P tri e s r e c e n t di sc o v e ri e s ’
u o o . e

at A byd o s ( 9 9 )
1 h a v e d
00— 1
o n e m u c h t o c l e r up th e di ffi c ul ti e s
0 1 a

s urr o u n di n g t h e ki ng s o f th e e arly dy nas ti e s n d th e r e i s li ttl e d o ub t ,

a

b t i
u n d e ti m e
,
t h e t o m b s o f all th e s e ki n g w ill b e di sc o v e r e d
u ,
s .

D r P e tri e h as alr e ady fo u n d th e s e pul c hr e s an d th e ir r e c o rd s O f

.

n e a rly a d o e n ki n g s z givi n g tangibl e r e ali ty to nam e s w hi c h h e

,

hi m se lf h ad r e g rd e d s m y thi c al T h e S te p P yram id O f S kka ah

a a . a r ,

i t i s no w k n o w n w s buil t fo N E T E R K H E T a ki n g o f th e
,
a r -

III R D DY N A ST Y D o ub tl e s s in th at n e ighb o urh o o d th e l ast r e s t

.

i n
g pl ac e o f N E B K R A m ay b e fo u n d
‘

w h e n th at w i d e r e gi o n O f
A
‘

s e pul hr e s r e c e iv e s s u h e xh au s t iv e s e ar c h an d
c c urve y a h as b e e n s s

r e c e ntly ppli d to t h e r o y al to m b s o f A byd o s w i th u c h u n e xp e c te d

a e s

r e s ul ts .

2 06 K HA P R A I VT H DY NA ST Y ( 3 9 8 — 3 8 4 5 T h e build e r
' ‘

.
,
0

o f t h e S e c o n d P yram id o f G hi e h an d o f th e b e au t ifu l gr an i t e z

te m pl e n e ar th e

G r e at S phi n x The .

s c ar ab w hi c h i s of ,

s te at i t e is w e ll p re ,

s e rv e d b u t h as l o s t ,

its gr e e n o l o ur c .

Th e ki ng s nam e w i
’
th

th e addi t i o n al t i tl e o f
“
L o rd Thi s
”
U .

gr e at m o nar c h i s

r e n d e r e d fam ili ar to
u s by h i s fi ne po r

tr ai ts fo u n d i n hi s

t e m pl e an d p r e

s e rv e d m th e C ai ro
D IO R I I E
’

S TA T U E OF K HA R '
P A.

Ca i it / se a m
ro [ l . M u se u m .

2 07 . M E N K A U R A, IVT H
' '
DY N A ST Y ( 3 8 4 5 3 7 5 9 B C ) M r — . .

G ri ffi th c o n s id e r s th t thi s s c ar ab i
s n o t o f t hi s ki n g s ac t u al
a
’

b u t m ad e i
'
ti m e ,
n m e m o ry o f h i m T h e figur e s e e m s .

o f l ate r d ate b t th e c ar to u c h e w i th th e plu m e s o ve r i t

,
u ,
, b
Pl ate L] S CARAB S OF O LD A N D M I DD LE K I N G D OM S . 29

giv e s th e

n am e as o n u hi
s m o n m e n ts ,

w i th th e r o y al t i t l e U
b e l o w th e w h o l e C o rr e c tly .
,

w i t hi n i t s h o uld b e U U
u ,

b u t o n s ar ab s th e n am e s c

a e O fte n abbr e vi at e d
r We .

h ave a p o r tr ai t o f thi s ki n g ,

w h o w a s t h e build e r o f t h e

Third P yram id O f G hi e h z .

Th e r e w as pri e s th o o d a

fo t h e w o r s hip o f M e n
r

k aur O f w hi c h tr ac e s h av e
a,

b e e n fo u n d fo m o r e th an r

a t h o u s an d y e ar s afte r h i s S TA T U ETTE M K OF EN A U RA .

d e ath .
C i M m a ro u se u .

( T h e P yr am id o f A b u R o as h s upp o s e d t o h av e b e e n buil
,
t b y
thi s ki n g h as b e e n pr o v e d by fur th e r e x c av at i o n thi s y e ar
, , 9 ,
1 0 1,

t o b e th at o f R A D A D o f I VT H DY N A ST Y
)
'

331 . VT H DY NA ST Y (3 6 8 —
3 6 6 0 0

A u n iqu e c yli n d e r of t hi s m o na rc h i
s

sh o w n o n P late XVI al o n g w i th illu s tr ati o n s o f o th e r

,

n th e C o ll e c t i o n
c yli n d e r s i D r P e tri e t hi n k s t hi s ki n g
( . .

w as al s o k n o w n as K A K A Se e p . . I

U NAS V ,
DY NA ST Y ( 3 5 3 6 3 5 3 B C )
TH — Th e 0 ,

pyr m ida o f t hi s ki n g h as b e e n r e c e n tly e xpl o r e d It i

s at .

S kka ah an d th o ugh rui n e d e x t e r nally th e t o m b C h am b e r

a r , ,
-

is p e rfe c t an d c o n tai n s s o m e o f t h e c e l e br te d
,
pyram id a

te x ts b e au tifully c u t an d s till r e tai n i ng th e ir blu e p ai n t

”
.
, ,

T h e s ar c o ph agu s i s e n t ir e an d th e t hr e e g ran i te p o r tc ulli se s

,

w hi c h C l o s e d th e e n tr a n c e p as s g e s ag ai n s t V i o l a to r s are s till
a

in si t T h e ki ng s r e m ai n s w e r e fo u n d i
u .
’
n t h e c o f fin Bu t .

th e pyr am id i ts e lf t h o u gh w e ll buil t i n s id e i
,
s a p o o r affair ,

aft e r th e gr e at o n e s o f G hi e h o M e du m an d Sh o w s a gr e at
z r ,

falli n g o ff i n e v e ry w a
y fr o m t h o s e w o rk s o f fi ve hu n dr e d

y e ar s e arli e r .
30 T HE S ACRE D BEE T LE .
[ P l ate I .

I n te r i f E x te r i of tlie T
’
or, as ou n a by ll] . {llasp e ra or

TH E P YRA M I D OF UNA S .

2 13 . RA
'
EN '
K A, DY N A ST I E S ( 3 3 3
V I IT H— V IIIT H BC ) 2 0— 220 ,

s o m e ti m e s c all e d N E KA RA A pr e tty ' '

.

li ttl e s c arab w i th l o tu s gr o up o n e i t h e r id e o f th e c ar to u c h e s .

A v e ry fe w s ar b a e k n o w n o f thi s ki n g b t h i
c a s r s n am e ,
u

pp e ar s i
a n t h e A byd o s r e o rd an d s o m e d y d o ub tl e ss h i
c , s a

t o m b w ill b e fo u n d M e an w hil e w e h av e o nly h is s c ar ab s

.

an d t h e T abl e t o f A byd o s t o pr o v e h i s e xi s te nc e fo thi s ,

r

p art o f th e Turi n p apyru s i s l o st an d M an e t h o d o e s n o t ,

n am e hi
m .

A bo ut i p e ri o d th e e x a t s e qu e n c e o f ki n g s an d d y n as ti e s
th s c

b e o m e s r ath e r O b s c r e n d th e r e a e s e v e ral s c ar abs Sh o w n o n

c u ,
a r

P l ate I w h o s e o w ne r s h av e b e e n m o v e d b c k an d fo r w ard by a

e xp e r ts rath e r u n m e r c ifully ( N o s 7
”
4 .an d ,
2 1 ,
2 2 2, 2 1 2

Th e y h av e b e e n pl ac e d as hi g h as th e VI T H DY N A ST Y a lo w ,
s

a s th e X T H o K I T H o e ve n low e r
r ,
Th e ir pro p e r d ate w i ll
r .

b e pr o v e d so m e d ay ; b u t m e anw hil e I h a e n o t fix e d an y p e ri o d v

O pp o s i te t h e m i n t h e pl te an d h av e pl ac e d t h e m all b e l o w th e
a ,

s c ar ab s o f t h e X II T H X I I I T H DY NA ST I E S
— o f w h o s e p e ri o d w e a e r
,

c e rt i n
a .H w e v e r as th e s e s c ar ab s h v e b e e n g e ne rally s upp o se d
o ,
a

to b e e arli e r t h an th e X IIT H DY N A ST Y I Sh all pro c e e d to ,

d e s c rib e th e m n o w .
Pl ate I .
] S C A R A BS O F O LD A N D M IDD LE K I N G D OMS .
3 1

7 . M AA A B R A ‘
Thi s ki n g i
'
s n o w b e li e v e d t o h ave b e e n
. o ne

o f th e H yk s o s rul e rs Th e s p e c i m e n figur e d is a . fine

o ne e n gr av e d o n s t e at i te
,
its gr e e n c o l o uri ng g o n e ,
. In

addi t i o n t o t h e o rdi n ary n am e o f th e ki n g

]
C
i
t al s o b e ar s th e s ig n s n e te r n e fe r dy an kh ,
an d

l
a so o t h e r s ig n s fl anki ng th e ca r to u c h e .

S K HA
' '
N
'
RA r e se m bl e s th e l as t i
n st yl e —an d b e l o ng s
to a ki ng k n o w n on ly by hi
s ddi ti o n to
sc a a r bs . In a

hi s c ar ab h as t h e s ig n s n e te r thu s
“ ”
s n am e , th e n e fe r

T h e to m b o f thi s ki n g m ay

be fo u n d an y da y a
,
n d h i
s pl ac e d e t e r m i n e d in t h e r o y al li s t .

K H YA N i n w b li e v d t h av e b n a H yk so ki n g an d
s o e e o ee s ,

th e h d n p g 3 8 i d o ub tl e s h i p o r tr i t T hi
ea o a e s s s a . s

m o n r h gr n i t s t t u w s f u n d at B b s ti b e ari n g h i
’
a c s a e a e a o u a s, s

n me a Thi s i n f th fi n t f h is r b
. n t i n i n g th
s o e o e es o s ca a s, c o a e

ki ng n m e w i thi n r ll w rk
’
s a sc o -
o

s on o ti
b o ve an d d y an kh
ie Su n ioi n li a 9
v
5
< 0
cr e7

b e l o w th e c ar to u c h e Thi s ki n g m u s t h av e b e e n a gr e at .

c o n qu e r o r fo r a li o n o f gr an i te b e ari ng h i
, s n am e w as fo u n d , ,

at B aghd ad a n d h i s m o n u m e n ts a e s c at te r e d o v e r E gyp t
,
r .

M r A r thur E vans di s c o v e re d th e nam e o f K H Y AN o n th e

.

lid o f an al ab as te r b o x i n hi s e xc av ti o n s at K n o s o s in a
,

K r e te thi s y e ar , 9 ,
1 0 1 .

S HE S H A m ay b e m o r e an c i e nt th an th e l as t i n s c rip ti o n . Th e

r e ad s of i ne Su n
a SH E S H A “
, 6) 5 072 [I n

kh i i g i Thi ki gis n o w b e li e v e d
”
dy l f
‘
an , g v n e s n .

to h av e b e e n t h e A s s i s o f M an e th o th e l as t ki n g o f th e ,

H yk s o s dy n as ty .

14 i
s an o t he r sc a a ih r b of S HE S H A w t

s n of ta S n S H E S H A
o w i thi n v e r ti c al li n e s o f o r n am e ntal
e u ,

s ig n s T h e b ac k s o f th e s e s c arab s are w e ll e x e c u te d an d
.
,

th e y r e tai n s o m e o f t h e i r o rigi nal gr e e n c o l o uri n g .

3 2 T HE S A CR E D B EE T LE .
[ Pl ate I .

[ N ow we h ll pr o e e d t o d e s c ri be s v e ral i nte r e s ti ng s c ar ab s
S a c e ,

ab o u t w h o se p e ri o d t h e r e i s n o d o ub t Th e y a e o f th e gl o ri o u s . r

X I IT H an d X I I IT H DY N A ST I E S th e g o ld e n ag e o f E gyp t ]
,

2 15 5 A M E N E M HA T I X I I T H D Y N A ST Y ( 7 7 8
. .
, 74 8 Thi s 2 —2

is s tri c t ly s p e aki n g
,
n o t a s c ar ab b t an am ul e t i f n o t a
,
u ,

r o y al Sig n e t o p e r h p s u s e d fo b o th T h e i n s rip ti o n is
,
r a r . c

l e arly u t i
c n b o ld c h ar ac te r s t h e thr o n e n am e o
c pr e n o m e n
,
-
r

ome
s r e as o n O n th e o th e r s id e i
.
w i th

s
I n fe

w e ll
dd e d fo
e x e c u te d a
e r a r

e n gr avi n g o f th e s tr o n g bull w hi c h w as th e u s u l ki n gly

“ ”
,
a

5
ttribu te o f p o w e r an d s tr e n g th w i t h
a nl / i n fr o n t an d

b e l o w th e h e ad A c o l o s s al p o r tr i t o f thi s ki n g w s fo u nd
.
,

a
? a e z

at T a n i s w hi c h s h o w s a pl e s i n g ,
a

e xpr e s s i o n o f c o u n te n an c e om c

bi n e d w i th high i n te ll e c t He .

e r e c te d gr e t te m pl e s at T an i s a ,

B b ti s M e m phi s K o pto s an d
u as , , ,

s fa s K o ro sk o i
a n Nubi a r a , ,

r e m i ns o f h i s w o rk s a ea to r

be fo u n d s till He p o s s ibly .

c o m m e nc e d th e gr e at irrig t i o n a

w o rk s an d r e l m ati o n o f th e c a

Fayu m an d D r P e tri e fo u n d , .

r e m ai n s o f a gran i te s tatu e O f
hi m t C r o c o dil o p o li s It i s a .

i nte r e s ti ng to p o s s e ss t hi s gr e at
ki ng s Sig n e t an d t o s e e fro m ’
,

hi s p o r t r ai t th e m ann e r O f m an
“

A M E N E M HAT I .

he w as .
”

—
I h v e an o th e r m e m o ri al o f A M E N E M HA T I a c yli n d e r w hi c h
a , ,

i
s r e p r e s e n t e d o n P l ate XVI N o 3 6 5 I t c arri e s h i
,
s fam ily nam e
. .

N E M HAT i
n full ,
w hi c h i
s e n gr av e d

o n th e c h alky Sk in o f a fli nt n aturally pi e r c e d s o as to r e vo lve o n a

,

s pi n dl e. It is i n te r e s ti n g to h av e s e al s w i th b o th n am e s o f th e m o n ar c h .

5 3 U SE R T E SE N I ( 7 5 8 — 7 4 B C as s o n an d s u c c e s s o r o f
. 2
) w 2 1

th e l s t ki n g
a . He l e ft b e hi n d h i m e v e n gr e ate r m o n u m e n ts
of hi pr o w e s an d tas te Thi s s c ar ab giv e s t h e ki ng s ’
s s .

K A R A w hil e th e o t h e r
'

,
Pl a te I .
] SCARABS OF OLD AND M IDD L E K I N G D OM S .

T HE OB E L I SK O F U SE R T E SE N I .

Th e o n lyexi ti g r m i n
s n e a s of th e c i ty of H li p li
e o o s .

o ne d e pi c te d giv e s us hi
s fam ily n am e

s p e l t ou t ,
We ha ve th e p o r tr ai t
al s o w hi c h D r P e tri e
,
.

fo u n d at K o pto s i n ,

th e rui n s o f a gr e at

t e m pl e b uil t by h i m
th e r e .
( Thi s fi ne p o r

tr ai t i s e n gr av e d o n

p ag e He w as th e
build e r o f m an y te m
pl e s an d th e o b e li s k s
,

at H e li o p o li s an d o n e

i n th e F yu m w e r e
a

e r e c te d by h i m He .

l e ft r e c o rd s o f h i s

V i c to ri e s at Wady
H alfa and at B e n i
,

H asan m u c h m e n ti o n
i
s m ad e of hi
m . At
T ani s h e h ad thre e
c o l o ss al s tat u e s an d
I
,
U SE R T E SE N . F rom A oy aos ’
.
34 T HE SACR E D B E E T LE .
[ P l ate 1 .

he r i d o n th e gr e t r e c l am ati o n at Lak e M o e ri s in th e F ayu m

ca r e a , ,

w hi c h h i s fath e r h ad b e gu n I n fac t h i s gr e at w o rk s w e r e c arri e d

.

o n o v e r all E gyp t an d b e y o n d it s b o u n d ari e s He m u s t h av e b e e n .

a g o o d rul e r fo r h is Vi i e r t B e n i H as an re c o r d s th at th e r e w as
“
,
z a

n o t a hu n gry m an i n th e l an d duri n g h is r e ig n an d w h e n y e ar s
”
,

M AP O F TH E A N CI E N T L A K E M O E RI S .

Th e s h d d p rt h
a e a S ow s th e l nd r
a e c la i m d fr m
e o th e L a e k by th e ki g
n s

of th e X I I th Dy ty
n as .

of fam i n e c am e h e m ad e th e p e o pl e liv e Thi s i s th e tal e o f h i . s

”

vi c e r o y an d it is lik e w h at L o rd C r o m e r s m e n h av e b e e n d o i n g i
,
’
n

lo w Nil e o f l a t y e ar T h e o b e li s k at H e li o p o li s e r e c te d by
“ ”
th e s .

t hi s ki n g i s th e o l d e s t m o n u m e n t o f th at ki n d in th e w o rld .

3 4 4 ( P l ate X V I ) U SE R T E
.
,

SE N 11

Thro ne n am e K HA ‘

K HE P E R R A '

( 2 68 4 — 2 6 6 0 ,

hi s ki n g I
Of t
p o sse s s yli n d e r w hi c h
a c ,

is r e m ark abl e as sh o w i n g

tw o r o y al c ar to u h e s o f c

d iffe r e n t s o v e r e ig n s as ,

is d e s c rib e d h e r e afte r .

P E C T ORA L OF U SE RT E SE N II .

D r P e tri e di s c o v e re d h i
. s
F ou n a ’
D a /is lz zZ r
’

at .

pyr am id at Illah u n i n th e ,
Pl a te I .
] SCARABS OF OLD AN D M IDD L E K I N G D OMS .
35

BRI C K P YRA M I D OF I L L A HU N , E NT RA N C E OF TH E FAY U M .

TH E TO M B OF U SE R T E SE N II .

F ayu m Thi s ki n g w s o pr o ud o f th e d e v e l o p m n t o f th e n e w
. a s e

pr o vi n e th at h e h ad h i
c ,
s t o m b pl c d th r e Hi w o rk s w e r e e x te n
a e e . s

siv e n d r e c o rd o f th e m e xi t at T ni s B e ni H s n A so u an an d
,
a s s a ,
a a ,
s ,

e l se w h e r e A s t tu e o f h i
. s Qu e e N E FE T w
a fo u n d t T an i n, R ,
as a s.

2 18 U s e te se n I I I X I IT H D YN A ST Y ( 6 6
. r ,
6 Thi s r ab 2 0— 2 2 2, sca

b e r th e ki ng t hr o n e t i tl e b b r e vi
a s
’
s ,
a

Thi s ki ng w as buri e d at D ah s h fi w h e r e D e M o rg an id e n tifi e d r,

hi s pyr am i d Th o ugh o n ly n o w a s h ap e l e ss h e p o f rui ne d u n bur n t

. a

bri c k i t h ad at o n e t i m e b e e n pl at e d w i th w hi te p o li s h e d s to n e
,
.

T h e r o y al fam ily w e r e buri e d w i thi n i ts e n c l o s u re an d he re ,

D e M o rg an fo u nd i n th e to m b o f a pri n c e s s a w o o d e n b o x c o n
, ,

t ai n i ng j e w e ll e ry A n o th e r tr e as ur e w s fo u n d n e ar i
. t th e tw o a ,

b e i n g o f th e v alu e o f Th e s e h ad e sc ap e d th e atte n
t i o n s o f an c i e n t plu n d e r e r s T h e pri n c e s s h ad b e e n a d augh te r o f
.

U SE R T E SE N I I an d s i s t e r o f U SE R T E SE N II I .

5 13 O f U SE R T E SE N I I I I h av e a c yli n d e r s e al w hi c h s t ill giv e s

.
-

an e x c e ll e n t i m pr e s s i o n nd b e ar s b o th h is c ar to u c h e s
a ,

thr o n e n am e i n full K n ka an d
‘ ‘

,
a u ra ,

a sol hi
s fam il U SE R TE SE N . It i
s

we ll c u t an d in p e rfe t pr e s e rv ati o n ( P l ate XVI )

c ,
an d i
s

qui te a u ni qu e m e m o ri al o f a gr e at k i n g .
36 T HE SACR E D B E ET L E .
[ Pl a te I .

N ORT H YRA M I D
P O F D A II SHCR , T HE TO M B OF U SE R T E SE N I II .

3 44 .
( C yli d rn
) e . B ar s
e the r uche of
c a to A M E N E M HAT III
( 2 62 2— 2 5 7 8 ( P l ate XV I ) w i th ,
hi
s t hr o n e n am e

M AAT ‘
EN
‘
RA i
n f ll
u as we ll as

th e r to u c h e o f
ca

hi s g r a n d f a t h e r
U SE R T E SE N I I It .

w as p o s s ibly a r o y al

Sig n m n u al a fo r t h e
Fayu m pr o vi n c e in ,

w hi c h th e s e tw o

ki n g to o k a gr e at
s

i n te re s t an d h ad
,

t h e ir r o y al pyr am id
to m b s b o th pl ac e d
th e r e ,
t a H aw ara
an d Illah u n . AS
P OR T RAI T O F A M E N E M HA T III .
w ill be se e n on

Pl ate hi s r e m ark abl e s e al m

X V I, t a p e rfe c t i m a ke s
pre ssi o n d e spi te its k no w n an t iqui ty T h e p o r tr i t o f
,
. a

A m e n e m h t III i s s ub j o i n e d
'

a .

A M E N E M HA T s e e m s to h av e c o m pl e te d th e r e c l am ati o n an d th e
irrigati o n w o rk s o f L ak e M o e ri s an d th e fe til e F ayu m pr o vi n e
,
r c ,

w hi c h e x c i t e d t h e ad m ir at i o n o f HE R O D O TO S t w o th o u s an d y e a r s
,
Pl ate I .
] S CARABS OF O LD A N D M IDD LE K I N G D OMS .
37

RESTORATION orA c oLOSSUS .

M A HM U F A Y U M

Se c l ro n

DR . P E I R IE S
’ ‘ ’
R E S T ORA T IO N OF ON E OF TH E CO L O SS A L STAT U E S OF
A M E N E M HA T III .

fte r hi
s t meD r P tri e publi h e d di o v ri s at H aw ara an d
i ’
a . . e s s sc e e

Ill h n an d M j r B r o w n fi n w o rk
’
n th e F y m f T a
’
a u a o s e o a u o
y o a
-
,

( S ta n f rd publi
o h r ) giv
,
m s t i n te r s ti n g
s d seip t i n
, o f t hi s e o e e cr o s

c uri u o a i nd i
o s t n i e n t an d m o d r n w o n d r
s s, a s a c e e s.

S E B E K HO T E P I DY NA ST Y ( ab o u t 4 6 ,
X IIIT H 2 0

is a s c ar ab o f a ki n g ab o u t w h o m li tt l e i
s

k n o w n t h o ugh h i
s w o rk s h av e b e e n fo u n d at B u b as ti
, s an d ,

far up th e Nil e at Se m ne h O n t h e i s l an d o f A rg o
,
.
,

b e y o n d th e third c atar ac t tw o c o l o ssal gr an i te s tatu e s o f ,

S E B E K HO TE P I s till e xi s t .

2 19 i
s b e li e v e d to b e a r o y al s c arab o f K HE N Z E R th e l as t ,

ki n g o f th e X II IT H D Y NA ST Y b u t th e tw o c ar to u c h e s are ,

s o m e w h at m y s te ri o u s O n e r e ad s EN M AAT RA .
,
“ ”

t hi s n am e i
s al m o st th e s am e as th e

il
t t e of Am e n e m h at III ,
b u t th e se c o n d o ne s h o w s th at i
t i
s

not hi
s . Th e ot her ca r to u c h e i
s N E FE R
KA R A vul tur e s ab o v e th e c ar to u c h e s th e
. Th e ml , ,

n e/ an d nefe s ar o u n d th e m pr o c l ai m th e ki n g s
’
o z, r

addi ti o n al ti t l e He m u s t h av e r e ig ne d ab o u t
. 20 B C 2 1 . .
38 T HE S ACR E D BE E T L E .
[ Pl a te 1 .

But a b o u t thi s ti m e E gyp t s e e m s t o h av e b e c o m e w e ak in

m ili tary s t r e n g th ; s p o il e d w i th w e l th w hi h e x c i te d th e c u p idi ty
a ,
c

of i ts e n e m i e s i
,
t b e c am e a n e y pr e y to i nvas i o n fr o m As i a by
as ,

h o rd e s o f n o m ad s o s h e ph e rd s all e d H YK SO S w h o s e e m to h av e
r ,
c ,

o v e rru n t h e l n d
a ,
n d h e ld i
a t in b o n d ge fo s e v e r al c e n turi e s
a r .

M an e th o s uppli e d nam e s fo th e X I VT H X V IIT H DY NA ST I E S b u t th e

r —
,

ki ng s duri ng thi s i n te rr e g n u m h a e n o t b e e n fully i n v e s ti g ate d ye t

v .

T h e i n v ad e r s e v e n t u lly s e e m t o h av e ad o p te d th e r e ligi o n an d
a

l angu ag e o f th e o ld n ti o n an d s c arab s o f u n d o ub te d H yk o s
a , ,
s

r l e r s w i th hi e r o glyphi c i ns c rip ti o n a e fo u n d b u t no t by any

u , s, r ,

m e an s c o m m o n . O n e o f th e s e N 6 i r ath e r r e m ark abl e

,
o . 1 , s

AP E P A . X VT H D Y N A ST Y ( ab o u t 1 8 98 -
18
37 B C . .
)
roya l
f i r on a ,
’
AP E P A . Thi s i
s a v e ry
p e c uli r
a r b
sca a . I g o t i
t at K o m O m b o -
hi c h s h o w s th at
,
w

th e H yk so s ru le e x
te n d e d fur th e r s o u th
th an g e n e r ally re c o g
n ie d z T h e c h ar ac te r s
.

a e rud e an d th e m e an
r

in g n o t c l e ar bu t i t is ,

u nd o ub te dly g e n ui ne ,

a m o s t c uri o u s an d
u niqu e s c arab A pe pa .

did m u c h buildi n g at
B u b as ti
s, an d an i
n

rip ti o n th e r e r e c o rd s sc

t h at h e buil t m an y “

c o lu m n s an d a g ate o f

bras s ( Th e h e ad o f .
”
,

w hi c h an e n gr avi ng i s

app e n d e d w as fo u n d at ,

B u b as ti s a nd i s p o ss ibly ,

H Y KS O S K I N G ,
a p o r trai t O f K hy an
B U B A ST I S ,

B r i ti h M
s m useu
an o th e r ki ng o f thi s
m y s te ri o u s p e ri o d ) S o m e t hi n k Ap e pa w as t h e ki ng u n d e r
.

w h o m t h e p at ri ar c h J o s e ph w as Vi i e r A S e m i ti c r ac e z .

w o uld fav o ur th e H e br e w s w h o k e p t fl o c k s an d h e rd s lik e

,
Pl ate L] S CARAB S OF O L D AND M ID D LE K I N G D O MS .
39

ht e m se lv e s w hil e Sh e ph e rd s w e r e an b o m i nat i o n to th e
,
“
a

E gyp ti an s Thi s m ay ac c o u n t fo th e H e br e w s b e i n g
.
”
r

all o w e d t o s e tt l e i n t h e l an d o f E gyp t an d o n e o f t h e ir ,

t rib e s m e n b e i n g p e r m i t te d t o ri s e t o th e p o s i t i o n o f P ri m e

M i n i s te r o f th e gr e ate st c o u ntry in th e w o rld A c e n tury .

afte r w ard s w h e n t h e
,
H yk s o s rul e r s w e r e d riv e n aw y b y a

th e an c i e n t l e gi t i m at e r o y al li n e th e J e w s w o uld l o se t h e ir
,

fri e n d s an d w h e n a ki ng ar o s e w h o k n e w n o t J o s e ph
,
“
,
”

p e r se c u ti o n o f all fo r e ig ne r s w o uld b e th e r e s ul t as b e fe l ,

th e I s r ae li te s in th e X V I I IT H D Y NA ST Y .

r
B e fo r e pr o c e e di n g to thi s p e ri o d h o w e v e r t h e r e a e s o m e s c ar ab s
, , r

s h o w n o n P l at e I w hi c h a e w o r thy o f m e n ti o n an d w h i c h m ay b e
r ,

pl ac e d m o r e d e fi n i te ly w h e n fur th e r di s c o v e ri e s are m ad e o f d ate d ,

t o m b s s u c h as a e b e i n g fo u n d e v e ry y e ar
,
r .

23 8 i s a S ar ab o f th e VT H DY NA ST Y
c b e au t ifully c u t b e tte r th an
, ,

m an y o f l at e r d ate T h e o w n e r s n am e i s v e ry c l e arly
’
.

to ld P tah h o te p O n e O f th e m o s t i n te r e s t
.

ing to m b s t Sak ka ah w as o f a pri e s t o f t hi

a r n am e w h o s ,

h ad c h arg e o f th e P yr am id s o f U SE R N R A M E N K A U HO R ° °

,
' ‘

an d ASS A T h e E gyp t
.

E x p l o r at i o n F u n d
h av e publi sh e d tw o
spl e ndid volume s
illu s trati ng t hi s fi ne
t o m b o n e o f th e b e s t
,

o f th e p e ri o d Hi s .

s on i s buri e d i n th e

s am e to m b ,
and th e

bo y s g m e s an d
’
a

s p o r ts an d s tudi e s are

all d e pi c t e d an d a n ,

i nte r e s ti n g p o r tr ai t o f
th e y o u th hi m s e lf .

Thi s P tah h o te p w as
p o s s ibly th e au th o r
of th e c e l e b r at e d

c o ll e c ti o n o f pr o v e rb s

w hi c h b e ar th e n am e
P T A HHO TE P S
’
SO N .

of P tah h o te p .
40 T HE S ACR E D B E E T LE .
[ P l at e I .

27 8 i
s an i nt e r e s t i n g r b
sc a a . I ts l e g e n d r e ad s
Tne K i
’ ’
ng s e laes t roy a l s o n

lVe /z es i . pri n c e o f th e X II IT H DY NA ST Y He
He w as a .

e r e c te d m o n u m e n ts at T an i s an d e l s e w h e r e an d i s sp o k e n ,

a ki n g at B u b as t i T h e w o rd N e h e s i m e an s a
“ ” ”
o f as s .

bl c k m an b u t i
a t m y b e m e r e ly a t i tl e s u h as o
,
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P ri nc e w h o al th o ugh th e e ld e s t s o n o f a ki n g w as
,
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c e tai
r n ly n o t a n e gr o in c o m pl e xi o n O nly o n e o th e r .

s c ar ab o f thi s r o y al pri n c e i s kno w n T h e Turi n li s t h as a .

R a ne h e s i
-
in i ts li t o f ki ng s o f th e X IIIT H DY NA ST Y
s Some .

o f th e s e d ay s h i s r o y al t o m b m ay b e d i s c o v e r e d an d w e ,

Sh all t h e n k n o w m o r e ab o u t h i m .

225 s e vid e n tly

i an o t h e r ro y l a r b aw ai ti ng fur th e r d e v e l o p m e nt
sc a a .

I t h as U ne b lo rd ) e ac h s id e an d o s tri c h fe ath e r s as
( at ,

s upp o r s o f th e c e n tr al n am
rt e N U B D AD ' ‘

R A an d M r G ri ffi th thi nk s thi s i
,
. s a n o th e r i n s ta n c e f a o

ki n g k no w n o nly by h is s c arab aw ai ti ng id e ntifi c ati o n ,

am o n g t h e e rly m o n ar c h s o f o ld E gyp t
a .

i
s th e m emo gr e at m an o f h i
ri al of s ti m e
a HA R th e , ,

C h an c e ll o r o f th e E x c h e qu e r o tr e asur e r o f th e ki ngd o m r .

O th e r r e c o rd s o f t hi s gr e at O ffi c i al a s ort of L o rd ,

S ali s bury o f h i s ti m e e xi s t b t hi s d te h as n o t ye t
, ,
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b e e n pr o v e d O ne d ay HA R s to m b m ay b e di s c o v e r e d
.
’

w hi c h w ill giv e s t h e n am e o f hi
s s o v e r e ig n
u P e tri e .

thi n k s h i m o f X IIIT H X I V T H D YNA ST Y b u t t i m e w ill t ll

—
, e

n o d o ub t Thi s l e g e n d r e ad s S ahu b ltl m s ah u t Ha

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s a v e ry p e rfe c t sc ar ab ,

re t i ning so m e o f i
a ts an c i e n t gr e e n c o l o ur w i t h t h e b e e tl e
,

b ac k b e au tifully fo r m e d .

17 7 i
s a s m all e r sc a a r b o f th e s am e r o yal m i ni s te r ,
b u t h as th e t t i le
s om e w h at v ari e d S / Q l
l Q
, C ,
e

C/ia n ce llor, tlie C ni

ef s e a ler Ha r .
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He h ad be e n “
Lo rd
P rivy S l ea as w e ll
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] SCARABS OF O L D AN D M IDD LE K I N G D OMS .
41

27 7 s an o th e r
i r o y al m y ste ry aw a i t i ng
i n s c rip t i o n
so lu ti o n . The

r e ad s an d is p e rh ap s
,

th e Sig n e t o f a ki n g as ye t u nid e n tifi e d T h e s c ar ab i s .

b e au tifully c u t is in fi n e s tate
,
an d p o s s e s s e s i
ts o rigi n al
,

gre e n c o l o ur it is o f s te at i te .

26 7 ,
Th e ig n e t o f a pri n c e s s o r a qu e e n
S s at se te n , .

T h e b e e tl e Sid e is b e au tifully c u t b u t l o o k s o f l ate r d at e,

th an th e pr e c e di n g o n e s a s t o i t s s tyl e T h e s c ar ab h as .

much of i ts gr e e n c o l o uri n g an d is in v e ry p e rfe c t s tat e

, .

2 03 . X II I T H DY NA ST Y A pr e tty li ttl e s c ar ab o f gl ae d s te ati te

. z .

T h e c u tti ng o f th e b e e tl e h as a l o o k o f gr e at an tiqui ty It .

b e ar s i
n th e c e n t r e
( c o m p ar e N o 9 ab o u t s am e . 2 1 ,

d ate ) “
lVe K a w i th s c r o ll o r n am e n t at e ac h Sid e an d
'

. er ,

b e ne ath .

10 X I IIT H
. DY NA ST Y B e ar s m u c h t h e sam e s y m b o l s p o s s i bly
.
,

i n te n d e d as a m o n o gr am T h e s c r o ll w o rk o f

s pir al i s v e ry g o o d T h e b e e tl e Sid e i
. s b e au tifully c u t an d ,

r e tai n s i ts gr e e n t i n ti n g gl a e d s te ati te z .

X I IT H DY NA ST Y T h e s c ar ab o f a pri nc e s s
.

N E P E R P T A H T h e d augh te r o f A M E N E M HAT II I o f
.
,

thi s n am e s e e m s to h av e di e d b e fo r e h e
,
fath e r an d w as r ,

buri e d i n hi s pyr am id i n t h e F ayu m He al ab as te r al tar . r

an d di s h e s s till r e m ai n C air o M u s e u m ) an d a bl o c k o f bl ac k
( ,

gran i te w i th h e r n am e an d ti tl e s .

X I IT H DY NA ST Y . An o t he r sc a a r b of a r o yal pri n c e ss
NUB HOTE P . T h e to m b of a pri n c e s s of

t hi s n am e , o f DY NA ST Y w as fo u n d at D ah s h fi r
X I I IT H , ,

b u t t hi s l o o k s lik e X I I T H DY NA ST Y w o rk it i s SO g o o d , ,

M r G ri ffi th thi nk s It is as n e ar p e rfe c ti o n as p o s s i b l e
. . .

E
 4 2 T HE SACRE D B E ET LE . [ Pl at e I .

2 04 ,
X I IT H h N E P ER
e r pr e tty KA . Ano t

s acr ab r e s,
e m bli n g N O S 9 3 e t c A .
ll p o
2 1 s s
,
ibly
20 ,
10, .

b e l o ng to sam e p e ri o d if n o t to th e s m e ki ng T h e s piral
,
a .

s r o ll o r n am e n t p e rh ap s
c c am e i n at thi s d at e an d w as

s upp o s e d to b e th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e E gyp t i an d e c o

rati ve p e ri o d an d b e gi nn i n g o f
,
ll s u c h o rn am e n tal d e s ig n a ,

t ill th e r e c e n t di s c o v e ri e s at A byd o s w hi c h c arry i t b ac k ,

m u c h fur th e r .

2 2 4 Th e s c arab o f a pri n c e ss N E F E R U o f high r ank

.
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— 427
ti o n i s v e ry full an d w e ll c u t C Z l <7
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N e fe r a p o s s e ss i ng th e r e w ard o f d e v o ti o n N e fe u m y b e
,
.
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tr an s l ate d th e m o s t b e au tiful o n e
,
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r a

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2 , ,

w i th a v ari ati o n i n t h e i n s c rip ti o n h l i urr u d d

) T h e w o e s s o n e .

w i th a v e ry pe c u lIa i n t e rl a e d s c r o ll b o rd e r
r c .

360 i s a X I IT H DY N A ST Y s c ar ab o f v e ry fi n e w o rk ; t h e i n s c ri p
ti o n i s w e ll c t u .

(m ; p o ss i b ly an

n k n o w n ki ng s n am e o th at o f s o m e gr e at p e r so n ag e ye t
’
u r
,

to b e di s c o v e r e d .

Th e pri n e s o f th e l e gi ti m ate li n e h ad pr e se rv e d th e ir lib e r ty i

c n

r e tr e at at E l K ab in th e s o u th duri ng th e h te d rul e o f th e S h e ph e rd
, , a

ki ng s an d fte r c e nturi e s o f e xil e bur st fo rth fr o m th e ir hidi ng

,
a

pl ac e s an d dr o ve th e i nvade rs fr o m th e thr o ne Thi s w as ab o u t

, .

t h e c l o s e o f th e X V I I T H DY NA ST Y 6 B C ,
1 00 . .

T HE A LLS O F TH E CI T Y
W , E L KAB .

L o o k In g thr ugh th n rth n

o d
e o er an so u t h rn g
e ate s .
E A R LY N EW KI N G DO M

Roy a l S c a ra b s
 T HE S ACRE D B E ET L E . [ P late 11.

44

8 6
A A HM E S I DY NA ST Y — 1
X V I I I TH 15 7 5 2 B C
229
. .

,
. ,

Th e r b
sc a a hr e e Sig ns
h as t ,
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w hi c h s tan d fo r h i thr o n e
'

n me o f N E B
a P E HTI R A w hil e ,

his fam ily n am e w as k n o w ni by

Thi s ki ng
w as gr e atly r e v e re d b o th i n

life and afte r d e ath fo r ne arly

a t h o u s an d y e ar s Hi s w ife .

w as n am e d N E FE R TA R I an d ,

w as w o r shipp e d al o n g w i th

hi m Sh e w s a r o y al p ri n c e s s
. a

by bir th al s o T h e m u mm i e s
.

of A A HM E S an d N E FE R TA R I
are pr e s e rv e d in th e C air o
M u s e u m O f all E gypti an
.

qu e e n s h e ld i n h o n o ur Q U EE N ,

A A HM E S N E FE R T A R I w as

v e ne r ate d th e m o s t T h e
QU EEN HM
.

AA E S N E F E RT A R I
s c ar ab of AA HM E S h as i
.

ts

o rigi n l gr e e n gl
a e az ,
an d i
s as p e rfe c t s w h e n m ad e
a The .

b e e tl i b e u tifully
e s a c ut .

3 15 . A ME N H O T E P I w as so n of a b o ve
l br ate d p air
th e ce e

( 1 5 62— 1 5 4 1 Thi s s c arab i n s te ad o f th e u s u al

"
,

b e e tl e ,
h as a h aw k h e ad e d li o n o n th e r e v e r s e w i th
-

an kh life ab o v e s hi
T h e i n s c rip ti o n i s fam ily n am e
“
.
,

i
n full A M E N H OT E P . Th e m o st b e au tiful
te m pl e s at Th e b e s w e r e buil t by h im Hi s m u m m y an d .

c o ffi n a e pr e s e rv e d in th e C air o M u s e u m b u t h is
r
,

m ag n ifi c e n t to m b h a n o t y t b e e n fo u n d th o u gh s o m e
s e ,

e n rg e t i c s v
e t thi n k th e y k no w w h e r e i
a an s t is an d m ay ,

fi nd i t an y d y w h e n all o w e d t o s e ar c h
a An nc i e nt . a

i n sp e c ti o n o f it e xi s ts It h ad an e n tr an c e . fe e t 200
Pl ate IL] SCARABS O F T HE EARL Y N EW K I N G D OM .

l ong . xam i n ati o n

Th e e

w as m ad e by a gr e at o ffi

ci al,
P as e r i n th e t i m e
,

o f R am e s e s I I S tran g e
.

t o s ay I h av e th e s e al
,

o f t hi s gr e at m an ( N o .

Th e m u mm y o f
A m e n h o te p h as ne ve r

b e e n u nro ll e d T h e g ar .

l an d s O f fl o w e r s and
w r e ath s li e on hi s b o dy

y e t
,
a s t h e y w e r e d e

p o s i t e d b y f a i t h fu l
m o ur n e r s 3 44 y e ar s g o 0 a

I h av e o th e r s c arab s o f A ME N H O TE P 1

t hi s g o o d ki n g .

32 . A ME N H O T E P I . A pl aqu e i h th e h e ad o f HA T H O R
w t

i
n r li e f an de , on th e o th e r s i de th e fam ily n am e
Am e n h o te p . It i
s as p e rfe c t ,
ih
w t i
ts

brigh t gr e e n gl a ze ,
h e n e ngrav e d
as w , an d th e h e ad of th e

E gyp ti an V e nu s i
s w e ll m o d e ll e d .

480 . AM EN HOTEP I . Thi s r e li c i s o n ly h alf o f an am ul e t,

w hi h h d th
c a e tw o c ar t o u c h e s bu t o ne , i
s p e rfe c t
Z E SE R KA R A, hi
s t hr o n e
n am e , w t i h plu m e s o f fe ath e r s fo r r
a c e st a b o ve .

23 2 . A M EN H OTEP I . A b lu e gr e e n
-
sc a a r b ,
w tih a fan c ifu l
a rrang e m e nt o f th e n am e

372 . A M EN H OTE P I i s fi ne ,
a r
s c a ab, brilli an t gr e e n ti nt ,
an d

w i th th e b e e tl e w e ll c u t . I t h as th e n am e ki ng of th e

r e p e ate d m an y ti m e s an d ,
an N E P E R an d N E T E R .

Sh o w i n g h o w t h e ki n g s w e r e
’
Tb e g ooo lo ra A m e n /z o tep ,’

th e o bj
ec t o f w o s r hip .
 46 TH E SACRE D BEE T LE .
[ P l ate 11 .

2 28 . A ME N H O T E P I ti n u e d w i thi n r ll b rd r ; w fi n d
c on a sc o o e e

som uri o u ig n pr di ng
e c NH s s E Th b rd e r
s ece ET P .
”
e o

h w
s r tur n t th o r n m n t f
o s a e pr vi u p e ri d
o e a e o a e o s o .

T h b e tl i b eau tifully
e e t gr e n o l ur pr e
s rv d t ati te cu ,
ee c o se e ,
s e .

25 7 . A ME N MER T Th r b f pri n
“
qu e n o f e rly
. e sc a a o a c e ss -
e a

X VII I H DY NA ST Y O n o f th m t b u t iful i
T n th . e e os ea e

ll ti n
co l ur blui h gr n w e ll t i n rip ti n w i thi n
ec o co o s -
ee ,
cu sc o

anc e nt s t i yl e sc o r ll b o rd e Ti
ie

g re a t ro
y l w
a ie f A mennz ert . S ome d ay we w ill fi nd w h o se
qu e e n Sh e w as .

23 1 .
A ME N H O T E P I B i ng yli d r h t pp e ar o n P l te . e a c n e ,
as o a a

X VI b t m y b m n t i n d h r
,
u It i v ry b u tiful
a e e o e e e . s a e ea

pi brilli n t gr
ece, i t i nt n d w ll t aO n th e fl t een n , a e cu . a

p rti n th e r i a p uli r r ll rn m e nt O n th e urv d

o o e s ec a sc o o a . c e

p r t th i n rip ti n i (m n d th ki ng r y l
a e sc o s a e
’
s o a

Z E SE R KA R A, w t ih th e a ddi ti o n of

claa , s ta
’
bili ty , e tc .

373 .
( P l ate XVI ) i
s an o th e r c yli nd e r of A ME N H O T E P I , an d

l
a so v e ry fi ne . P re no m e n Z E SE R KA R A,

w t

Aa
’
ih
73 n e te r ne e r
f ; th e w h o l e tran s l ate s S c a i s t/ ,
“
a re
7
ze

o f R a , t/z e g ooo ’
r e p e ate d w i th o r nam e n tal d e tail .

4 06 T HO T HM E S
I X V II IT H DY N A ST Y ( 1— 1
54 5 6 son o f
.
, 1 1

AMENH TEP I
O .
Thi s s c ar b is in a a fi ne pr e s e rv ati o n an d

we ll c ut . Th e ki
ng s
’
ca r to u c h e i
n c e nt e r

th e urae u s r o w ne d c w hi c h r e ad 35 g
, Tb c g ooo
’

’
tb c s tro n
g a g bu ll, T/z ot/ i
o
une s . Th e s to n e s b e au t ifully c ut
th eb e e tl e s l e g s b e i ng pi e r c e d thro ugh
’

.
“
Th e S tr o ng B ull
s th e H
i s t i tl e o f t h e ki n g
oru
.
Pl ate IL ] S CARABS OF T II E EARL Y N EW K I N G D OM .
47

23 3 . T HO T HM E S I . Th e g o ld e n H aw k
“
i l is o n
na m e o r t t e

t hi s sc a a r b . The c ar to u c h e RA AA K H E P E R
KA, w t ih th e a ddi ti o n o f ne te r /
n e er, ne er f
re n t
p,
“
G oo d g o d g
,
o o d o f y e ar s . Th e en grav i ng i
s

goo d .

THO T HM E S I . Th e n am e

i
s p e c uli arly p e l t by an ape
s

an d th e s y m b o l o f bir th ,

fig
an d u n d e rn e ath Q

Am e n m e r, f
7
beloo ea ’
o

A m en Thi s ki n g did
.

m u c h buildi n g at K ar nak ,

nda e r e c te d o ne o f th e

gre at o b e li s k s R e c o rd s o f .

hi s w o rk s a e fo u n d at r

A s s u an an d far up th e Nil e .

Hi s m u mm y i s pr e s e rv e d
in th e C air o M u s e u m He
M U MM Y H HM
.
I OF T OT ES .

w as fath e r o f t h e gr e at Qu e e n H atas u w h o fo r r e as o n s ,

s tate w as m arri e d t o h e h alf b ro th e r K i n g T h o th m e s I Ir -

.
,

2 4 1 T HO T HM E S
. II ( 5 6 5 5 Th e s c a ab s O f thi s
1 1 — 1 0 r

ki ng a e r are Thi s o n e h as h is c ar to u c h e w i th thr o n e

r .

n am e A A K H E P E R E N R A A h aw k w i th
° ‘

e x te n d e d w i n g s i
s ab o v e t h e c a r to u c h e an d th e i el /it c o ll ar ts f
,

b e low .

362 . T HO T HM E S I I T hi s s c arab b e ar s full t i tl e s

.

ki
ng f
o Upp e r a nd L o w e r E g yp t, l ora o
’
f tlie tw o la n d s ,

w t ih r to n
th e ca It

is a pr e tty d e vi c e an d we ll c ut, b u t h as l o st i
ts gr e e n
c o l o ur .
 T HE S ACRE D B EET L E [ P l at e 11
48
.
.

fu T
m mm y
H O H M S C ir
T M u E u m II H es i
i n th e a o se
Th
.

e o

was a n f T hso th m o I by n i n
o f ri r w
esif H i h lf a i t r e o e . s a -
s s e

HA T A S U w a th d ugh t r f ,
s e a e o

th gr t r y l qu A HM S e ea o a een A E ,

nd h m rri d t a h s e w as a e o er

y u n g h lf br th r t giv h im o a -
o e o e

full ti tl t th thr TH OTH e o e one .

M S II m t h v be n E se e s o a e e

d li t nd did n t liv l n g e ca e , a o e o ,

nd H t u guid d th ki n gd m a a as e e o

duri ng h i lif d wa r g nt s e, an s e e

f hi n T HO HM S I I I or wh s so T E ,
o

m t th thr n w h n ca hild e o e o e e a c .

T HO HM S III w l hild T E as a so a c

by i nf ri r w if d h h d an e o e, an e a

H H b m arri d t h i t p m th r
’
M UM M Y OB T Ol ME5 1"
o e s
t e o s s e -
o e

d ugh t r ( n th r H ta u ) i o rd r t h ld th e thr n l g i
a e a o e a s n ti e o o o e e

m t ly
a e .

TE RRAC E TEM L E -
P

QU EE N H ATA SU .

E v e ry thi g pr e di ng fr m th e r m rk bl pri n e Qu e e n
n oc e o e a a e c ss,

Hata u i is n g,
d t te n d pr v e s h e t h v e b e e n a gifte d
s oo as ,
a o r o a

nd
a bl e rul r f c ul tiv te d p e o pl e T h e e l e b rate d T e rrac e
a e o a a . c
Pl at e II .
] S CARABS OF THE EAR L Y N EW K I N G D OM .
49

T e m pl e o f D e ir e l B ahri ,

The be s i s th e m o s t e l e g an t
,

s p e c i m e n o f arc hi te c t ur e in
E gyp t an d sh o w s w h at w e
,

w o uld te r m pu e G r e c i an tas te r ,

an d i n th e s e v e r e D o ri c s t yl e .

B ut i t w as buil t m o r e t h an

1 000 y e ar s b e fo r e th e fir s t
G r e e k t e m pl e s an d w hen,

P e ri c l e s r i s e d th e P ar th e n o n
a ,

h e k ne w n o t o f th e e arli e r
m aste rpi e c e I t w as l o s t t o
.

t h e w o rld fo r y e ar s an d
2000

h as o n ly b e e n r e e n tly e x c
,
QU EE N H A T A SU .

c av ate d fr o m th e rui n s o f m u d bri c k buildi ng s w hi c h e n to m b e d

it an d at t h e s am e t i m e pr e se rv e d i
,
t fo r o u r g e n e r ati o n The .

thr e e b e au t iful v o lu m e s o f t h e E g yp t E xp lo tin F n d w hi c h ra o u ,

illu str ate i t are w e ll w o r thy

,
o f s t udy E v e n th e Sc ar ab s o f.

thi s w o n d e rful l ady are c o n

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buil t to i mm o r tali e h e z r

m o th e r Qu e e n A ah m e s an d , ,

h e o w n s c i e n tifi c e xp e di ti o n s
r

t o fo r e ig n l an d s I t m ay .

al s o h v e b e e n i n t e n d e d fo a r

he ow n m o r tu ary c h ap e l
r .

Th e m umm y of Qu e e n
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fo u n d an d h e r to m b m ay s t ill ,

e xi s t e n to m b e d i n th e r o c k ,

QU EE N HM AA
b e hi n d o b e n e ath th e te m pl e
ES .

r
( M th r f Q H t u) ,
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t o b e di s c o v e r e d s o m e d ay
.

3 3 0 QU EE N HAT SHE P SU ( o r HA T A S U
. th e b e st kno w n ,

n am e ) ( 5 6 —
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1 T H DY
1 NA ST Y Thi s i s .

p e rh ap s an am ul e t Fo r s o m e u nk no w n r e as o n th e
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,

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AM EN K HN E M HAT SHE P SW T,

j i o n ed to A nze n .
50 T HE S ACRE D B E E T LE .
[ Pl ate II .

a Re n ul e t and b e ar s thi s qu e e n s fav o uri te nam e

am ,
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r, oo r
“
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.
, ,

t o h av e r e g rd e d as h e r p a tr o n s i n t a n d tak e n h e n am e
a a r

fr o m Thi s s r ab is w e ll e ngrav e d h as its an i e nt gr e e n

. ca , c

o l o ur n d b e ar s o n th e b ac k th e s ac r e d e ye U at “ ”
c ,
a z

c arv e d in b o ld r e li e f .

c o nta n si s ig n s i n te n d e d fo r Qu e e n H atas u s pr e no m e n ’

qé 6 W e ll cu t b t c o l o ur g o n e
,
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l
Am e n R a . M AAT KA R A b l v d “
, e o e f
o A men , ”
b e au tifully
c u t, b u t h as l o st its gr e e n c o l o ur .

& 5
376 ,
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-

, 6) N )

Ma at Ka R a tyt n A m e n, Tru t/i tb e K a

'

o f R a, Sy mbol of
A men ,
”
ih
w t i
ts or i
g i
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t nt .

QU EE N H A TA SU S OB E L I SKS K AR NA K
’

, .
Pl ate IL ] S CARAB S OF T II E EAR L Y N E W K I N G D O M .
SI

4 04 i
s h o w e v e r th e b e st
hi s l ady s g o o d e n o ugh t o h av e b e e n
of
’
t ,

h er o w n It i Si
g ne t
s a b e au t iful blu e gr e e n c o l o ur
. is -
,

w e ll c u t an d as fre s h as w h e n m ad e
,
I t b e ar s S m ply . I

R a m a ka o M A KA RA h e fav o uri te
°

,
r
‘

,
r

n am e T h e li ttle figur e o f t ru th b e ar s th e Si
.
g n i fi c fe athe r
o n h e r h e ad T h e b e e tl s fo r m i s go o d an d th e l e g s are
’
. e ,

pi e r c e d thr o ugh .

Thi s i nte r e s ti ng e x am pl e o f a gr e at r o y al pri nc e s s rul e d w i th

T h o th m e s I I fo r t hir te e n y e ar s an d w i th Th o th m e s I I I fo u p w ard s
,
r

o f tw e n ty y e ar s Sh e s p e n t h e r t i m e i
. n p e ac e ful c ul tiv at i o n o f th e

ar ts an d c o m m e rc e .

T HO T HM E S II I .

W h e n Qu e e n H atas u l e ft th e sc e ne ,

T HO T HM E S III ( 5 449 th e1 02— 1

gr e ate s t o f E gyp ti an c o n qu e r o r s c arri e d ,

E gyp t s sw ay i n to A s i a an d E ur o p e an d
’
.
,

t h e n b uil t gr e at te m p le s all o v e r E gyp t ,

e r e c t i n g o b e li s k s n e arly e q u al t o H atas u s
’
.

Th o s e o f L o n d o n N e w Yo rk R o m e , , ,

C o n s tan ti n o pl e a e o f h i ,
s w o rk r He l e ft .

m o r e t ac e S o f h i s gr e at buildi n g i n E gyp t
‘

t h an any o th e r ki n g He p o s e d as a gr e at
.

pill ar o f th e c hur c h an d i n fac t c all e d ,

hi m se lf D e fe n d e r o f th e F ai th B e i ng t hu s .

p o pul ar w i th th e pri e s ts h i s n am e b e c a m e ,

a w atc h w o rd o f r e ligi o u s s upr e m ac y an d ,

s o r e m ai n e d fo r m a n y g e n e r ati o ns Thi s .

is p o s s ibly th e c au s e o f th e s c ar ab s w i th

th e n am e of Th o th m e s I II b e i n g s o
CO L O SS A L G RA N I TE H E A D
pl e n tiful .
H H III OF T OT M ES .

i M u se u m )
'

( B r t t s /z .

395 . T HO T HM E S III . A b e au tifu l li ttl e sc a a r b ,

i i g
re ta n n i
ts
lH
i
t— f]
gr e e n gl a z e;
N Am e n tyt, y
s m bol f
o A men , an d

ca r to u c h e K H EPER RA .
 T HE S ACRE D BE ET LE . [ Pl ate II .

5 2

4 26 C
,
w r ido f r mo t
o n f ne e r e o

th e n m w hi h h a m tly u d
e c e os se .

of
26 T h .
r t u
e h
ca f Toh t hcm I IeI o b v d
o o r e d by es
n
as a o e, a o e

th
“
ul ef N
so kh s ( H i o n p li
e
pp en
i t ” E l k b ) e rac o o s, O os e
-
a

o f t h
ne o piri t f t he s S u th C r dil b l s o
w e o . oco e e o .

“ r d i r li f n t h b k n d o e ac a c ar
4 25 h t h as t e o uz a y n r s ac e e e e e ,

t u h of T h th m
c e o 111 a b vo v ry fi es
ly t as o e, e ne cu .

1 04 T h .
b k e f thi
ac r ob i p uli r T h
s sc a a e w i g
n s x d d
t n
ec a .
s are e e e

fr m m ll b tl i
o a s n th a ntr ee On t e h f phi x
e
n
ce e . e ac e a S ,

u h t w i th t w plu m
co c an ,
O v r it b
o k w i n g d
e s.ur au e s ac a e e s

d ri ng th e r t u h f T h th m e I I I
a o ca o c e o o s .

4 2 7 A fi ly . t
ne r b w i th b ard d phi x
cu sca a I n fr o n t f e
it e s n .
o

] P r m n f Th th m III ve r ll
2
t r n f ne e G d G d e e r, oo o .

e no e o o es o a .

”
an d
2 6 5 ME N K HE P ER R A w i th
. C) l i
,
f R N W
“
c ose n o a

dd d a e .

f
5 0 C rt u h I I I w t r pl t ( ypi l f u i
t n o n o
. a f T h th m
o c e o on es a
,
a e a s c o

N r th d S u th E g yp t) at th s id e
o an o e s .

2 8 6 C rt u h. a of T h th m
c e o III rud w rk o es ,
e o .

3 78 P uli
. r
ec rr n g am nt f t t e
a i l a n a be n d e n d a dd
o d s ym b o l o a ,
a e s .

TH E T A ME L IO N OF TH E P H ARAO H .

F ro/ n [ I o m Om bo
’
.
 U P PER EGY PT . L OW ER E G Y P T. U PP E R AN D L O W ER E Y P
G T.

ROYA L C R O VVN S .

P LAT E III .

S C ARABS OF T HE N E W K I N G D OM .

R OYAL S C A R A B S .

T hi s pl ate i
s ir e ly O c c upi e d by s c arab s
e nt of T h o th m e s III .

Th e y e xhibi t e x trao rdi nary v ari e ty in d e sig n n o , tw o b e i n g alik e .

I h av e s e e n qui te a th o u s an d o f
hi ll d fi e e n t i n v ari o u s c o ll e c t i o n s
'

s,
a z r ,
.

T h e y s e e m t o b e typi c al o f a gr e at
o u tbur s t o f r e ligi o u s z e al t h o ugh m an y , ,

if w e u n d e r sto o d th e m m ay p o s s ibly ,

c o m m e m o r ate hi s to ri c al e v e n ts Some .

o f th e m w e r e m ad e afte r T h o th m e s I I I S
’

ti m e n o d o u b t
, B u t as th e v e ry l ate s t
.

o f t h e s e s c a r ab s is at l e as t 3 y e ar s 000

o ld,
th e y are s till v e ry v e n e r abl e o b

je c ts . N o d o ub t a ft e r th e,
t i m e o f
th e gr e at ki n g w h o s e n am e th e y b e ar ,

th e y w e r e r e g ard e d as a s o r t o f tali s

m an b e ari n g a n am e th at r e m ai n e d a
w atc h w o rd o f r e ligi o u s fe r vo ur fo r a ,

t h o u s an d y e ar s afte r h i s d e ath .

3 10 . A v e ry p e c uli ar s c ar ab O n th e .

b ac k a s u nk e n c a to u c h e w i th r

s ur m o u n te d w i t h

d o ubl e plu m e s O n th e fr o n t OB E L I SK O F T HO T HM E S I I I AT
,
LU OR
.

X .

s am e c ar to u c h e an d T/ t i 16 w n o f t lie o n e n ow i
n P ari
s .

an kh n e te r n e fe r t/ e g ood G od li
,
ves z .

53
54 T HE S ACR E D BEE T L E .
[ P l ate III .

3 28 . T h o th m e s III is a uri o u s s c arab w i th th e ki ng s nam e w ri tte n

,
c
’

in p o r tiv e hi e r o glyphi c s w hi c h r e ad
s
“
T HO T HM E S R m e n , , ,
a

I t r e tai n s i
ts gr e e n c o l o ur
”
ll pe ze M e r, s o .

1 6 1 h as d e vi c e s i
n sc o r ll
rk s ig n ifyi ng u ni o n
wo ,
w t ih th e ro a y l
c ar to u c h e o f T h o th m e s b e tw e e n th e m .

5 05 ,
H aw k w i th mr n e te ru , oe lo o ed o
f llz e g od s , an d

th e u s u al r o y al ca r to u c h e

447 i
s a fl at b e ad w e ll ou t o n b o th s id e s F r o nt T HO T HM E S
, .
,

s tan di n g r o y al c ar to u c h e an d
,
“
Am e n R a B ac k fo ur urae i .
”
,

as a qu atr e fo il .

100 On . o ne s id i rip i e ns c t o n t o A m e n R a, o n t h e o t e h r th e ki ng s ’

ca rto u c h e w i th th e n s ig n w hi c h i
s u n u s u al o ,

94 . U z at, s ac e r d e ye , w i th t w o c a to r u c he s of T h o th m e s III .

12 ,
Th e r o y al ca r to u c h e b e tw e e n ur ae u s s upp o r te r s .

23 9 .
C ar t u ho c e of T HO T HM E S II I ,
w t i h c ro w n o f d o ubl e plu m e s ,

an d ur i a
e on e t i h e r s id e .

17 4 .
G) a h M M
9 M e n K h e p e r R a So te p e n R a, “
c h o se n
of R a, Th o th m e s I I I .

17 6 M aat th e g o dd e s s ru th r o y al r to u c h e
’

, of t an d th e ca

h o te p hr m aat , res z ln
‘

g
'

zn lrn l/z .

y al r to u c h e
T
5
4 17 Ro ca ih
, w t 8 M en kh e p e r a kh a m r

U as t, l
'

res
p dent
e n zn l eoes . Fine w o rk in i
, ts o rigi nal
gr e e n c o l o ur .

95 . Ro y al ca r to u c h e w i th a b e ad e d b ord e r .

U Men kh e p e r ra ka, ne b, T h o th m e s ,
P l ate III ]. S C AR A B S O F T HE N E W K I N G D OM .
55

112 . C ar t u h o c e of th e ki ng b e tw e e n tw o fe ath ers ,

i g d di sc
w n e

ab v e o .

101 ,
“
Ren s h ap e d be ad ,
o x o ne s id e ,
th e g o o d l o rd T h o th m e s
on th e o t e h r s id e , Q M e r A m e n , oelooed o f A me n .

R e c tan gul ar b e ad gl a e d s te ati te c o l o ur g o n e H o r se s w e r e

,
z ,
.

i n tro du c e d i nto E gyp t i tis b e li e v e d by T HO T HM E S I I I ,

H e re ,
.

w e h av e o n e o f th e e arli e s t E gyp t i a n e qu e s tri an s c e n e s N ot .

b adly d o ne e i th e r T h e d e s ig n i s r e p re s e n t e d i
. n an d

th e ki ng o n h o r s e b ac k i
,
s w i e ldi n g a m ac e a n d b o w A p ro s ,
.

tr ate S yri an b o u n d u n d e r th e h o r s e s fe e t w sy m b o l
’
, , , ,

pr o b ab ly th e an i m al s n am e th e b e au tiful o n e
“ ’
O n th e , .

o th e r s id e i n w l f a e th e figur e s o f B A ST an d N E FE R T U M
'

,
e ze r
, ,

w i th th e c ar t o u c h e o f T HOT HM E S II I b e tw e e n .

1 08 . Sphi n x t r e adi n g e ne m y u nd e r fo o t, ca r to u c h e ,
M e n é /z ejfier R a,

w t i h sy m b o l ‘
ao re i g n .

3 08 . B lu e g la e d ste ati te
z
“
Ren am u e t, l rd o f Se b e k R a l o rd o f
“
Lo ,

Sw n ;
”
on h r s id e
th e o t e ,
"
T HO T HM E S fo u n d e r o f h o u s e s
, .
”

Cr oc o dil e s e ngr av e d o n t h e e dge s .

74 . Gre e n s c ara b ,
m o u n te d i
rigi nal b lu e ri ng H aw k
n i
ts o .

c row n o f L o w e r E gyp t b e fo r e ur ae u s i
n fr o n t b e l o w U , , .

23 . F l at e c tan gul ar b e ad c arto u c h e o f T HOT HM E S I I I b e tw e e n

r ,

fe ath e r s o f t ru th o n o th e r s id e 6) l v ,A me n R a,

C o w ro id b righ blu gr e e n C ar to u c h e o f T HOT HM E S I I I

,
t e -
.
,

o n l e ft q b loved of A m n o n righ t N e te r n e fe
‘
. e e r
,

n e b t aw i G ood G od lo d of M e lzo o l n ds
, ,
r a .

W i ng e d g e n ii an d c a r to u c h e of T HO T HM E S I I I s ur m o u nte d b y
,

tw o fe ath e r s ,
be low .
56 THE SACRE D B E ET L E .
[ P l ate 111.

C rt u h
a o c e of T HO T HM E S I II ,
p apyru s sc e p tr e on e ac h s id e ,

p tt ry
o e .

C rt u h e
a o c of T HO T HM E S, w t ih lea an d n eo s ig n s .

On b ac k a l arg e w i ng e d s c arab s am e as o n N o , . 1 04, P l ate I I .

O n th e fr o n t th e g o d B e s b e tw e e n tw o ca r to u c h e s of

T h o th m e s I I I .

On b ac k e igh t n e s y m m e tri c ally arrang e d

a
'

z
, fo N o s 4 1 2 , 49 7
.

fi n e w o rk ; s te ti te O n fr o n t c ar t o u c h e
a . o f T HO T HM E S I II
b e tw e e n a m
Y
s ig n b e t w e e n
'

s ame z, .

43 . C ar gr n p
o se ee o tte ry B a k. c i
n fo r m gr o h e ad
of a ne . F r o nt
w i th rt u hca o c e o f T HO T HM E S II I b e tw e e n fe ath e r s .

T HE S H IN
P X .

Th e l
s te e o f Th o th m e s IV i s seen i
n th e c e nt e r .
 Ne w KIN G D O M
XVIII Dy n as t v
T HO T H M I: _

Ro y a l Sc a ra b s
 NEW K! N G DO M
XV III Dy nas t y
THOTHM ES III AM EN HOTEP ”
M E NHO T E P II

00
4 7 8

THOTHM ES III THOTHM ES IV

Th e R o y a l W i fe TY

A M EN HO T E P m

Ro y aI Sc a ra b s
 S TE L E OF T HO T HM E S I V , R E COR D I N G H I S R E S T ORA T IO N O F TH E
GR E A T S P H I N X .

ppli
' '

fig f
A ll Ga orz , t h e for m er
'

Tlt e u re su es a
porlr a z l o a tte n d a n t o n
D r P e lrz e .
'

a n r z ng I ns s u rv ey o
’ -

f til e P ra m i
y d s of G z z e/z l zs
'

.
'

ex c elle n t m a n l as oe e nz
my g u i
'

d e a nd lrn s ted f z e n a of m a ny y e a rs
’
r
.

P L AT E IV .

S C ARABS OF T HE N E W K I N G D OM .

R OY A L S C A R A B S .

T HO T HM E S s o ld ag e h i
I II r e ig ne d fi fty fo u r y e ars I n h i -
s .

s o n A M E N H O T E P I I rul e d j o i n t ly w i t h h i m T hi s c o r e g e n c y .
-

is c o m m e m o r ate d by t h e s c arab N o 5 1 , . 0 .

5 01 . Obve rs e . T HO T HM E S III r ,
d s tan di ng w i e ldi ng
c o w ne , ,

th e sc o urg e — hi
s r o y al c ar to u c h e in fr o n t R eve s e . r

pr e n o m e n of Am e n h o te p I I ,
“
gr e at are

th e fo r m s of R a, b e tw e e n th e tw o fe ath e rs of t ru th ( M aat) .

57
58 T HE SACRE D B E ET LE .
[ Pl at e IV .

375 . A ME N H O T E P I I [ 4 4 9 — 4 3 1 1 2

t d h i thr n e
se a e on s o

in th r e d b t f M n tu
e s ac oa o e ,

h o ldi ng th urg an d l q e sc o e za

p tr ; th figur e h ad t
sc e e e -
e s a

pr nd t m h w k h
ow a d d s e ,
a -
ea e ,

M n t u r w n d w i th h i tw
e ,
c o e s o

f ath r T h r y l r t u h
e e s. e o a ca o c e

i di pl y d b fo r th ki ng
s s a e e e e .

Thi r b iw ll t ( Fr m
s sc a a s e cu . o

Th b e Thi ki n g
e s, s

m t th t hr n i
ca e on y u th e o e o ,

n d th r
a ia ulp tur
e e s sc e re

pr n ti n g h i
e se m t d n hi se a e o s

n ur k e w i th hi
’
se s n e, s

r y l t i tl
o a n th e s, as o e

r b
sc a a t1y h w n
s v r
c O rre c
A ME N H O TE s
AN D H o o e
P 11 IS
th b y e h d o 5 ea .U RSE N .

470 . A fl t b e ad th at h a b e n w r n
a a ri n g AM E N H OT E P I I
s e o as .

z
e te d
s a n thr n ; b e f r o him
l g o d g d e b v h i o e oo o ,
a o e s

r to u h e R v
ca c a s phi n x
. w alki ng w i th
e th am e
e rs e, , ,
e s

U
r t u h e B h in d
ca o c l d f l v l nd
. e O n th e or o z o a s .

dg e e ngr v d h w k h ad d m n
e s are r o w n d w i th plu m
a e a -
e e e ,
c e es .

499 . G re e n r b w e ll c u t
sc a a ,
. L ion co u c h an t , 9 a b o v e c ar to u c h e
,

of A M E N H OT E P I I on ea h c s id e r o y al
e m bl e m s .

80 . W i ng e d so a l r di sc gu ardi n g ca r to u c h e of A M E N HOTE P I I .

Bel ow, M e r A m e n, be loved f

o A m e n ,
”
an d p apyru p tr s sc e e .

67 . We ll c u t, e a l b o rate wo rk . C rt u ha o c e of A M E N H O T E P II .

I “
C1 at ;
B l
e ow v 8 I L o rd f
o Sp le nd ou r, i
n Me

lz ons e o f A me n .

4 14 . B k ac l az a ,
s ac e r d e ye i n o p e n w o rk I n sc rib e d ar o u n d
,
-
.
,

r to u h e
ca c of A M E N H OT E P I I Ta g ood g d l d f levo ,
e o ,
or o

la nd s , an d
I r e p e ate d .
Pl ate IV ]
. S CARABS OF T HE N EW K I N G D OM .
59

4 00 . C ar t u h e f Am e nh o te p I I b tw e n f ath r o f M aat l n l
o c o e e e e s . rz
‘
z,

g o d w o rk
o .

478 r e m bl e s N 8 b t b tte r t B l v d f A m n R an d
se o . 0, u e cu ,
“
e o e o e a,

car t u he o c .

9 . A ME N H O T E P I I e n thr o n d i n a r e d b at U io n e i th e
,
e s c o . rd r

id h i to u h b e f r e h i
s e m
s c ar He h o ld s n g e p tr w i th
c e o . a sc e,

th r m b l e m s
o e e .

23 6 . F i n e w rk S a r d E ye Gov A m e nh o t p ar to u h n a
o . c e . . e
’
s c c e o

n p an l
re
3 gr e n o l ur p rf t
e e c o e ec .

23 5 ,
A ME N H O T E P An kh
r n e fe r aa K h e pe ru n e b taw i L z ve llze g ood g od ,
’

n e te R a,
lord o f Me tw o la n d s , A m e n /z o lep

481 , C u h n t phi n x , n b k
o c a s o ac B e l o w th e r o y al c ar to u c h e
f A ME N H O T E P I I b e s id e Q “
an d
( o l d
“
o v e o e
, ,

o f A me n
24 2 i
s s till m o u nte d i n th e o rigi n al bro n e ri ng z . Ro yal c ar to u c h e
of A M E N H O T E P I I w i th ,
w i nge d di s c ab o v e b e n e ath
,

“
Q G) B eloved f
o A me n R a -
.

3 01 p o s se sse s th e c ar to u c h e o f th e gr e at T HO T HM E S II I on o ne

s id e gu ard e d by
,

a s phi n x p ass ant , ,

w i th O n th e

o th e r s id e th e ,

c a rt o u c he o f
T HO T H M E S IV
( gr an d s o n o f t h e

gr e at r e ligi o u s
w arri o r ) c all s h i m

se lf

so n of A me n,
an d e xhi b i ts h i s

ow n c ar to u c h e ,

T HO T HM E S IV .

But h e r e li e s o n th e p o w e rful n am e o f hi
s g re at an c e s to r .

F 2
60 T HE S ACR E D B E E T LE .
[ P l ate IV .

T HO T HM E S IV did n o t r e ig n l o ng ( 4 3 — 4 4 an d 1 2 1 1

hi s s c ar ab s a e r rar e Hi . s p o r tr ai t s h o w s him as qui te y o u ng .

He r e c o rd s o n a fi n e gr n i te s te l e ( b e tw e e n th e p aw s o f th e gr e at
a

S phi nx ) th at h e r e s to r e d th at an c i e nt m o nu m e nt ( th e e v e nt m ay
b e r e c o rd e d o n th e s e s c ar ab s ) an d w hi c h h e s ay s h e did t o th e g lo ry
,

of hi s an c e s to r s .

64 h as a fi n e ly grav e d Sphi n x ( fac i n g th e r o y al c ar to u c h e o f

en

T HO T HM E S IV ) an d h avi n g th e di ad e m an d b e ard w hi c h
,

t h e gr e at figur e fo r m e rly p o s s e s se d O v e r th e b ac k a .

w i ng e d n ns ad o r e s th e s phi n x
ree U n d e r ne ath v m l .
,

t h e s y m b o l o f s o v e r e ig nt y .

45 1 i
s a fi ne ly gre e n
c ut sc a a r b . uc he o f
Th e c arto

T HOT HM E S IV ; b e l o w th e s ig n o f p o w e r s tr e n g t h , ,

b e tw e e n s upp o r te r s o f n ee r o y al i ns ig ni a
’

r z, th e .

Am e n h o te p II I s o n o f Th o th m e s II I r e d e e m e d
, , th e bri e f r e ig n
an d s h o r tc o m i n g s o f h i
s f th e r a .

A M E N H O T E P II I h ad l ng a o

r ig n ( 4 4 — 3 7 9 D C ) nd l e ft h i
e 1 1 1
s . . a

m rk a n th ou ntry al th ugh h i e co , o s

s pl did t m pl t Th b w r th
en e e a e es as u

l ly t r n d w n by M e ne p t h th
e ss o o
’

a , e

P h ar o h o f th
a E xo du nd hi e s, a s

r o rd hi ll e d o t ( to ub ti tu te
ec s c se u s s

h i w n w r thl
s o n
) by t
o h t n e ss o es a u

sc rupul o u ki ng f tw s e n t uri o o c es

l t r B t th e gi n t w hi h gu rd e d
a e . u a s c s
a

th g t o f A me n h t p te m pl
e a es o e
’
s e

s till r e m ai n th e lo i f Th e b
, co ss o e s,

sea te d p r tr i t f A m nh t p 7 fe e t
o a s o
-

e o e 0
,

high A l th ugh adly rui n d th e y

. o s e
GRA N I TE H E A D OF r m i n to d y till w o nd r f th e
e a
“
,

A MEN H O TE P I I I a s
-
e s o
.

”
M w rld o th y w r i asn an i n t ti m e
rse n m .
) , e e e c e s .
Pl at e IV .
] S C ARABS OF TH E N EW K I N G D OM . 61

A M E N H O T E P I I I p o u e d gr e at A i ati pri n e o f es s a s c c ss,

w hi h u n i n h c w as pr ud Sh w as a
o rd e d an e qu l
e o . e cco a

p i ti n w i th hi m e lf an d giv e n a
os o s ,

r y l r t u h o f h e w n Thi ar b
o a ca o c e r o . s sc a

t e t ifi sto thi fa t f i
es t b r s c ,
or ea s

A M E N H OT E P S r to u h ’
ca c e

ne b m aat ra,
“
L o rd f
o M e fra t/z (y
‘

R a, o n o ne S id e , an d o n th e o t e h r hi
s

w ife s Q U E E N
’
,
TYI

Se te n h m t T yi ,
“
l/z e r oy a l w i
fe Ty i .

T hi s r b is w e l l c u t an d
sc a a ,
c o n ta n s i
th e o rigi n al blu e e n am e l i
n th e
Q U EE N TY I .

C h araC t e rS o
F ro m Te ll e l A m a rn a .

24 3 . T Y I h as h e r e all th e sc ar ab to h e r s e lf w i th th e i nsc rip ti o n , ,

T h e R o y al w ife T yi bu t in b e t te r e n gr avi n g th o ugh

“ ”
, ,

e xp o s ur e h as tak e n aw ay i ts o rigi n al gr e e n c o l o ur

469 i
s a fi ne b lu e gl az e d-
sc a a r b ,
w t ih Ame n h o te p s ’
ca rto u c h e ,
an d

th e a ddi ti o n of (D Ra i
n h e qu ,
am a m ong

'
”
p rz nees .

63 . A pr e tty li ttl e s c ar ab w i th a g o o d figu re o f M aat g o dd e s s ,

of

t ru th an d o t h e r e m b l e m s p o s s ibly o f A M E N H O T E P III
, ,
.

23 7 r e se m b l e s th e l as t al s o AM E N H O T E P
,
I lI
’
s s ig ns .

488 i
s th e b e il o f o n e o f th e e arli e s t k no w n p o tte ry ri ng s w i th
z ,
th e

s y m b o l s N e h M aat R a pr e n o m e n o f A M E N H O T E P II I ,
.

B e ard e d s phi n x p san t gu ardi ng ,

as ,
Am e n h o te p s ’
ca r to u c h e ,

w i th n g s c e p tr e b e hi n d a . On re ve rse, h aw k o f
zz z M e n tu ,
an d a gr o w i n g pl an t .

17 3 F ls h b e tw e e n tw o R e ve rs e M e n m e n nu ,
ESC U
,

fi rm o
f mo n u me n ts , an d r to u c h e
ca of AM E N H OT E P I I I ,

R a , tne L ord f
o Tra i
n .
62 T HE SACR E D BEE T LE .
[ P l ate Iv .

s ho w s r u c h e o f Q U EE N T YI at th e righ t h an d o f th at
th e c a to

o f he l o rd O f Am e nh o te p I I I s o m e m o r e sc r b s o f
r .
,
a a

l rg e s i e a e Sh o w n o n P l ate V Th e t i tl e ab o v e th e
a z r .

(7
qu e e n s c ar to u h e ls
’
h e m t s e te n
c y l w f
i e O v e r ,
ro a .

A M E N H OT E P S rt u h i
1 n t r n f
’
cag d g d o c e s e e e e r, oo o .

Th ar t u h
e c f thi l vi ng r y al p air a
o c h re pl a d id
es o s o o re e ce s e

by id o p rf t qu ali ty
s e, n a e ec e .

358 i
s i nte r e sti ng as i
t b e ar s s id e by s id e th e t w o c ar to u c h e s o f
, , ,

A ME N H O T E P III Th e fir s t w i th h i s o rdi n ary t i tl e

.
,

z
m aat w i th ab o ve T h e s e c o nd ra,
l .

ca r to u c h e A m e n h o te p beq u as t,

D evoled lo A m e n, ru le r
f
o Tlz e oes , h as sa ra, s on

of z li
‘
e Sa n , o ve r i
t .

Th e se e o rdi nary s c arab s o f AM E N H O T E P I II an d h i

ar s w ife

Q U EE N TY I n d o f hi m s e lf al o n e o f la g e r s i e th n u s u al
,
a ,
r
z a

( P la t e V) ; b u t h e s e e m s to h av e
b e e n th e o nly ki ng w h o e m pl o y e d
su h o bj e c ts to pr o m ulg te r o y l
c a a

d e r e e s T h e s e pr o c l am ati o n s w e r e c .

s u c h l e n g thy d o c u m e n t s t h t th e a
,

s c ar b s t o arry th e m h ad t o be a c

o f ab n o r m al si e s u h as ne ve r z ,
c

w e r e s e e n b e fo r e o at l e as t n o thi n g ,
r

so l arg e as o m e d o w n to u s c .

Th e y m u s t h av e b e e n s p ari ngly
u se d P o s s ibly o nly o n e s e t w s . a

se nt to th e G o ve r n o r o f e ac h
N o m e as th e E gyp ti an pr o vi n c e s ,

w e r e c all e d fo t h e s e big c ar ab s , r s

a e v e ry r r e i nd e e d n d m an y r a
,
a

R T RAI T U E E N o ll e c ti o n s p o s s e s s n o n e f h em
PO Q OF “ TY o c t .

F m M C i ld
ro e m a ro a
Th e m
ns e no s t c o mm o n i
.
s th at k n o w n

Li o n H u nt s c ar ab
”
th e
"
as of ,

w hi c h p o ss ibly m o s t e x a m pl e s e xi s t Th e n th e r e is th e M arri ag e .
”
Pl at e IV .
] S C ARABS OF THE N EW K I N G D OM . 63

r b ab o u t tw e n ty o f w hi c h are k n o w n I t h as o b tai n e d thi s n am e

sc a a ,
.
,

b u t r e ally i ts o b j e c t s e e m s t o h av e b e e n n o t o n ly t o pr o c l ai m h i
s u nio n

w i th T yi b u t t o s e t fo r th th e b o u n d ari e s o f h i
,
s o w n ki ngd o m as ,

e x te n di n g fr o m M I T ANN I ( n o r th e as t o f S yri a) to E T H I O P I A
-
Th e r e .

i s al s o o n e o f t h e s e l arg e s c ar ab s r e c o rdi n g t h e m aki n g o f a G r e at

T an k s o m e w h e re i n th e D e l ta o f w hi c h s e v e r al
, e k no w n A n o th e r ar .

l arg e o n e c am e i nto M r G e o F r as e r s p o s s e s s i o n r e c e ntly r e l at i ng

. .
’

t o a gr e t hu nti n g o f w ild c att l e by A m e n h o te p

a E ve n o n i t T yi s .
’

n am e app e ar s O f t hi s w ild c attl e hu n t o n l y th e o n e s c ar ab i

. s

k n o w n s o far .

I n all o f th e s e m e n t i o n i s m ad e o f Qu e e n T yi w h o se n m e i s ,
a

al w ay s h o n o u re d by h avi n g t h e s am e r o y a l c ar to u c h e as s h o w n w i t h

t h e ki n g s t i tl e s Sh e w as t h e fir s t qu e e n e e r ac c o rd e d thi s m ark
’
. v

o f s upr e m ac y an d s h e i s al w ay s d e s c rib e d as a ki ng s d augh t e r

“ ’
.
,

Sh e s e e m s to h av e b e e n r e g rd e d as p ar t o f th e m o n ar h s h e h ad
a c

wed T h e fam e o f T Y I h ad e x te n d e d b e y o n d E gyp t as i

. n th e d e e p ,

e x c a v ati o n s by S c hli e m a nn at M Y C E NA E o n e o f h e r s c ar ab s w as
.

fo u n d thu s pr o vi ng i
,
n a m e as ur e ,
t h e d at e o f th e o b j e c ts fo u n d
,

b s id e i
e t A fi n e p o r tr ai t o f T Y I i
. s pr e s e rv e d i n th e C air o M u s e u m ,

o f w hi c h I giv e an e n gr avi ng .

THE “
MA RR I A G E S C A R A B A N D T H E L I O N HU N T S C A R A B“

O F A M E N H O T E P II I .

O n th e x t p g full s i e e ngravi ng s a e give n o f t w o o f th e

ne a es -
z r

fi n e s t o f th e s e c e l e b r ate d s c ar ab s w hi c h o nly c m e i nto m y p o s s e s

,
a

sion i n 9 M1 r L l
0 1.e w e lly n G ri
. ffi t h h as s uppli e d t h e t r a n s l at i o n s 3
t h e hi e r o glyph s d iffe r s o m e w h at fr o m o th e r s p e c i m e n s b u t th e
“

m e an i ng i s th e s am e .
64 T HE S ACR E D B E ET LE .

T HE
“
M ARR I AGE S CARA B OF A ME N H O T E P III

AN D QU EE N TYL

5 14 . Th e illu strati o n o f th e s p e uli r s c r ab s o f A ME N

s e c a a

HO T E P I I I b e i ng to o l arg e fo i n tr o du c ti o n i nto P l te V h av e
,
r a ,

b e e n i n se r te d in th e t x t o as t o b e b e id e th e tr an sli te r ate d
e ,
s s

i nsc rip ti o n s an d th e ir tr ans l ati o n b y m y fri e n d M F L l G riffi th

,
s, r
. . . .
 THE MA R R I AG E S CARAB . 65

T R A N S L IT ER A TI O N A N D T RA N S L ATI O N O F T HE
M A RR I A G E S C A R AB
“ ”
O F A M E N H O T E P II I AN D
QU EE N T YI .

L i ne 1 .
F
i
g; s l—J l
s_ 8

h H K3 m m gt
°

ht h
‘ ‘
u r n

Li
ves tne Ho r ns ,
t/z e s tro ng ba ll, re sp le n d e n t i
n Trn tn,

ES

t gw y
t/z e d oa ble r u le r, ii
es ta bl s b ng la w s , t/z e tw o la n d s .

Hr u h ‘

z bpé
Tb e g old e n Hor ns , g re a t o f va lou r ,

C3

b yty m gt R §
‘

; I m n h tp h q
’

nb R
‘
s tn s w st

[ Ki
ng of Uppe r a n d

!
A m e n /z e tep
ne n b etep
i [ I] f tlz e Sa n ,
L OW EM ,
A ,
son o
W e,
9 m m

[l
dy h hm t
‘

n stn w rt

g i
vin
g fe
li . Tb e ro
y a l w i
fe , t/z e g re a t on e,

m n tf s rn n mw t s

me na me f
o lz e r f a tb er tne n a me f
o b e r m olner

nt s tu bt
n

ze i
Si i
fe m tg /it) » ki
s t/z e w f
o tlz e n
g .

C E S ]
t ZS f r K3 r iy
ff i
s bou n d a r
y tb e Sozn b ern ( / )
’
R
’
one rea e z es to ar
y,

m hty r Nh ; r
y ny

tb e N o r/ b e rn o ne to M eso p o ta m a . i
66 T HE S ACR E D B E ET L E .

L I O N H U NT S C A RA B OF A ME N H O T E P I I I .

5 15 Thi s i p e rh p s th e l rg e s t L i o n H u n t s arab kn o w n
. s a a
“
c .

It b o ldly c t sl g h tly abrad e d at th e u pp e r ig /it and l o w e r lft

0

15 u l r
, e

c o rn e rs It i
. s o f s te ti t an d w e ll pr e s e rv e d b u t h as l o st n e arly all
a e,
,

Its o r ig in l gr e e n o l o uri ng
a c .
 THE L KD J I HHWF SC A R A R 67

T R A N S L IT ER A TI O N A N D T R A N S LATI O N O F T H E
L I O N H U NT S C A R A B O F A ME N H O T E P I I I
“ ”
.

—
i ne Fi3
L I .

g 7 3 3 L J 8
i

h b b
‘

n c
n t

Li
ves tb e Horn s ,
t/z e s tr o ng ba ll, re s
p le nd e n t

D P
h pw g h r

es ta blzs/z nig la w s , p at i i
fy g
n

H r D b
(

g bpé
Tb e g old e n Ho rn s , g re a t o f valo n r , sm i
ling

b yty Nb m§ t R
°

; I m m h tp h q s
‘

R
‘
s tn S t
Ki
n g of U
pp e r a nd A m e n /z e te1
L ow e r E g ypt .
A m en /z e tep [ I ] ,
s on o f t/z e Sa n , w h o] 7 716 6 5 , 2

dy h h mt ht
‘

n s tn u rt r

g i
vin
g l fei . l e roy a l w i e , f t/ze g re a t o n e Tlzy . T/z e n u m be r

I I I
6
fl T
Q ;

m Zw
D

y t
s r f
f li
o on s ta b en i
n is b u n ti
ti ng

V
T
I
S

nn i
beg i ng

S
i
l lé I
T
68 T HE S ACR E D B E E T LE .

L I O N H UN T S C A RA B S .
— N OS .
35 6 AN D 357 .

Th e re a e t w o o th e r p e i m e n s o f th e L i o n H u n t s c ar ab i
r s c
“
n
”

m y c o ll e c ti o n . Th e y e m u c h m u til te d o n th e fac e s b u t r e tai n

ar a , ,

s tr ang e ly m o r e o f t h e ir o rigi n l gr e e n c o l o uri n g t h an t h e l arg e an d

,
a

m o r e p e rfe c t s p e i m e n ( N o
c .

Th e se w e re o rigi nally O f s m all e r s i e an d t h e c h rac te r s p e rh ap s

z ,
a

ar e r th e r m o r e c ar e full y e ng
a ve d th an m o s t s p e c i m e n s S tr an g e
ra .

to say a ls o t h e hi e r o glyph sv ary in s o m e i n s t n c e s t h o u a

g h t h e ,

m e n i n g th e
a y c o nv e y i s o f th e s am e i m p o r t A s thi s i
. s r a th e r an

i n te r e s ti ng fe ture e ngravi ng s a e giv e n o f th e m b o th and th e

a ,
r ,

i n sc rip ti o n s s e t fo r th as fa s t h e y e xi s t i
,
r a n c l e r typ e
,
B e tw e e n
a .

th e s e tw o fr ag m e n tary i n s c rip ti o n s th e w h o l e s to ry c an b e m ad e o u t

fo w h at i
r s m i s s i n g o n o n e e xi s t s o n i
,
t s c o m p an i o n Th e s e s p e c i
.

m e n s w e r e fo u nd i n d iffe r e n t p ar t s o f E gyp t .
 T HE L I O N H U N T SCARAB . 69

LION HUNT SCARABS .

FR AG M E N T A R Y I N S C R I P T I ON S .

YH Skfi-Ez ‘

[ ]
‘
x
—
/

mp E
T 1 Q
V

E
o

3 56 ,
L in e 1 .

v.
g ,
3
7 g

[ ]
fl 8
F4

357 ,
L ine 1 [ 35 A]
1
2 .

i i
/‘

M
fi
r

4
.

1 an d 5 5 are r b s o f A m e nh o te p I II e ac h w i th a l arg e figu re o f

sc a a ,

M aat th e g o dd e s s o f tru th w i th O an d U fo r m i ng Am e n
, ,

h o te p s u s u al c ar to u c h e ( Th are s h o w n o n P l ate V
)
’
e s e . .
 TH EB ES
TH E CO L O SS I OF A MEN H O TE P I I I D U RI N G TH E I N UN D A I ION
’ ‘

P L AT E V .

S CARABS OF T HE N EW K I N G D OM .

R OYAL S C A R A B S ,
E TC .

A me n h o te p III r e ig ne d s ix ty fi ve ye ars buildi ng m n y te m pl e s

-

,
a

an d l e avi ng a gr e at n am e B ut h i
. s s o n Am e n h o te p IV s e e m s t o
, ,

h ave d o n e h is b e st to s ubv e r t th e o ld r e ligi o n o f th e S tate T h e .

s n w o r s hip t h e d o r ati o n o f th e s u n s di sc as th e r e pr e se n tat iv e o f

’
u ,
a

th e o n e G o d w hi h h ad b e e n i n tr o d u e d by T vl h ad b e e n publi c ly
,
c c ,

ad o p te d by h e an d h avi n g th e gr e at qu e e n s au t h o ri t y thi s
’
r so n , ,

v ari ti o n fr o m th e pri e ts ul t b e am e v e ry g e n e ral e v e n i

a s
’
c c n th e

r e ig n o f A m e nh o t p I I I
e .
Pl at e V .
] SCARABS O F T HE N EW K I N G D OM .
7 I

A ME N H O T E P IV ( 3 8 3 3 6 5 T hi y o u n g m an n e ve r 1 — 1
s

s eem t h v appr v e d f th p ly
s o a e o o e o

th i m w hi h th
e s E gyp ti an pri e t
c e s s

h d gr du lly i n tr du d an d d e ir d
a a a o ce ,
s e

t ret rn t
o u th i m pl r b li f f th
o e s e e e o e

a n i ntc e m pir B t h m t w i th
e e . u e e so

m u h o pp o i ti n fr m t h pri t
c s o f o e es s o

T h b s t h t h buil t a n w p it l
e e ,
a e e ca a

at m di tan
so e d w n th riv r n d
s ce o e e ,
a

c h ng d h i n am t A K H E N A T E N
a e s e o .

Th n w e i ty w al s o n m e d fr m
e c as a o

th e n w A t n w r hip
e S r b ap
e o s . ca a s

p a ern tly a e d t b
ce m d s u n d r o A K H E Ne A TE N a e e
(A EN H TE " M O P IV
th ene w ul t w h v n o ne t
c ,
so e
t/
a e o
(F L ) ro nt ze ou v re
h w av n e ( N
.

s o ,
s e o wh h wa o . lc s

f u nd at T E L E L A M A R NA th i te f th e R e fo r m r i ty n d
o L ,
e s o e
’
s c ,
a

w hi h se e m
c t fe r to th A te n w r hip i
s o re n o m e w ay e o s s .

24 4 H and r a hi n g d w n fr m th e n as r pr nte d in A te n
. s e c o o s u ,
e e se

w r hip b t t h o s o th e r y m b l a m y s te ri o u It m y
, u e s o s re s . a

r e fe r to th e nam e o f th r e fo r m e r ty a O wa p ar t e
’
s cl ,
s s

f A kh e n ate n n m
’
o s a e .

B t th ugh u ar ab o w nt t o f f hi n th
sc r g al fo rm li ti
s e ou as o , e e a es

w e re u e d m u h s e v r an d p tte ry ri n g w e e m d e w i th r y al
s as c a e ,
o s r a o

th t i tl s n th e m A fte A kh n ate n d ath th e pri t o f

’
and o er e o . r e s e es s

A m n am e b a k an d h o w e d
e c vi n di tiv Spiri t i
c n d e t r o yi n g th
s a c e s e

c i ty f th e r fo r m r n d r a i ng h i n m w h r e v r p ibl
o e e a e Th s s a e e e o ss e . e

f w e e al s nd i ng s w i th h i n m a n rly al w y s f u n d i
s a r n s a e re ea a o a

br o k e n s t t D r P e tri th r o ughl y i n v tig ate d th i te o f th

a e . . e o es e s e

c i ty an d publi h d
,
m t i nt r e s ti n g v lu m e o n i
s e a t und r i os t e o ,
e s

m d rn n m f T E LL L AMAR N A l li y i y
o e a e o ( T h e a t f t h E t . oc o e c

wa sfir t di v r d by L p iu fifty y r g ) I r e ntly vi i te d

s sc o e e e s s ea s a o. ce s

t h e pl a w thc e, w n dr u sa p i n t d fl o r o f th p al
e o an d o s a e o e ac e ,

th e d e e r ate d pul hr e w hi h o n n t i n d th p o o r ki ng ’
s c se c c ce co a e e s

m umm y d h i ar ph gu s n w d tr y d
an s s Thi ki ng w
co a ,
o es o e . s as

al so a r f rm r i n e o t f th e d e
e r ti n o f h i p l a w rar ,
or co a o s s a ce e e

al m t J p an
os qu e n d f b e u tiful n tural d ig n t tally diff r e n t
a es ,
a o a a es s, o e

fr m nv n ti l E gyp ti n tyl
o co e o na P rt f th w r f und a s e . a o e se e e o

by P tri e an d th fl r i n w pr te te d fro m i nj ury a h u

e , e oo s o o c , o se

b e i ng b uil t v e r i t an d k e p t u n d r
o r e ful gu ardi n hip T h e ca a s . e
7 2 T HE S ACR E D B E ET L E .
[ P l ate

FRO M TH E PAI NTE D F L OOR OF TH E P A L AC E OF A K H E NATE N .

s c e ne kh e nate n and h i
of A s fa m ily w o r s hippi ng t h e s u n is fr o m ,

o ne o f th e to m b s w h e re s om e of hi ,
s r e l ative s w e r e buri e d .

Th e s e an d i nsc rip ti o n s c arve d o n t h e r o c ky w all s al o ne r e m ai n

, ,

t o t e ll th e c i ty s t l e b t I pi c k e d u p fr o m th e w o m e n an d
’
a ,
u

c h ildr e n o f t h e w r e tc h e d vill ag e ne r m an y b e u t i
'

fu l f ag m e n ts a ,
a r

of o l o ur e d p o tte ry o r n am e n ts
c an d s o m e bi t s o f s c u lp t ur e At
,
.

hi s to m b I fo u n d m o r s e l s o f h i s gr an i te c o ffi n an d o f h i s al ab as te r ,

m o n u m e nt T h e s e pul hr e w as i
. n a l o n e ly g o rg e aw ay fa
c fr o m r

th e c i ty i te am o n g th e w ild e s t d e s e r t s c e ne ry T h e i tu ati o n
’
s s ,
. s

o f th e to w n h o w e v e r h ad b e e n w e ll c h o s e n a w id e pl ai n e nc ir c l e d
, , ,

by th e Ni le w i th fe r til e b an k s an d c ap abl e o f b e i n g irrig ate d e as ily

, , .

I t w o uld hav e b e e n a m u h h e al thi e r pl c e fo a gr e at c i ty th an c a r

Th e b e s .

3 4 0 AK HE N A T E N R i n g o f purpl e gl a e d p o tte ry
, , , z

N e fe r K h e p e ru R a, 11 51 en R a, “
M os t

f
be a u ti u l f
o fi re fo rms o f R a , t/z e un iu
q e on e of R a .

AK HE N AT E N G r e n gl d p tte ry s i m il r t . e az e o , a o No .
3 4 0

t l g nd
as o e e .

AK HE N A T E N B lu gl a d p o tte y i m ilar t . e ze r ,
s o No .
3 4 0

a t l g nd
s o e e .

A K HE N AT E N P rt f h i nd r to u h e . a o s se c o ca c , th e w ho le
j G)
0
b i ng
i
ti
e k

s n a me of S/z u
z : C :

h en i
l o
~ w w x

Q
[ n

,
w s A te n .

S an d s to ne S c ulp t ur e b v i n sc rip ti o n also ih

( ) w t th e a o e .

Blu e p o tte ry am ul e t frag m e n t w i th th e sam e w o rdi ng .

s P late V .
] S C ARABS O F T HE N EW K I N G D OM .
73

484 . B lu e p o tte ry am ul e t fr ag m e n t
, of hi
s ot he r ca r to u c h e
f: M “ bi
s n a me f
o c om i
ng as A te n
8
o .

AKHE NA T E N h d n o s o n b t at l e as t t w o o f h i as d ugh te rs liv e d u a

to si t o n th e t hr o n e o f E gyp t as r o y al qu e e n s afte r t h e w o rs hip o f ,

A M E N h ad b e e n e e tabli s h e d r -
s .

24 9 . O ne of th e s e w as SE M E N H
K K A R A 6
( 3 5 1 35 3
1 —

2 95 . o f w h o m I p o s s e s s tw o b e il s o f blu e gl a e d p o tte ry ri n g s z z .

A N K H K HE P E R U R A T hi s ki n g m arri e d .

M E R T A T E N th e e ld e s t d augh te r
'

,
I s aw h e r to m b i n a .

s e c o n d ary c h am b e r o f h e r fath e r s r o c k h e w n s e pul c hr e

’
-

d e sc ri b e d ab o v e .

25 0 . T UT AN K H °

ME N ( 3 5 3 3 4 4 B C ) r e ig n e d by igh t o f
°

A 1 — 1 . . r

e s p o u s i n g an o th e r d augh t e r o f A K H E NA T E N He r e tur n e d .

to th e w o r s hip o f Am e n nd h i s w ife s n m e w as al te r e d t o
’
, a a

s ui t th e o ld f i th s n o m e n c l atur e Thi ri n g b e il w as fo u n d
a
’
. s z

at T E L E L A M A R NA b t r e c e n tly t T H EB ES I b tai n e d
,
u ,
a ,
o

a lo v e ly c yli n d e r e l o f t hi s l ady -
s a

A N K H s E N A M E N w hi h is qui te p e rfe c t an d h s its an c i e n t

° ‘ ‘

,
c ,
a

blu e gl e i nt c t Th e d e c o rati o n i
az a s m ad e up o f
.
Q an d
o r n m e n t s ( P l ate XVI )
a .

371 . H O REM HE B ( 3 3 — 3 8 B C ) al s o o w e d h i 1 s a c c e s s i o n to
2 1 2 . .

t h e t hr o n e thr o ugh h i s w ife s o m e m e m b e r o f A kh e n ate n s

’
,

fam ily C o n s id e ri n g h i
. s app ar e n tly h o r t r e ig n m ny w o rk s s , a

e xi s t b e ari n g h i
s n am e an d I e xhibi t e v e r al s c r b s an d ,
s a a

o th e r s m ll thi n g f hisa s o .

No 37 . 1 i
s a fi ne p as te b e ad i n l aid w i th gr e e n
Z e se r
°

K h e s e ru °

R a, s a ered a re tb e f o r ms f
o R a, Se te p en R a,

eb os e n o f R a, w t ih
? a b o ve all .

3 7 0 G re e n
,
gl a e d p o tte ry ri n g
z , m
y
M er e n A m e n H O R E MH E B ,
beloved o f A men .

444 . B e il z of blu e p o tte ry ri ng ,

s am e w o rdi n g as 3 7 0 .

25 4 . B e il z of t urqu o i se b lu e ri ng -
,
M e r Am e n H o re m h e b .
 T HE SACRE D B E E T LE . [ P l at e v .

74

H OR EM H E B

24 5 .
S c ar ab fr o m T e ll el Am a rna , i h dg
w t e e to i m i tate a g ld o

se tt i n g
,
p o tte ry ,
d a rk blu e , Q tflf fi c z z ll It b e ar s a
r ath e r c uri o u s i n s c rip t i o n .

A K H E NA TE N HI S W lF E A N D s 1x D A U G H TE R S
, , ,

A D ORI N G T HE SU N S D I S C ’
.
 N E W KI N G D O M

A M E N OT E P Il l

AM EN HO T E P IV
( A k h e n at e n

3 4 6
2 5 0

Ro y a l S c a ra bs &c .
N E W KI N G D O M

Ro y a l S c a ra b s &c
 H OR EM H E B T H RO N CARRI E D
E ROYA L G U AR D S .

P L AT E V I .

S CARABS OF THE N EW KI NGDOM .

R OYAL S C A R A B S ,
E TC .

Th e gr e at X V IIIT H D Y NA ST Y h ad c o m e to an i ngl o ri o u s e n d .

T h e w e ll m e an t r e fo r m s o f A M E N H O T E P IV h ad pr o du c e d h ar m
-

i nste ad o f th e i n te n d e d b e ne fi t h e b e c am e a r e ligi o u s fanati c an d

, ,

s e e m s t o h av e h ad o n ly d o m e s t i c t a s te s d e v o ti n g h i m s e lf to h i
,
s

w ife an d c hildr e n So h e n e gl e c te d t h e fi m rul e o f th e St ate

. r .

W h e n h e di e d th e pri e s ts o f th e o ld fai th c am e b ac k to p o w e r
, ,

an d A K H E N A T E N S rac e h ad b e c o m e w o r n o u t Th e r e w as a c e ntury
’
.

o f w e ak rul e r s ,
an d E gyp t w as r apidly l o s i n g h e r pl ac e am o n g
n at i o n s till t e R a e s id e s a a ily o f p o w e rful g e e r a s
h m s f m— n l — c am e t o

th e fr o n t an d o n e o f t h e m R A M E S E S I ( b o u t 3 5
, ,
a I 0 m ad e
hi m s e lf ki n g o f th e c o u ntry Hi s s c ar ab s are r ar e ly s e e n
. p e rh ap s
,

h e h ad n o t i m e am i d h i s c o n qu e s ts to thi n k o f s u c h t hi n g s Hi s.

gr e at e r s o n Se ty h o w e v e r l e ft a m ark i
, , , n E gyp t s an nal s
’

75
7 6 T HE S ACRE D B E E T LE .
[ P l ate V I .

SET Y I( — 12 diff e r e n t s o r t o f rul e r

a I n his y o u th
13 75
2 7 .

s c o u n try s b tt l e s an d r e c o rd e d t h e m o n h i
h e fo ugh t h i s t e m pl e w all s
’
a
-

at K ar n ak w h e r e t h e y s till r e m ai n
,
A m o n g o th e r thi ng s h e m ad e
.
, ,

SE T Y OFF E RI N G TO TH E GO DD E SS OF TR UTH .

( Te mp le of A by d os )
.

or pr o b ably r e s to r e d th e c an al to th e R e d Se a o f w hi c h h e th e r e
, ,

s h o w s an i n te r e s ti n g s c ulp tur e d pi c tur e On c e h e fe l t h i

. s c o u n t ry

s afe ,
h e s e e m s t o h av e se ttl e d d o w n t o w o rk s o f u tili ty an d t as te .

He r e s to r e d th e r u i n e d s hri n e s all o v e r th e l an d an d r ai e d b e au tiful

,
s

t e m pl e s m an y o f w hi c h
,

s till r e m ai n A t A byd o s .

e sp e c i ally hi s fi ne s t
w o rk s a e se e n Th e r e
r .

h e c arv e d th e c e le br at e d
T abl e t o f A nc e s to r s ,

w hi c h gi ve s s th e b e s t u

li s t o f th e ki ng s fr o m
M e n a to h i s o wn

r e ig n w h e r e th e y o u n g
R am e s e s I I is se e n

b e i n g i n s tru c te d b y h i s

fath e r in e m ul ati o n o f
t h e gl o ri e s o f a gr e at

an c e s t ry an d advi s e d
,

t o ac t as b e c o m e s th e
H M U MM Y
e p e s e n tatie o f suc h
T E O F SE T Y 1
r v
—1 2
( 3 7 1 275
li n e o f ki ng s Se ty
a .
Pl ate VI ]
. S C ARABS O F T HE N EW K I N G D O M .
77

b e g an m o r e re c o n s tru c ti o n t h an h e liv e d to c ar ry o u t and h i s ,

t e m pl e s w e r e fi n i s h e d by h i s so n R am e s e s I I b t i n an i n fe ri o r
, , u

s tyl e ,th e diffe r e n c e i s app ar e n t Se ty h ad p re p ar e d a m ag n ifi c e n t

.

t o m b fo r hi m s e lf w hi c h i s t h e fi n e s t o f t h e T o m b s o f t h e K i ng s a t
,

T he b e s but h i
,
s r e m ai n s a e n o t n o w t h e r e i n r Hi s r e m a i ns a e i n . r

th e C air o M u s e u m , i t i s th e o n ly r o y al m u m m y t h at i s pl e as i n
g
t o l o o k up o n ; th e fi n e fe at ur e s o f t h e g o o d m an s e e m i n re p o se ,

an d w i th h i s ar m s c r o ss e d p e ac e fully o n h i s br e as t h e l o o k s as i f ,

qui e tly as l e e p Hi s s up e rb c o ffi n i
. s to b e s e e n i n L o nd o n i n th e

So an e M u s e u m an d i s th e fi n e s t o f i
,
ts c las s It is c arv e d o u t o f .

o n e bl o c k o f tr an s p a r e n t al ab as te r an d ri c hly s c ulp tur e d w i thi n

,

an d w i th o u t A t A byd o s th e p o r tr ai t o f Se ty i
. s s e e n o ffe ri n g a

m o d e l o f th e g o dd e s o f T ru th t o th e d e i s ty Tru th i n fac t w as h i s .

w atc h w o rd an d t h e figur e o f M aat i

,
s s e e n c o n s tan tly in hi s s c ar a b s ,

an d w as a c tu ally m ad e a p ar t o f h i s ruli n g n a m e .

I t s e e m s a pi ty th at thi s g o o d m an s c o ffi n s h o uld n o t b e r e s to r e d
’

to h i s s pl e n did t o m b at T h e b e s an d hi s fi n e m u m m y pl ac e d
,

r e v e r e n tly in i ts b e a u ti ful al ab as t e r s ar c o ph agu s o n c e m o r e Now .

th at E gyp t i s u n d e r B ri t i s h c o n tr o l t hi s c o uld s afe ly b e d o n e

, .

2 5 1 SET Y. I X IX T H DY N A ST Y ( 3 7 — 7 5
, Hi s sc ar ab s are
1 2 12

n o t pl e n t ifu l s w e ll c u t an d b e ar s h i
T hi s o n e i . s c ar t o u c h e ,

w tih r
o n am e n ta l sc o r ll w o rk un de r ,
w hi c h
m ay h av e s o m e hidd e n m e ani n g R a m e n . m aat, Tr u tb
up b old s R S t e at
a i t
. e
”
s c ar ab c o l o ur g o ne , .

25 2 .
SE TY I Ra men °
m aat M e r P tah ,

B e loved f
o F ta b ,
” “
Ra fi r m i
n Tr u tb , th e tw o t t e s o f il
Se ty .

I D ou ble ul e t
( F
l
“
436 ,
SE T Y . Ren am 6) 152 1 5 m e n m aat

g P tah “
R a, an d E I M M M Se ty m e r n ,
Se ly ,
Q

be loved f
o F tab . L il ac p aste i nl aid gr e e n
, .
7 8 T HE SA C RE D B E ET L E . [ P l a te VI .

G RA N I TE CO L O SSUS OF RA ME S E S TH E G R E A T , M EM H I SP .

R A ME S E S I I ( th e G r e t) w s v e ry diffe r e n t m n fr o m h i a a a a s

f th e r th e g e n tl e ul tiv te d Se ty R am e e s l o did m u h b uildi n g

a ,
c a . s a s c ,

b t i t iof g u t o te n tati o u s typ e v e ry diffe r n t fr o m Se ty s fi ne ’

u s a a n s ,
e

r hi te tur e E n o r m o u s s tatu e o f hi m se lf n d v i n gl o ri o u r e c o rd s
a c c . s a a -
s

o f h i gr e t vi to ri s
s a m t pr e d o m i n n t
c e He e v e n d sp o il e d th e
are os a . e

an i e nt r o y l to m b
c o f E gyp t o f t h e ir t r e as ur e s t o p y fo
a s his w ar s a r .

I n pr o v o ki g r pri s l by h i w r i
n en A i M i n o r n d th e r l n d h e
a s s a s s a a o a s

l id th e fo u n d ti o n fo th at j e al o u sy o f fo r e ig n n ti o n w hi c h as
a a r a s, w

ul ti m te ly th rui o f h i o u ntry
a e n s c .

Th e A ME S E S II th G r e t ( 7 5 — 8
sc a ar bs of R ,
e a 12 1 20 are

t v ry I n f t th e li ttl pr f f hi to ry w r e “ ”
no mm n e co o . ac ,
se e oo s o s e

g tti g t f f hi n P pl w r g r w i ng l r li g i u p rh p
e n ou o as o . eo e e e o e ss e o s, e a s,

th ugh th
o b t tatu e w p e f R m
es s II r pr e n t h i
m i n e o s se s s o a e ses e es s

a m t d v u t tti tu d p r
os e n ti ng
o t bla f ff ri g t th g d
e, e se a a e o o e n s o e o s

of th gr t t m pl
e f A B Y D OS
ea I n t d f thi h w a d tr y r
e e o . s ea o s, e as es o e

o f th i nt hri e w hi h h
an c e pill g d r ti ng i n t d v i n
s ne s, c e a e ,
c ea s ea a

m m ri le f hi m lf
o E gyp t m n v r t h v r v r d fr m
a s o se . se e s e e o a e eco e e o

h ir p i u
s x tr v g n
a ac o D M rg n i
s e n h i xpl r t i n
a a a f th ce . e o a ,
s e o a o o e

r y l t m b f th X II H D Y NA ST Y t D h h ur f u n d i n dubi t bl
o a o s o e T a a s , o a e

evid n th t th y h d b e y t m ti lly r bb d o f th ir tr e a ur
e ce a e a e n s s e a ca o e e s es

by th m i ri f R m e II
e e s sa es o a se s .
Pl a te VI ]
. S CARABS OF T HE N EW K I N G D OM .
79

27 2 . B lu e p o tte ry ri n g . S uppli e s us w t ih th e fir s t c arto uc he of

RA M E S E S I I Ra °

u se r
'
M aat °
s e te p

en Ra . P o w erfu l i
s tb e tru tb of R a . Cb ose n o f Ra .

CO L O SS A L S T A T U E S OF RA ME S E S I I A B U S I M B E L NU B IA
, , .

2 7 1, an o t h e r b lu e p o tte ry ri n g giv e s , us hi
s se c on d ca r to u c h e
R a meses , beloved f
o A me n .

se e ms m e an t fo r R am e s e s II , b u t th e i n s c rip ti o n i
s b lu n d e r e d .

F ir st c ar to u c h e o f R am e s e s as N o 7 ab o v e C y n o c e ph alu s
,
. 2 2 .

o f Th o t h o n an al tar b e tw e e n t h e ki n g an d g o dd e s s MAA T
,

w i th e x te n d e d w i n g s E : v , u n d e r n e ath F i n e s c ar ab . .

R A ME S E S I I R e n am ul e t , ,
w t ih t h e tw o c a t o r uc he s of

R m e s e s diffe ri n g o n e
a h id e ac s ,
as o n h
t o se ab o v e .

S c ar ab ,
w t i h s e c o n d c arto u c h e R AM E S E S I I Ab o v e w i ng e d
,
.
,

di s c . S upp o r te r s — U r ae u s w i t h H ath o r an d I s i s h e ad dr e s s -
,

an d
80 T HE SACR E D B E E T L E . [ Pl ate VI .

25 8 ,
N E FE R T
‘
ife o f R am e se s I I
A R Y, w ,

Thi s w as a r o y l pri n c e s s b e fo re h e u n i o n w i th R am e s e s
a ,
r ,

an d s o m e h av e t h o ugh t t h at Sh e w as t h e P h ar o h s “
a
’

d augh te r w h o fo u n d M o s e s an d ad o p ti ng h im fo r h e s o n ,
r ,

se n t h im t o t h e U n iv e r i ty o f H e li o p o li s t o l e ar n s all t h e
“
.

w i s d o m o f th e E gyp ti an s .

25 5 . P A S ER Vi i r ,
z e ofRA M E S E S II On o n e id e r o y al c ar to u c h e
. s

of R am e s e s . O n th o th r id e i
e n tw o o lu m n e o f w ri t i n g
s ,
c s ,

“
Q an d Tb e

E rp a , tb c Ha ,
belo ved o f vi
tb c d i n e fa tb e r , tb e g o ve r n o r o f tb e

ci
ty , tb e Wa z i
r P ase r . Se e P roce ed i
ng s Bi
bl . A rcb .
,

M r N ew be rry
. XXII p 6 3 ’
s N ote, V o l .
,
. .

M r N e w b e rry te ll s o f s e v e r al ste l e s and s tatu e s o f thi s fam o u s

.

M i n i ste r O n e s tatu e is in th e B ri ti s h M u se u m an d i
. n th e L o uvr e ,

th e r e i s a s m all pl aqu e v e ry m u c h r e se m bli n g N o 55 a b o v e H is . 2 .

to m b i s n e ar Th e b e s I t w as t hi s o ffi c i al w h o w as e m pl o y e d to
.

r e p o r t o n th e s tate o f th e r o yal to m b s T h e d o c u m e nt h as c o m e .

d o w n to s F ro m thi s it s e e m s th at r o bb e r s h ad sp o li ate d th e
u .

to m b s o f th e ki ng s t hr e e th o u s an d y e ar s ag o an d m e as ur e s w e r e ,

t ak e n t o gu ard th e m fr o m pill g e a .

4 29 . The se a l of a r o yal s c rib e gr e e n p o tte ry ( P) p ar t

, ,
m i s s i ng .

Tran s l ati o n o f i nsc rip ti o n

“
B eloved of Tb otb : ,
lord of
Hermop oli
s ,
t ru e s cr i
be .
”

p s s ibly o f ti m e o f A M E N H O T E P I cf N o 3 P l ate I ) H ath o r

4 22 ( o , . 2, .

h e ad i n r e li e f O n b ac k t w o c r o w n s o f
. Low e r E gyp t ,
w tih
life b e tw e e n ,
.

Th e sea l of th e te mB ur n t l y i mpr e s s i o n
pl e of K ar n ak . c a

of a l Thi s h ad b e e n u s e d to s e l
se a . d o o r th e a a ,

m ark o f th e ws d o f w hi c h e xi t o n th e b k D uri ng
oo s ac .

a o nfl g
c tio th e cl y
a ra i m pr i o n O f th e ig n e t h s
n a e ss S a

b e e n nve r te d i nto t rr c o tta

co It i i n th e fo r m “
e a-
.
”
s

of rto u h e w i th plu m e s f r t T h i m pr e s i o n b e l o w
a ca c , or c es . e s

ll
lS qu ite l e r 0 c a
a Am n R e a,

lord o f tb e tb ron es f
o tb c tw o la nd s , i i Ap
w tb n as u t

( K a rn a l
a
) .
Pl ate VI ] . S CARABS OF TH E N EW K I N G D OM . 81

S M A LL E R ROC K TEM P L E OF RA ME S E S I I . AB U S I M BEL .

RA M E S E S II r e ig ne d p o w e rfully fo n e arly s e v e n ty ye ar s b t r ,
u

di sas tr o u s ly fo E gyp t Hi r s c o n qu e t. o s t th e c o u ntry d e r an d

s s c a ,

i t n e v e r ag ai n r o se to p ro m i n e n t o p e rm an e n t pr o s p e ri ty He
r .

l e ft gig n ti c m o nu m e nts o f h i vi to ri e s fr o m Ab Si m b e l i
a s c n
,
u

Nu b i to B e y o t in S yri a O f all h i
a, r u s m n y s o ns ( h e i
. s s id t o a a

h av e h ad 7) n o
1 1n e w e e fi t t o m ai n tr i n h i p o w e r a n d all h
a is s ,

su cce s s o r s w e re u nabl e t o rul e h i s va t d o m i n i o n s A ft e r R am e se s

s .

t h e G r e at E gyp t s gr e atn e ss b e g an t o w ane an d n e v e r ag ai n h e ld i

’
,
ts ,

pro m i n e n c e am o n g n ati o n s .

32 . SE T Y II ( 1 1 8 9 —1 1 8 4 B C
. .
) l e rk s o f h i
ave s a s Sh o r tfe w m a
r e ig n T hi s i
. s a p o r t i o n o f a n e n c au s t i c t il e
( blu e gr o u n d )

w hi c h I fo u n d i n th e rui n s o f K ar n ak Sh o w i n g t h at h e h ad ,

w o rk e d t h e r e in ad o r n i n g th e t e m pl e .

SE T Y II ,
a we ll c u t s c ar ab w i th h i
-
s thr o n e

i le
t t ,
“
Strong a re tb c F or ms of R a, an d
“
f
cb os e n o Ra .

Se ty I I w e ll c u t
, sc a a r bs m uc h th e

s am e d e vi c e .
82 T HE SACR E D B EE T L E . [ Pl a te VI .

343 ,
Se ty II G) 13 : s am e as a b o ve ,
w t ih th e
W W

addi ti o n ,
“
B e lo ved cy A m e n
’
.

2 6 1, 2 7 4 . D vie c es of th i s p e ri o d r e s e m bli ng th o s e
,
of Se ty II .

28 , 29 . B lu gl e d pl qu e f QU EE N
e az a s o ( 8 T A U SE R T 1 1 84 -
1 1 1

f u n d ti o n d p o s i t o f h t e m pl e t Th e b e di c o v e r d
o a e s er a s, s e

by D r P tri e B e i ng r y l pri n
. e .
of l t X V IIIT H
a o a c e ss a e

D Y N ST Y h thu g ve h e h b n d Si
A ,
S e s p at h righ t t o r e ig n
r
t
us a ,
a ,
.

T h e i c rip ti o n
ns n No 8 r d o fo ll o w B lv d f
. 2 ea s as s e o e o
”
A m e n, tb c d a ug b ter f
o R a , T A U SE R T, cb os e n o f M aat .

226 . Go ld pl at e fr o m th e m o u nti ng o f th e sc ar ab of a
“
r o y al so n

o f X V IIIT H D Y NA ST Y S set n R . a e ua .

T h e XXT H DY N A ST Y b e g an w i th R am e se s III ( 8 w ho 1 1 0

m ad e w ar s i n S yri an d w i t h th e s p o il s buil t t h e gr e at te m pl e o f
a,

M e di ne t H abu Wh e r e h i ,
s vi c t o ri e s e r e c o rd e d o n th e w all s i
n a ar

r e m rkabl e s e ri e s o f s c ulp tur e s His p al ac e ap ar tm e n ts are s till

a .

pre s e rv e d an d a e th e o n ly buildi ng s o f th e ki n d fo u n d i
,
r n E gyp t .

TH E P A L AC E ,
ME D I N ET H AB U .
 TH E TEM P L E OF ME D I N ET H AB U T H E B E S , .

P L AT E V II .

S CARABS OF T HE LAT E D Y N A S T I ES .

R O YAL S C A R A B S ,
ETC .

f
A te r t h e R am e s s id e p e ri o d s sc a a r b s b e c o m e s c ar c e ,
an d i
fo r a t m e
l
a m o s t, i
t w o uld se e m , w e nt o u t o f u se ( X I X T H X X—I ST D Y NA ST Y) .

25 6 ,
R A ME S E S V ( 1 1
37
— 1 1
33 B C
. .
)
R a m es e s m e r iA m e n , A m e n b e r K b ep s b f . S te ati te ,
l ur
co o

g o n e r o gh ly c u t
,
u .

13 1 . S I A M E N X X I ST DY NA ST Y
,
. uch i
Not m s k no w n of hi
m,
e x c e p t t h at D r P e t ri e fo u n d
. s buildi n g s at T an i s
hi .

83
84 T HE SACR E D BE ET L E .
[ Pl a te V II .

I n th e XXIIN D r e viv l s e DY NA ST Y
e m s t o h v e t ak e n pl ac e
a a a

u n d e r Sh ish an q w h o i s m e n ti o n e d i
,
n th e B ibl e an d O s o ko n ,
r

b
(a o 9 u t B C
10
) w h o buil
. t.
m u c h at B b a s t is u .

2 6 2 O SO R K O N I I ( ab o u t 9 0
.
1

Th e build e r o f th e gr e at
fe tiv l h ll t B b s ti
s a s a di s a u a

c o v e r e d by M r N avi lle ( E gyp t .

E xpl o r ti o n F u n d ) T h e s c ar ab
a .

is p l gr e e n p o tte ry w i th
a e ,

Ra °

u se r
°

m aat s e te p en Am e n .

83 ,
O SO R K O N II
( XX I I ND D Y N A ST Y ) Ra
'
u se r '

I u aat s e te p en Ra Am e n,
“
S t r o ng in th e t r u th of R a,
c h o s e n o f Am e n
”
()P .

A we ll cut sc a a r b fo r th e t ime .

C o l o ur g o ne .

16 2 . S c ar ab o f ab o u t thi s ti m e ,
we ll c u t

K?
‘
2

T
O
K h o nsw em s a,

s p rotecti
K b ons u i on .

2 P IA N K HY
. I . XX I VT H DY NA ST Y
( b a
o u t 8
7 0
O SO R K O N .

Ame n p a kh re d , an d ot he r F rom zWasp e ro s P ass i

ng
’

f
o

tb e E mp i
”
— S P C K
s ym b l o s .
re s . . . . .

Pi
ankh y E thi o pi n n d c o n qu e r e d E gyp t A gre t s te l e
w as an a ,
a . a

e c rdi n g h i vi to ri
r o w se re t d b c h im t G b l B
es rk l i nas c e a e e a a
y ,

Nubi givi ng n am e o f ll h i g e n e r l e t
a, s a s a s, c .

3 45 P IA N K HY II X X I VT H D Y N A ST Y ( 5 9 4 — 5 8 9
. .
B C . .
)

R a me n °

kh e p e r s e te p e n Am e n .
Pl a te v 11 .
] S CARABS OF THE LA T E DY N AS T I ES . 85

19 .
P IAN K HY I I . C rt u h
a o c e an d

”
be lo ved o f A me n .

27 9 . P I M A I P ri n c e o f B u s iri s m e n ti o ne d o n P i
, an kh y s s t e l e ,
’
.

T hi s i s a r e m ark abl e Sig n e t o f a gr e at pri n c e o r o ffi c i al an ,

hi s to ri c al p e r s o n ag e o f t hi s ti m e T h e r e i
s an o t h e r s c ar ab .

o f P i m ai i n U n iv e r s i t y C o ll e g e D 2
0
.
3 1

Tb e E rp a a nd nce, p ri
[ f a p ri es t
f
o

ri
Os i s , lo rd o f B us r s ii tb e ve ry g re a t, ma i
Pi .
”
A we ll ou t

sc a a r b ,
co o l ur gone .

SHA B A K A , X X VT H D Y NA ST Y (7 1 4— 7 02 T hi s ki ng c am e

fr o m E thi o pi a an d ,
hi
s n am e i
s

fo u n d o n th e te m pl e s of K ar n ak .

No . ry b e au tiful
2 05 i
s a ve

sc ar ab w hi c h s h o w s th e re w e r e s till
,

ar t i s ts i
n E gyp t I ts i n s c rip t i o n i
.s

Ra n e fe r ka . . It

h as i
ts o rigi n al sea -
gr e e n co o l ur .

367 _ i
s a p o tte ry b e ad w t ih
th e re no men o f SHA B A K A
p

M e r A m e n , N e fe r R a, K a SHA B A K A ,

F rom M a spe ro P as s i
’
s n cr
f tb e
B eloved f o A me” o

E mp i res .
-
5 P C. . R
be lo w ,
vi
li ng fo r e ve r .

368 . A no t h e r p o tte ry b e ad w i th ,
Sh abaka s
’
o th e r r to u c h e h i
ca s ,

n o me n ab o ve an d th e c ar to u c h e
“
, Sa R a ,
Son of tb e Su n,

m i! ; U t Sh a B a K a, an d u n d e r n e ath an kh z t,

Li
vi
”
ng fo r e ver .

T A H A R OA XX VT H D Y NA ST Y ( 6 9 — 6 6 4
,
0

54 i
s o n e o f th e g e m s o f m y c o ll e c ti o n an d i s u n iqu e I t h as all , .

th e p e rfe c ti o n o f fo r m an d e x e c u ti o n o f t h e b e s t p e ri o d ye t ,

is o n e o f th e l at e s t o f r o y al s c ar ab s I t c o n tai n s tw o r o y al .
86 T HE S AC R E D B EET L E .
[ Pl ate V II .

ca r to u h T ab arq a o f th e
c e s, ,

X XV T H n d th at O f P i ,
aankh y

o f th e X X I VT H D Y NA ST Y ,

w h o w as fath e r o fath e r ,
r

in l w o f T A H A R OA
-
a It i s .

c o nj e tur e d c th at T ab arq a
m y n o t h av e b e e n h i
a m
s e lf o f th e bl o d r y l an d o o a ,

h e th e r e fo r e pl ac e s h i
s w ife s
’

f m ily ti tl e b e s id e h i
a s ow n .

“
a Sa R a, so n o f tb e sun

P IA N K HI an d hi
s

ow n il
t t es s e te n b yt,

bi
ng o f Upp e r and L ow e r

E gre t,
“
M a spe ro s P ass ing of tb c
’
ro m

E mp i
” —
re s . S P CK
. .
HA R Q A .

g ot t hi s fi ne r b
s ca a M e di ne t H bu n w hi h te m ple
at a ,
o c

i
s a r e c o rd th at T A HA R Q A h d r e to r e d p r t a f i t T b rq as a o . a a

i m e ti o n e d i
s n th e
n B ibl e ( I I K i n g s ,

xix ) ,
t h e
10ally of H e e ki h
as z a

g i n t S e nn h e rib He i th e r e ll d
a a s ac . s ca e

Tirh k h th e E thi pi n n d th e r e i
a a o a ,
a s

no d ub t b t h i r e m e fr o m th e
o u s ac ca

u th n q u e r e d th e E gyp ti n s
so ,
co d m a ,
an e

br e d th ir r e ligi n d l gu g e His
ac e o an an a .

t m pl e rui n
e e xi t t G e b e l B rk l i
s n s ,
a a a

E thi pi o a.

28 7 an d 12 8 are u n c e r tai n s c ar ab s of t hi s
p e no d .

TA H AR OA Sb u di tto
-

f R a,
.

s on o ,
F 1 om M a spe ro s ’

P a ss i
n
g of t b e E mplie s . N O 9 8 , R a N e fe r,
. i
n c ar to u c h e
S P C K
-
. . . .

w n i g e d ur ae u s ab o v e .

O Sa R a, A m e n R a, son o f tb e su n A me n R a .
 S CARABS OF THE LA T E DY N AS T I ES . 87

B y a fo rtui to u s c irc u m s tan c e I am abl e to giv e an o th e r

,

i nte r e s ti ng r e li c o f t h e gr e at r E th i
o pi
an ki n g T A H A R OA w h o s e
,

u niqu e S ar b N o
c a ,
. 54 i
, s s h o w n o n P l at e VI I.

It i p o s ibl e th at th e m u til ate d h e ad o f T I R H A K A H

s j u st s hi
m
s e lf o n p 8 6 ) m ay h av e b e e n p ar t o f an o th e r s tatu e fr o m th e
( . s am e

pl ac e th e r o y al p air h avi ng b e e n s e ate d s id e by s id e

, .
 88 T HE S ACRE D B EET LE .

PO RTR A I T S T A T U E OF T A HA R Q A S Q U EE N .

Ju s t as thi s w o rk w as g o i ng to pr e s s I r e c e iv e d fr o m Si r C h arl e s
,

Ni h o ls o n fo r m e r P r e m i e r o f N e w S o u th Wal e s th e ac c o m p anyi ng
c , ,

ph o to graph s o f a u n iqu e s tatu e o f th e Qu e e n o f th e gr e at fE th io p i an

c o n qu e r o r m e n t i o n e d i n o Bi b le as T IR HA KA H On hi
ur s m o nu .

m e n ts th e nam e i s c l e arly

s p e l t T A HA R Q A .

S ir C h arl e s Ni c h o l so n
o b tai ne d thi s r e m ark abl e

p o rtr i t t Th e b e s b t
a a ,
u

i t pr o b ably w as br o ugh t

d o w n th e Nil e fr o m G e b e l
B ark l in Nubi a
a ,
.

S ir C harl e s h e ari n g ,

th at I p o s e s se d s a

u niqu e s ar b
. w i th
c a

T ah a q a s c ar to u h e
’
r c ,

s e n t t o S yd n e y fo th e s e r

ph o to graph s to b e s pe
c ially tak e n fo thi s r

w o rk .

T h e ar to u c h e o f th e
c

ki ng i s e n gr av e d o n th e

b a k o f th h e ad an d
c e
,

i s id e n t i c a l w i th th t o n a

th e S C A RA B N O 5 4 .
,

P l ate VII It is i n te r , H QU EE N H Q ( TI RHAK A H )

T E OF TA AR A .

e s t i n g to obt in a a ( Sid Vi f h S ) e ew o t e ta tu e
p o r
.

t r ai t o f thi s an c i e n t
qu e e n a Sh e w as p o s s ibly th e d augh te r o f
, s

Pi an kh
y w h
, o s e ar to u h e is b e s id e th at o f h e hu s b an d o n th e
c c r
s a a
c
r b . H e f tur e s a e n o t o f S o ud an e s e typ e an d as is c l e arly
e a r r
, ,
s h o w n by t h e vi e w i n pr o fil e a e m o r e th o s e
o f th e S e m i t i
, r rac e c .

P ibly i h th e o n qu e s t o f th e S o ud an fac ili ti e s m ay b e

o ss w t c
,

ff rd d
a o e fo vi i i ng th e e x te ns iv e rui n s o f G e b e l B arkal ( hi th e r to
s t r

m o s t diffi c ul t o f ac e s s
) n d m an y o th e r r e li c s o f thi s r o yal p air m ay
c
, a
 VA R I O U S P E R I O D S

Go o d Wis h e s . M o tto e s 8< c

LA T E DY N A S T IE S

Ro y a l Sc a ra b s 8<c .
 VA R I O U S P E R I O D S

G o o d Wis h e s . M o tto e s 84 0 .
Pl at e VII ]. S CARABS O F T HE LA T E DY N A S T I ES . 89

5 00 . Obv , . co u c h ant sphi nx ,

i
n fr o n t figur e o f g o dd e s s M aat, o ve r th e
t
G) A me n R a . R ev , Am e n R a v
. n e b, lord .

P o tte ry .

Di sc w i th ur ae i ab o ve . I n sc rip ti o n “
App ro ved by P ta b an d
tb e b i
”
M aa t, a n d by tbc g ood g od ( ng
) .

Fine sc a a r b gr e e n,
co o l ur . I n s c rip t i o n
g o

@ U A_ fl Ho w be a u ti i
I fu l s F tab bey ond

e ve ry cou n te n a nce i
n
g i
ving mn t .

sa A m e n N e fe r, be a u ti
fu l s o n f
o A me n .

363 . An qui s i te ly c u t fl at h e ad gr e e n c o l o ur 0 bv in eli

ex , ef . .
,
r

I s is s u c kli n g H o ru s b ac kgr o u n d a c lu m p o f p apyru s

, , .

R v i
e n t g li
.
, I n s c rip ti o n
a o .
“
Li b e tb e g d d s m b o n s es o es ur

H s f tb e m s b s
oru o
( Sa t
are p e ri
e o d an
. d
”
s h o w i n g e x
l c e l ,

l e n t w o rk fo s u c h a l te d ate i 6 B C )
r a ,
c r . 00 . .

P A L AC E O F T A HA R Q A , GE B E L BAR K A L .
 A B U S I M B E L T H RO N E O F RA ME S E S TH E GR E A T S O U T H E R N F IG U R E
:
, .

( Hi w if
s e or d gh t r t d b i d h im p i bly th p i n
au e s an s es e f S r b N
, oss 2 58 e r c e ss o ca a o.
S r bN
.

Th C r t
e h n th T h
a ou c e oi m e ro n e s sa e as ca a o.

P L AT E V II I .

S CARAB S OF V AR I OUS P ER IODS .

G OO D W I S HE S , M O TT O E S ,
E TC .

Th e r b s in th e s u c e e di n g pl te s ( VI I I to XV ) a e n o t
sc a a c a r

arr ang e d i n p e ri o d s Th e ir d ate s c an o nly b e gu e s se d at ac c o rdi ng

.
,

t o th e s tyl e o f th e w o rk P l ate VI I I e xhibi ts s ar ab s m o s tly c arryi ng

. c

m o tto e s o w i sh e s fo s o m e au s pi c i o u s o c c as i o n
r r M n y o f th e s e . a

s e e m to b e ar th e m ark s o f w e ar d u n t h liv f t
rl h ir r
g e e s o e o w n e s ,

p e rh ap s th e y w e r e w o r n as m e m e n to e s and e v e ntu ally buri e d w i th

,

th e d e ad fo all o f th e m w e r e u n d o ub te dly fo u n d i
,
r n to m b s o r at ,

l e ast i
n m u m m y w r appi n g s .
Pl a te VIII ] . SCA R ABS OF V AR I OU S PE RIODS .
9 1

f m int li M aat
,

58 ,
i m ply s ig n ifi e s
S
“
L ord o a nd fe, v ,

an kh n e b .

27 0 . Tb e r
e i
s a m o tb er w b os e b ou s e fe a re tb no t
.

10 9 . G o ld e n Horu s be loved f
o I si
s .

41 . Tb e g i
fts o f tb e g od s to b i
ng s .

“
490 . D evoted to

374 . Obv G o d K h o n s u
. d c r o w n e d w i th di s c an d c r e s c e n t an d
s e at e ,

h o ldi n g th e w s s c e p tr e R ev a .
pp rove d . a

by K b o ns u i n Tb e bes 3 p o tte ry gl a e d tu rqu o i s e c o l o ur ,

z .

8
26 8 ,
< 7 A Q M N ‘A A A tob e n f ro m a
j o u rney to Tb ebes .

52 I n s c rip ti o n r
n o t t an s at e l d y e t .

5 10 .
“
D e vote d to Horu s (ab e au tiful li ttl e sc a ar b) .

492 . Cb a n ce llor of tb e Ha p ri
n ce .
”
Th e ig ne t o f
S a gre at o ffi c i al ,

b e au tifully c ut i
n g l az e d s te at i te .

G ood of p la ns .
( P e rh ap s an

a c r hi te c t . 1? V e ry b e au tifully c ut .
)

89 ,
a bou nd ng i i
n g races .
( V e ry d e e ply c u t as fo r a

26 9 .
“
M ay tby n a me be i
es ta bl s b e d , m ay s t tb ou b a ve a so n .

446 .
“
M ay tby n a me be i
es ta bl s b e d , m ay s t tb o u b a ve a son
(al m o st

i d e nti c al w i th 2 69, but m u c h b e t te r en gravi ng ) .

17 8 .
“
1 s lby n am e be i
es ta bl s b e d , m ay s t tb o u b a ve a s on
( l m
a o st

id e nti c al w i th th e a b o ve ,
but mo re an c e n ti ) .

9 6, 4, 5 11, 3 6 6 .
“
A me n R a, lo rd .
( E n gr av ed i
n va r
io u s s tyl e s ) .

3 11 ,
A re a l d oor of w b at i
s p le as ing to tb e
”
od s
g .
9 2 T HE SACRE D BEE T L E .
[ Pl ate VIII .

5 02 . I ns c rip ti o n s i m il ar on fr o nt to 26 9 , on b ac k “
( M ay
) A m en
”
(g ra nt
) a g oo d n e w y ea r .

348 . Tb e ey e f o Ra w tb o u ti f e a r.
( A r e m ark ab l e s c arab pi e r c e d ,

t hr o ugh ) .

3 16 .
“
K b on s u as
p ro tecti
on .
( V e ry we ll c u t, gl a e d
z s te at te i ) .

é?
“
Ra i
s be b i
nd
( tb ee
) ,
tb e re i
s no fe a r .

i
th i
n o r n am e n tal b o rd e r , g ood s ta b i
li
ty .

O
I B eau t i
fu l A me n R a , gi
vi f
ng li e .

4 10 . Not t r a n s atel d y e t .

455 . B lu e p as t e
( y)
ll/ tr A m e n
(g ra n t
) a g ood new y e ar .

27 5 .
( I n l aid
)
“
a g o od d ay —
(ah o lid ay ) .

i tb i
“
27 6 . Yw m w t n e fe r m aat, A m o tb er s a tru l
y g o od ng ,
“
Tru tb i
s a g oo d m o tb e r .
”

12 6 . Ikh t n e b n e fe r . A ll g ood tb i
ng s .

3 ,
On b ac k c y n o c e ph alu s ap e s qu atti n g ( p o tte ry )
p ra s n
gii A me n R a .
”

CO L O SS A L H E AD OF R A ME S E S I I .
 P YRA M I D OF E L K UL E H .
( Th e b uild r y t u ke e n no w n .
)

P L AT E IX .

S C A RABS OF M I DD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE .

SYM B O LS S YM M E T R I C A LLY A RR AN G E D .

T hi s c l as s o f s c ar ab c am e gr e atly i nto u s e i
n th e M I D DLE
K I N G D O M ( X IT H—XVIIIT H DY NA ST Y ) So m e m ay r e ally b e c ar .

to u c h e s f ki ng s o u n di s c o v e r e d r o y al nam e s
o ,
r . No d o ub t s p e c i al
m e an i n g s w e r e c o n v e y e d by th e s e s y m m e tri c al a rr ang e m e n ts of

s ig n s w hi c h m ay b e tr an s l ate d s o m e d ay
,
.

337 ,
K b ep e r me n K b ep e r, w t i h fl o r al d e s ig n s abo ve
an d be low .

4 28 ,
O r n am e n tal t r e atm e n t 52
2 5 Z5 an d r
c o w ns of Low e r
E gyp t .

113 ,
O r n am e ntal tr e at m e n t ( W 1 X I IT H DY NA ST Y .

3 94 .
O r n am e n tal t r e atm e nt < 7
u T ] .

4 03 ,
O r n am e n tal t r e at m e n t . P o s s ibly a r o y al ca r to u c h e
U <7

4 19 . S c ar ab ; b ac k p e c uli ar ; w n si g no t fo ld e d A rr ang e m e n t o f
.

v an d c ro w ns of L o w e r E gyp t , p o s s ibly a r o y al

ca r to u c h e .
94 T HE SACRE D BE ET LE .
[ P l ate 1x .

398 ,
S y m m e tri c al arr an g e m e n t an d c uri o u s s ig n s w t i h c ro w ns of

Low e r E gyp t .

383 ,
S y mm e tri c al arr ang e m ent U m ay b e a r o y al n am e .

G r e e n gl az e d ,
s te at i te .

2 01 , S y m m e tri c al arr ang e m e nt U U2

5, e tc .

489 , P ir
a o f s ac e r d e ye s ,
AM AAA u nd e r e ac h e nd , b e tw e e n tw o

car u he s
to c an d
( , 1 b e lo w 3 5367
; m ay b e a r o y al n am e .

W e ll c t s te at i te o f u nu s u al d ark
u , co o l u r .

3 21 , P l ant o f th e N o r th b e l o w
, a nb b d ad w as m ay b e a

r o y al n am e .

110 , S y m m e tri c al b o rd e ri n g
u nk n o w n m e an i ng .
of Am m o , e tc .
,
r u nd
a o
a 3

466 . N o r th e r n pl an ts L! 0 , { 1b e l o w we ll c u t, gre e n s te at i te
G?
.

75

467 ,
A rr ang e m e n t in thr e e b an d s r e p e ate d w i th tw o i n

c ar to u c h e s G r e e n t i n t w e ll
.
, c ut s te ati te P e rhap s a r o yal
.

n am e .

354 Ro y al ca r t o u c h e ( as e t u nr e ad ) S ac r e d e y e s s upp o rte r s o f

y
.
.
,

ura i e
.
o an d a b o ve .

an d 4 3 3, P l ate s XI -
an d XVI ) ; arr an g e m e n t o f
r e p e ate d '
a b o ve an d b e l o w c ar to u c h e s o f a ki n g n o t ye t
“
pla e d c .

M y st ri o u d ig n o f hi e r o glyphi c u nr e d v e ry
e s es s, a , o ld s t yl e .

M y te ri o u s d e ign ye t u nr e ad C o w r o id
s s , as .
.
Pl a te IX ]
. S CARABS OF M IDD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE . 0
J 5

396 . M y s te ri o u s d e s ig n o f hi e r o glyphi c s ,
as ye t u n r e ad v e ry p e c uli ar
,
.

66 . M y s te ri o u s d e s ig n , as ye t u n r e ad ,
se e m s v e ry o ld s t yl e .

20 . In c e nt e r a r o y al c ar to u c h e as ye t u n r e ad
, ,
w t i h b o rd e r of

£
3 0 an d c r o w n o f L o w e r E gyp t .

3 26 ,
Ro y al c ar to u c h e ,
sam Sig n ,
w t ih C) o ve r at e ac h s id e
u n r e ad .

42 . E xtr a o di n ary arr ang e m e n t o f s ig n s

r ,
as ye t u n re ad .

464 ,
Ro y al ca r to u c h e ,
w t i h b o rd e r of an d u n pl ac e d .

4 16 ,
p apy r u s s c e p tr e {W ! n b ( g o ld )
,
u an d U s ym m e tri
c ally an d c r o w n s o f l o w e r E gyp t
,
. U n r e ad .

3 05 . O G) d ad , w t i h c r o w n e d ur ae u s on e t i h e r Sid e u npl ac e d ,
.

355 ,
Str an g e rr ang e m e nt o f hi e r o glyph s u nr e ad
a , ,
on b ac k .

0 r e p e ate d s y m m e tri c ally ,

we ll c u t u npl ac e d
,
.

r e p e ate d .

D A GGE R A N D B E L T '

,
W I T H CAR T O U C H E O F RA M E S E S I I .

( F ro m th e C l
o o ssu
s t M e m p hi )
a s .
 ON E O F QU EE N H A TA SU S ’
VE SS E LS .

P L AT E X .

S CARABS OF T HE M IDD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE .

S Y M B OL S SY M M E T R I C ALLY A RR A N G E D .

3 24 ,
b e tw e e n c ro w ns of Lo w e r E gyp t ,
s am e r e ve rs e d a b o ve .

S te ati te .

435 ,
S y m m e tri c al arr ang e m e nt e tc . A p air o f s ac r e d
e ye s , <7 b e l o w u n r e ad
,
.

443 ,
S y m m e tri c al arr ang e m e n t ih
w t s ac re d e ye s ,
< 7

e tc . u n r e ad .

£
91
r ur ae i id e s u n r e ad
.

an d
86 ,
m
[ l
I n c e nt e , at s ,
.

In c e nt e r u N E P E R K A tw o c ar to u c h e s w i th, at e ac h s id e ,

O Q u n d e r n e th ( Th e r e w e r e s e v e ral ki ng s
a . so c all e d ) .

In r ( m n b aqu at i c pl ants ab o v e
c e nt e u , in c ar t o u c h e at ,

e ac h s id e U n r e ad . .

W te r pl n ts b o v e i n v e r te d p ap yru s sc e p tr e b e l o w b e tw e e n
a a a , ,

urae i T h e b c k o f thi s s r ab i
. a s v e ry r e m ar kably d e c o r ate d
ca .

l“
be low
g ? at s id e s u nr e ad
, .
M I D D L E KI N G DO M ST Y L E

Sy mm e t ri c a l Ar ra n g e m e n ts o f Sy m b o l s
 MI D DLE KI N G DO M STY L E

Sy m m e tr l c a l Ar ra n g e m e n ts o f Sy m b o ls
Pl a te X .
] SCARAB S OF M IDD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE .
97

441 . M y ste ri o u s sig ns ( D r P e tri e . sa s y of VT H DY NA ST Y ) h al f ,

yli nd e r
c .

3 25 ,
Sy m m e tri c al rr ang e m e n t o f s ac r e d e y e s
a , e tc .
,
an d

w ate r pl n ts ab o v e an d b e l o w r e v e r s e d u n r e ad
a , ,
.

(m i
n c e nt e , r KHEPER N U B, w t ih an d ur ae u s at

e i th e r s id e u n r e ad,
.

28 5 . Sac r e d e ye i
n r e li e f o n b ac k u n r e ad sig n , on fr o n t .

45 9 . H aw k w i th fr i t u . W ate r pl an ts ab o v e .

73 ,
B u n dl e o f w ate r pl ants ,
i
n c e nt e r .

3 04 ,
( 7 63 7
1 i
n c e n tr e ,
p apyr u s sc e p tr e ab o v e ,
an d at e ac h s id e .

386 ,
“
Sam S ig n i
n c e n tr e ,
an d at e ac h s id e (W , 1 b e lo w ,

u n r e ad .

3 09 ,
G az e ll e , s ac e r d e ye , pl ants of th e no t r h l an d ,
an d be low .

u nr e ad .

389 ,
B il ez ri ng
of a , O I w t i h pl ant Sy m b o l s of U pp e r an d

L o w e r E gyp t .

91 . 5 9 Ha p ri
nce ,
w t i h c ro w n of Lo w e r E gyp t W ,
I be lo w

G old e n , an d at e ac h s id e u n r e ad
,
as to hi
s n am e .

C uri u o s ca r to u c h e ,
c o n ta n n i i g 0 b e tw e e n tw o ur ae i .

B e low
U pp e r
,
th e

an d
sam S ig n o f u n i o n
L o w e r E gyp t .
g w t ih th e pl an t em bl e m s of

Th e sam s j i e d w i t h th e pl n ts o f U pp e r
o n a an d r
Lo w e

E gyp t I nte rl a e d s o ll b e l o w o f u n k no w n
. c cr ,
m e an i n g .

W e ll u t s te t i te c r ab
c a s a .

391 ,
Tw o h aw k lie , b e tw e e n . Tw o r d e y e s b e n e ath
s ac e ,
tw o

U n r e ad .
98 T HE SACRE D BE E T LE .
[ P l ate x .

s ig nifyi ng rul e r o f U pp e r an d Lo w e r E gyp t , 3: a a .

U n r ad e .

439 r e s e m bl e s N o . 10 7 , b u t tw o r
c ow ns of Low e r E gyp t r e ve r se d
, ,

b e low .

29 . An o t h e r arran g e m e nt o f Sig n s d e n o ti ng u ni o n o f th e tw o l an d s .

4 65 ,
B e tw e e n tw o r
c ow ns of Lo w e r E gyp t a b o ve h o te p,

f i b e lo w
”
of e r n
g , U ne b , lo rd .

65 . G r o up of w ate r pl ants of Low e r E gyp t ,

U b o ve
a an d

be low .

473 . Obv . H wk a w t i h fl ail ,

r
c o w ne d i h di ad e m
w t of Lo w e r
E gyp t .

R v e D e sig n o f w
. ate r pl ants p e rh ap s a m o n o gram
, of s ig ns .

491 . Sa m sy m b o l in c e ntr e u ni te d by pl ant s y mb o l s

, of U pp e r
an d L o w e r E gyp t .

O
R N A M NT A L D E S I G N
E A SL ATE T AB L ET O F N AR A K I N G O F TH E
E AR L Y EM P I R E FO UN D A T HIE R A C O N P O L IS B Y
, MR .
QU IB E LL .
MI DDLE KI N G DO M STY L E

Sc ro lls , 5 p l ra l O rn a m e nt . Hi e ro
g l y p h s &c
M ID D L E K IN G D o M STY LE

Sc ro l ls . Sp i ra l O rn a m e n t , Hi e ro g l y p h s &c
EG Y PT I A N O R N AME N T AL P A TT ER N S P ROBABL Y D ER IV E D
,

FROM SCARAB D ECORA T I O N .

a n D e c o ra t i
e s E g ypti
F ront P e tri
’
ve A rt .

D E C ORA T IV E P A TT ER N S FRO M E VID E N T L Y

M YK E N Z E ,
CO P I E D FROM EG Y PT I A N D ES I G N S .

F rom Sc b li Di
scove r i
’
e m an n s es at b fy b e n w .
 TH E S P I RA L D E CORAT IO N OF S CARAB S .

E x a mp les fro m D r P e tr i
e s .
’
w o rb , s b o w ng i tb e g rad u a l d e ve lop m e n t o f E g ypti
an

s c roll or n a m e n t on Sca rabs ( abo u t 3 0 0 0 B C

. .

P L AT E XI .

S CA R ABS OF M IDD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE .

S C R OLL S S P I RAL O R N A ME NT S H I ER O G LY P H S
, , ,
ETC .

I n th e rly M iddl e K i ngd o m ( VI T H DY NA ST Y ) sc ar ab s w i th sym

ea

m e tri c al d e s ig n s a e fi r s t fo u n d ( P l ate s IX an d X ) an d c o n ti n u e fo
r ,
r

s o m e c e n t uri e s . G r adu ally w e b e gi n to s e e s c r o ll o r n am e n t app e ar ,

w i th o r w i th o u t s y m b o l s an d c ul m i n at i ng i
,
n i n tri c ate p atte r n s o f i n

g e n io u s an d b e au t iful c o m bi n ati o n s I n D r P e t ri e s m o s t
. i n te r e s ti n g .
’

li ttl e w o rk E G Y P T I AN D E C O R A T I V E ART ( M etb n 6

,
th e s e
”
ue °
9

m y s te ri o u s sc r o ll w o rk s a e s h o w n to b e th e v e ry b e gi nn i n g s o f
-
r

o r nam e n tal d e s ig n t h e e arli e s t atte m p ts at a t o f th e ki n d e i th e r by

,
r ,

E gyp t o any o th e r an c i e nt nati o n T hi s i

r s pr o v e d an d i. ts gr adu al ,

d e v e l o p m e n t trac e d an d i ts c ul m i n at i o n s h o w n i
,
n th e b e au t iful

c e ili ng an d m ur l d e c o r at i o n an d w o v e n p atte r n s e m br o id e ry e n rav

a
g , ,

in
g,
a n d p a i n t e d p o tte ry al s o w o o d c,
arvi n g o f l at e r E gyp t i a n A t r .

R e c e n t di s c o v e ri e s at M y c e nae O r c h o m e n o s an d m an y o th e r
, , ,

pl c e s in G r e e c e an d A s i a M i n o r h av e g o n e f to pr o ve D r P e tri e s
a
,
ar .
’

th e o ry . N o d o ub t M y c e n ae an a t g o t its e arli e s t typ e s o f d e c o r ati o n

r

fr o m E gyp t an d i ,
t h as b e e n e v n p o s s ibl e t o fix i e ts d ate fr o m th e
s c ar ab s fo u n d i n S c hli e m an n s e x c av ati o n s T hi s M yc e nze n o r na
’
. a

m e nt i n m an y c s e s s e e m s id e n t i c a l w i th t h at o f E gyp t pr o du c e d
a ,

m o r e th n a t h o u s n d y e r s b e fo r e
a a Th at G r e e k d e c o rativ e art h ad
a .

thu s i ts o rigi n i n E gyp t s e e m s c l e arly pr o v e d .

Thi s y e ar 9 ) D r P e tri e h as fo u n d i
1 0 1 . n th e e arly t o m b s at

A byd o s m an y o b j e ts b e ari ng s c r o ll p atte r ns s u c h as app e ar o n

c
,

s c ar b s o f tw o t h o u s an d y e ar s l ate r
a B u t thi s o n ly pr o v e s th e e arly
.

o rigi n ali t y o f E gyp ti an a t r .

100
Pl ate XL ] SCARABS OF M IDD LE K I N G D OM S T Y LE . IO I

B ut h e n s c r o ll o rn am e n t w as fir s t u s e d by th e E gyp ti an s as th e
w

s y s te m o f d e c o r at i o n o f s c ar ab s ( u n d o u b te dly r e ligi o u s s y m b o l s ) on ,

w hi c h s o m u c h c ar e w as l avi s h e d i t i s u nlik e ly th at t h e ar ti s t h ad n o
,

id e a b e y o n d m e r e m e re tri c i o u s o r nam e nt F o th e s c arab w as a s ac r e d . r

o b j e c t n o t a trivi al thi n g t o b e u s e d as a b aubl e o r o n ly fo

, th e ,
r

fan c y o c apri c e o f fe m al e p e r so nal ad o r n m e n t I t i

r s m u c h m o re .

lik e ly th at th e s e i nv o lve d s c ro ll s an d tw i sts w e r e a s e c r e t fo rm o f

re ligi o u s s y m b o l s a s ac r e d w ri ti ng w h o s e c lu e i s l o st b u t ma o ne
, y ,

d ay b e re di s c o v e r e d -
T h e s e s c arab s w e r e w o r n d uri n g life an d
.
,

b uri e d w i th th e i r o w n e r s m al e an d fe m al e as pr e c i o u s r e li c s to b e
, ,

u se d ag ai n i n t h at fu t ur e s tate o f e xi s te n c e to w hi c h all an c i e n t

E gyp ti an s b e li e v e d th e y h ad a s ur e ty .

I fe e l c e r tai n th at thi s l o st l angu ag e m ay b e ye t r e ad ab l e N o t .

a l o n g t i m e Si nc e hi e r o glyph s w e re u ni n te lligi b l e ; n o w th e y are

,

r e ad lik e pri n t T h e r e fo r e I b e li e v e th e c lu e to th e m e an i n g o f
.

t h e o ld i n t e rl ac e d s c r o ll w o rk w ill ye t b e fo u n d an d I advi s e ,

e v e ry o n e w h o vi s i ts E gyp t t o c o ll e c t an d pr e s e rv e e v e ry s c ar ab
,

w i th s u c h p att e r n s t h at t h e y m ay m e e t o n t h e ir t r av e l s A nd so .
,

t h e r e fo r e I h av e illu s trate d all m y s c ar ab s o f thi s c l ass b e li e vi n g

, ,

t h at t h e l o t ke y t o t hi s m y s te ry w ill b e fo u n d so m e d ay
s .

114 .
“
Sa m y m b o l o f u n i o n ( w i th Nil e pl ants )
s of th e t w o l an d s .

X I IT H DY NA ST Y .

D i tto su rr o u n d e d by b o rd e r of d o ubl e spi ral s .

V e r ti c al li ne s c o n n e c te d by Spir al s s urro u n di n g s ig n s .

T w e lv e Spiral s ,
all c o nn e c te d by li n e s ; we ll c u t gr e e n s te ati te
, .

C o nn e c te d s pir al s i
n p air s , v i
n c e nt e r ; gre e n gl a e d z

s te at i te .

433 . B o rd e r o f c o nt n C ar to u h e in e ntr
i u o u s b ro k e n s pi ral s . c c e,

RA EN RA ? Se e 3 9 an d 4 2
( P l at IX an d XVI )
2 1 es .

U n pl ac e d . B a k n g ve d w i th a l tu fl o w e r
c e ra o s .

29 9 . B o ld i ng e ni o u s s c ro ll p atte r n b ro k e n Spir al s
,
.

385 ,
S y mm e tri c al s pir al p atte r n ,
w i th i
n c e nt e ,r an d U on

e ac h Sid e .
I OZ T HE SACRE D B EE T L E .
[ Pl ate XI .

483 . W e ll b o rd e r o f bro k e n
c ut s piral p atte r n urr o u n di n g
,
s

I i n c ar to u h e w i th c ,
ab o v e U nre ad . .

S c ar ab w e ll fo r m e d .

2 08 ,
S c r o ll p atte r n s ,
tw o e ye s ,
an d i
n c e n tr e .

44 ,
P e c uli ar sc or ll p atte r n ,
tw o
l ,
we ll c u t, gr e e n ti nt .

106 . C ro ss w t i h fo ur s piral s b o ldly ,

c u t.

38 ,
B rok en s pir l s c o nn e c te d s urr o u n di ng
a ,
n e fe r,
“
é e a u fzfu l
’

45 .
D i tt o, mos z be a w gfu l
‘ ‘
’

40 ,
F o ur d o ubl e sc r o ll s all c o nne c te d ar o u n d 0 i
n c e nt e r .

RA N E FE R .
( Th e r e w as a ki n g o f t hi s n am e ) .

116 ,
D ubl
o e sc r o ll b e tw e e n tw o n e fe rs .

497 ,
C o nt n i u o u s s r o ll p atte r n s urr o u n di ng
c n e fe r s ig n ,
“
ée a u tzfu l .

C o nt n i u o u s s pir al fl o w e r ab o v e
, , (9 n c e n tr e
i . RA N E FE R .

S trang e i nv o lv e d sc o r ll d e s ig n ,
e nc os n l i g o r nam e n tal p ane l s .

S ix d o ubl e s pir al s ,
tw o o f t e m e n d n h i g w i th fl o w e r s .

223 . Fi ne r ll p atte r n
sc o of m o st i ng e n i o u s d e s ig n .

12 1 T w o , r ll s b e tw e e n
sc o an d an kh ,
n e fe r .

496 ,
Lot u s fl o w e r ri s i n g out o f sc o r ll s ,
{i
! a b o ve .

4 11 L o t .
u s fl o w e r w i th bud on e i th e r s id e we ll cut .

4 15 . O r n am e n tal fl o ral d e sig n .

60 . Fou r lo b e d fl o w e r
-
.

28 3 . G r o up o f thr e e l o tu s fl o w e rs b ac k of c ow o r id s h ap e .
 D E CORA T IO N ON TH E C E I I NG
L OF A TOM B , O R C H O M E N O S G R EE C E , .

Cop i
e d fro m ea r l
y E g ypt i
a n Orn a me n f .

P L AT E X II .

SC A R ABS OF M I DD L E K I N G D OM ST YL E .

S C R O LL S ,
SP I R A L O R N A ME N T S H I E R O G LY P H S E T C
, , .

2 11 . C uri u s v agu e pir al p att rn

o s e ,
w t ih tw o u nk n o w n s y m b o l s .

335 . S e ve n an n ul e ts p o s s ibly
, th e pl an e ts , c o n n e c te d w i th li n e s .

352 . T w i st e d b o rd e r s urr o u n di ng p e c uli ar hi e r o glyphi c s i g n s

, .

13 0 , C uri o u r ll p atte r n ri s i n g f o m
s sc o r U ne b,
“
lo rd ,
U ka
i
n c e n tr e T h e b ac k r e pr e s e n ts
. a h e dg e h o g .

495 , I n te rl ac e d d e s ig n typi c al o f u n i o n
, . an kh , se ,
an d U
neb , at e ac h s id e U n r e ad . .

482 .
H aw k w i th r o w n
, c r E gyp t
of Lo w eC r o w ne d ur ae u s .

o pp o i te fe ath e r o f M aat T am b e hi n d
“
th
”
s an d e r
, , .

ab o v e w i th an kh e ac h
“
st ng ffi re , , lf at z e,
,

s id e W e ll c u t c o nti n u o u s s c r o ll b o rd e r ar o u n d all T h e
.
.

b e e tl e i
s b e au ti fully c u t an d t h e w h o l e p e rfe c t as w h e n
'

m ad e G r e e n s te at i te
. .
10 4. T HE S A C R E D B EE T L E .
[ Pl ate X II .

6 . H rda s to ne . E n dl e ss sc or ll bo rd e r ,
aro und
”
Sa A m e n , Son o f A men .

92 . C w r id
o o . I nte rl ac i ng p atte r n .

8 4, 8 5 . S c arab s i h r o ughly
w t cut tw i ste d p atte r ns , U at e ac h
s id e .

39 . E l o ng ate d s c ro ll b o rd e r s urro u n di n g 6) RA DAD

AN KH e t ,
c .

380 . S c ro l l o r n am e ntal d e s ig n .
( T h e b e e tle s l e g s pi e r c e d )
’
.

48 . C ow r o id C o m pli c ate d s c r o ll
. occ upyi ng th e w h o l e fi e ld ,

r e s e m bli ng tw o l o tu s fl o w e r s .

45 7 . C ow r o id . Thr e e d o ubl e s piral s b o ldly ,

c ut .

3 7 7 . La rg e c o w r o id b o ldly c u t D o ubl e urae i ab o v e

,
. an d b e lo w .

H o ri o n t l tw i st p atte r n in c e ntr e A b o ve i
z a t . an d

b e n e ath i
t D o tte d b o rd e r .

13 , 3 3 8 , 3 0 2 . O r nam e n tal d e s ig n s typi c al of u ni o n .

458 . H ath o r h e d in a c e nt e r . E n d fill e d s i

n w i th w ate r pl ants .

387 . Tw o pir al d e s ig n s
s . In c e nt e r ca r to u c h e s ih
w t c o nn e c te d
by a b an d .

448 ,
In c e nt e r 9 an kh ,
i
fe . ne e fr at e ac h s id e .

57 . F o ur di s c s o f c o nc e n t ri c c ir c l e s d o w n e ac h s id e l ac e d tog e th e r
by a c e nt a r l pl i t a .

332 ,
D o ubl e r ll o r n am e nts c o nn e c t i ng tw o
sc o ,
s ig ns . W ate r
pl ant s at s id e ri s i n g o u t o f U s ig ns
,
.
Pl ate X II .
] S C A RAB S OF M I D D L E K I N G D OM S T YL E . 10 5

4 61 ,
Thr e e c o nc e nt ri c c ir c l e s ig n s ,
a
n f, at e ac h r r w i th
c o ne ,

b e tw e e n . U n r e ad .

4 20 ,
S ac r e d e ye i
n r e li e f on b ac k ,
on fr o nt (m old e n s e

5 03 . B o rd e r o f te n di s c s . In r
c e nt e , s x i hi e r o glyph s ,
p e c uli ar s ig n s .

35 ,
B o rd e r of di s c s ,
i hi n c ryp to gr am
w t ,
of an d w ate r pl an ts .

27 . Te n ann ul e ts .

45 6 . E l ab o r ate t e x t i
n c uri o u s m i n ute hi e r o g lyph s .

CA P I T A L OF A CO LU M N D I S CO V E R E D A T M YC E N Z E IN T HE
“
T R E A SU RY
O F A T R E US
”
.

Th e s p ir l r a o n am e n t e v id ntly pi d fr m E rly E gy p ti
e co e o a an d r i
e c o at o n o n S c arab s
( P l t XI XII n d
a es , t n p g , a cu s o a e
 \VO M E N B RI N G I N G O FFE RI NG S .

P L AT E X II I .

S CARABS OF V AR I O U S P ER I O D S .

F IGUR ES ,
A NI M AL S H I E R O G LYP H S E T C
, ,
.

M an y g e n ui n e s c ar ab s b e ar d e vi c e s w hi c h c ann o t ( as ye t) b e
u n d e r sto o d ,
b t ligh t m y b e t hr o w n up o n th e m an y d ay n d all
u a ,
a

h ad u n d o ub te dly th e ir c l e ar s i g n ifi c atio n s fo t h e ir o rigi n al m ak e rs r

an d o w ne rs ; th e r e fo r e all a e w o thy o f illu s tr ati o n t h o ugh at

r r ,

pr e s e n t w e c an o n ly sp e c ul ate as to th e ir m e ani ng and d ate .

Th e s e s m all anc i e n t r e li c s a e m o s tly o b tai ne d fr o m th e A r ab

r

t o m b r o b b e r s w h o n e ve r c an b e r e li e d o n to te ll th e tru t h as to
-
,

th e ir pr o v e n an e c It i
. s o n ly w h e n s z ts s u c h as D r P e tri e o p e n
a '
afl , .
,

fre s h u nvi o late d c e m e te ri e s th at th e ir pl ac e o f o rigi n c an be k n o w n

,

w i th c e r tai n ty .Thi s fr e qu e n tly giv e s th e d ate o a c lu e to it r ,

t h o ugh an e xp e ri e nc e d e ye w ill o fte n j udg e c o rr e c tly by t h e s tyl e

an d qu ali ty o f t h e w o rk o th e fo r m o f th e hi e r o glyph s n
,
r s e at I u

c e r tai n p e ri o d s .

P late s XII I —XV giv e illu s trati o n s o f fi gur e s an i m al s d e vi c e s , ,

an d i n s c rip t i o n s som e
,
f w hi c h a e i nte lligibl e o th e r s m y s te ri o u s
o r , ,

b t i
u n s o m e w y i nt e r e s t i n g
a N o att e m p t h as b e e n m ad e to arr an g e
.

th e m ac c o rdi n g t o d ate .

5 04 . S phi nx w i th o b e li s k O pp o s i te an d w n i g e d urae u s ab o v e b e l o w ,

K /z eper w i th e xp an d e d w i n g s an d ur aeu s o n e i th e r s id e .

103 . G riffo n w i th urae u s i

n fro nt .

5 08 .
“
Kh nu m , ram , urae u s ab o ve .

12 0 ,
C u h ant
o c C O W, : 5 an d g
Si n s .

1
Pl at e X III .
] SCARABS OF V AR I OU S PE R IO D S . 10 7

phi n x i g d ur ae u s ab o v e O i fr o nt R e a , m an
3 20 Oeu s w n e n
,
T
.
, , ,

a d o ri n g S ac r e d b o at w i t h Q ab o v e .

70 . C o w r id o . F i s h w i th tw o l o tu s e s i
n i
ts m o u th .

“
U z at, s ac e r d e ye ,
i
n r e li e f on b ac k . O n fr o n t ( 7 U 0) ,

li M o u n te d n i
i i g o ld ri ng
L ord o
f fe
( )
P . ts an c e n t .

On r to u c h e s h ap e d b as e tw o li o n s and ac r o s s at th e ir tail s
ca -
, , , ,

a third an i m al F ac e i n s c rib e d w i th a c ar to u c h e u n d e r e ac h
.

li o n fill e d i,
n w i th r e s p e c t iv e ly P i e r c e d V e ry . .

c uri o u s G r e e n gl a e d s te at i t e
. z .

5 06 . L ion d l o o ki n g b ac k
s e at e , . U rmu s i
n fro n t . P l ant o ve r
b ac k o f an i m al .

431 . Oh i ru m o f H ath o r
m th e s s t ,
tw o urae i b e l o w R a d e s ig n o f . e ,

u ze i s i m il a r t o N o P l ate XIV ) fi n e w o rk F l at
r
( 4 . 1 2, ,
.

g r e e n b e ad .

7 1 Sphi n x ,
,
p as s ant , Q b o ve
a i
t ,
figur e of d e i ty b e fo r e .

R e ma rk abl e r e c tangul ar b e ad s te t i te w i th gr e e n gr o u ndi ng ,

a , ,

e n gr av e d i an d m a an d i / f o n fo ur
'

n on n ,
re z e

e dg e s G5 7A w a g o d R e s h p u w i th Sp e ar an d m c e s m all e r
.
,
r -

,
a

figur e o pp o s i te w i th ab o v e ; nu b
W1
u n d e r n e ath R ea s am e figu re s w i th a third o n e ki ng
.
, ,

c ro w ne d fo L o w e r E gyp t
,
V ari o u s hi e r o glyph s O n
r . .

e dg e s
( ) gri ffi n hu n t i n g an t e l o p e
I n hu n t i n g
X ,

ryx
g ( 3) k li g figur i h b ird s h e ad fi sh s il
’ ’
o ,
n e e n e w t an d ta

9 an d
(4 g Good wo rk e s p e c i ally fi n e o n
,

e dg e s No e xpl an at i o n
. h as b e e n fo u n d fo r t hi s fi n e
s p e c i m e n w hi c h is u n iqu e ,
F om S l /Em i 0 D / smi . r a e a l 7 a z r

D r P e tri e thi n k s i
. t s h o w s A s s yri an i n flu e n c e .

X V I I IT H DY NA ST Y o e arli e r b e au tifu lly e x e c u te d ,

r , .

15 0 A m ul e t i
n
. fo r m of a h ar e ,
c ro c o dil e on b as e . Gre e n gl a e d z

s te at t e . i
10 8 T HE S A C R E D B EE T L E .
[ P l at e XIII .

97 . E arly s c ar b w i th s tr n g e i n s c rip ti o n
a a

(b fig
z : C )
g/ ( D II . U n r e ad ( c o m p ar e N o .
9 9,
P l ate XV ) .

3 14 . B e d o f gr e e n i s h gl s o to n e
a as r s . Obit , i b i s h e ad e d li o n
-

r o w n e d w i th r e sc e nt an d di s c
c c . H aw k ab o v e R ea .
,

g in4
—3
9 0 C O) .

351 ,
B lu e gl a e d te ti te D o tte d b o rd e r
z s a .
Q U an d U
r e p e ate d ( f 3 4 an d e . 1

22 ,
H w k b e tw e e n ur ae u
a ,
s an d

29 0 . Cr o w ne d h aw k w i th fl ail ur ae u s an d ,
”
U .

452 . H w k w i th fl ail
a , U ,
e tc .
,
we ll c u t, gr e e n g laz e d s te at i te .

440 . we ll c arv e d h e ad of Be s i
n b o ld r e li e f . R ea ,
d e s ig n
s i m il ar to 4 1 2 an d 431 .

28 1 . W e ll cut li ttl e sca a r b Har e ru nn i n g

,
.

449 . W e ll li ttl e s c arab

cut , 9 )
O D, blu e gl a e d z s te at i te He p ;
“
r

p o ss ibly a n am e .

C uri u i n rip ti
o s sc on .

gg gé Y e M
N
s e s h e m am akh ?

S phi nx , so a l r di sc ,
an d o val o f c ar to u c h e . B elow
A men R a , an d p e c uli ar Sig n u n d e r .

Thr e e b ark s o n e b e l o w ano th e r I n to p h aw k an d urae u s i

, n .
, ,

m iddl e o n e tw o h aw k s an d s o l ar di s c ; i
, n l o w e rm o st o n e
,

di tto C uri o u s
. .

2 09 . E rly
a sc a a r b m ay b e a ki ng s ’
n am e .

12 3 . G od , p apyru s sc e p tr e ,
an d c : (D .
S C A RA B S O F VA R I O U S P E R lO D S P/

Fi g u re s . An i
m a ls ,
Hie ro g ly p h s Sac .
S C A R A B S O F VA R lO U S P E R I O D S P/ X/ V

Fi
g u re s . An i
m a ts Hie ro g ly p h s 8c c .
 I VO R Y T A B L E T
AHA -
M ENA ,

B C . .
47 7 7, FR OM
HI S TOM B .

Di sc o v r d by
e e DE MO R G A N tr ,
an s ate l d b y B O R C H AR D T .

P L AT E X IV .

S CARABS OF V AR I OU S PER IO D S .

F IGUR ES ,
A NI M A L S H I E R O G LYP H S E T C
, ,
.

27 3 . O u ts pr e ad h an d . U nk n o w n s ig n ; ea rly sc a a r b .

476 . Se ate d fe m al e figur e b e fo r e a l e af o r s h ad e .

33 . F igur e w i th urae i , an d U Zo m
’
.

434 . W o m an wo s r hippi ng an o b e li s k ,
tw o b e tw e e n b e l o w
14 8 . B lu e gl a e d b e ad
z . H ath o r h e ad b e tw e e n tw o ur ae i .

90 . J ac k al p as s an t urae u s ,
i
n fr o n t .

78 . Bes b e tw e e n ad o r n i ng c y no c e ph ali an d s o a l r di s c s .

111 K i n g
. b e fo r e a d e i ty .

17 2 . K i ng on hr o ne
t ,
i
n s ac e r d b o at . B e hi nd hi
m, i g
w n ed figu r e ,

ur ae u s b e fo r e ,
e tc .

3 12 ,
R ud e sc a a r b , fi Nw w x Un
r e ad .

3 27 . F igu re w i th ‘
u as z s c e p tre . M aat g o dd e ss o f tru th
, ,
fi ag sc e p tr e ,

an d fe ath e r o f t r u th .

16 6 . R ud e en gravi ng of ki ng n hi
i s c h ari o t ; 6) Q 5 12 5 a b o v e ( P) .

10
9
1 10 T HE S A C R E D B EE T L E .
[ Pl a te X IV .

4 07 . Fi ne o pen wo rk p o tt ry ( P)
ul e t ; b lu e gl a e g o o d w o rk
e am z ,
.

Oaa G o d K h o ns u s e ate d h o l di n g
,
f s c e p tr e
, R a ,
a as . e ,

K i n g s tan di n g o pp o s i te h i s c ar to u c h e w i t h s ig n s an d ,

b e l o w (m n u b g ia n T h e c a r t o u
,
c h e is
“
i n s c riboe d’
e .

b u t h as n o t ye t b e e n id e nt ifi e d A t .

t h e s id e s e rp e n t s a e d e pi c te d i
s n pi e r c e d o p e n w o rkr
( R e .

m ark bl e s p e i m e n an d o f g o o d e x e c u ti o n )
a c ,
.

3 4 1 K i ng, i h fl il and fl g s c e p tr e ’
n e te r ne fe r Z a
’
. w t a
g aoo a ,
or ,

o pp o s i te b o r n e o n a p o r tabl e thr o n e o n t h e s h o uld e r s o f h i

, s

s o ldi e r s ( A r e pr e s e n tati o n o f H o r e m h e b ( s p g e
. ee a

X V I I IT H D YN A ST Y e n gr av e d i n a to m b i s al m o s t th e s am e
, ,

as t h i s i n d e s ig n s o thi s s c ar ab m a
y b e o f ,H o e m h e b s r
’

t i m e b u t l o o k s e arli e r )
,
.

93 . La rg e c o ars e w o rk P apyru s s c e p tr e b e tw e e n A N U B I S
. an d

( )
P b e l o w t h e c ro c o dil e S E B E K , .

353 . L i o ne s s urae u s , ,
an d u nkn o w n s ig n s .

16 8 . S e ate d ki n g ( o r d e i ty ) r e c e ivi ng s u b j e c t .

4 09 . Oaa , li o n an d so al r di s c . R ea ,
ur ae u s ,
an d ( 7 .

5 09 . C w r i d uri o u fi gur h o ldi n g e rp e n t

o o ,
c s e s s ( ),
P sc a e sl on low e r
p r t f b o dy U ra u b f re h i
a o m . e s e o .

3 23 .
H k h e ad e d fig r e h o ldi ng ur ae u
aw -
u s di s c an d se rp e n t ab o v e .

17 5 .
H k h e d e d ( R A ) w i th s c e p tr e ur ae u s
aw -
a
, , e tc . on b ac k Si tti ng ,

p e i
na r e li e f brigh t gre e n ti nt
, , .

30 .
Cy n o ce ph alu s ape ad o ri ng b e tw e e n tw o urae i ,
,
c oa se w o r rk .

28 8 . Ox or buffal o ,
a b ove .

9)
(
G) l v . A m e n R a, -
l o rd ,
th Si n o f a t o w n
wi g .
Pl a te XIV .
] S C A R A BS OF V AR IO U S PE R IO D S . III

16 3 , 16 4 , 16 5 . T h e se th re e
b o ugh t to g e th e r
w e re ,
an d e vid e ntly
b e l o ng e d to o n e p e r s o n th e r e are tw o li o ns an d a m an on
'

e ac h th e c h ar ac te rs l e tc
, ] a e v e ry r u d e
,
.
,
r .

62 . S q u atti n g c y no c e ph alu s ap e o n s te l e Sh ap e d b e ad -
. On fr o nt ,

P tah i n s hri n e w i t h a a s t s c e p tr e ur ae u s e t c
, , ,
.

379 . K i ng b e tw e e n tw o d e i ti e s rud e
,
wo rk , C un de r .

5 07 . H aw k w i th w i ng s o u tstr e t h e d o v r q61 5 c ,
e v w
(9 D AM E N -
RA .

4 12 . S q u atti n g ap e ,
i g
e at n ,
i
n re li e f . On fr o n t fo ur u r mi c ru c ifo r m
as i
n 3 8 1 an d 43 1 .

16 7 . M aat th e g o dd e ss
,
of t ru th b e tw e e n
,
her fe ath e r , G) R a an d

ur ae u s .

r
an d c o w n o f Lo w e r E gyp t .

T H E G AR D E N S OF K ING A K H E N AT E N ’
S P A LAC E .
 D E L I N Q U E N PS B R O UGHT TO P UN I SH M E NT .

P L AT E X V .

SC A R A BS OF V AR I OUS P E R IO D S .

F I GU R E S ,
A NI M A L S H I E R O G LYP H S E T C
, ,
.

494 . S phi nx a nd p e c uli ar Sig ns ,

v w u n d e r ne ath .

4 75 O IQ u n r e ad i n s c rip ti o n
‘ ‘
. If fi fw w w
.

12 5 . B e e tl e w i th spr e ad w i n g Q Q tij U b e l o w s, [
-”
.

37 . Old K i n gd o m s r ab w i th r h i ca h r ac te r
,
a c a c c a .

12 7 . B k tw o r o o dil e s i
ac , c n r e li e f
c F m c r o c o dil e c r o w n e d w i th
. ro ,

th e S e b e k r o w n w ate r pl an ts gr o w i n g b o v e
c , G o o d w o rk a . .

24 . P l m tr e e fo r m e d t o gg e s t l o
a O n e i th e r s id e tw o
su a s II .

c y n o c e ph lu s p e s g th e ri ng an d e ati n g th e d ate
a a a s .

12 4 . u nr e ad .

390 . Fo ur fi h e s and
s tan k ( ef . A Z . .
,
18 6
9 , p . 1 60

G)
v u nr e ad .

16 9 . S qu atti ng
kh “
ap e ,

li
”
fl o b e li s k ,
an d m o n o gr am of Q R a, an d

an , fe .

4 05 .
C ar t u h o c e HA M AA T w i th fe ath e r ,
of t ru th an d

ura u at e sh id g o d w o rk
e ac s e, o .

99 . D u bl e
o
E x
ca rt u h
o c e

u nre d ( f 9 7 P l t XI II )
a o .
, a e .

15 .
C r dil b o v o ry x b o u n d as a v
oc o e, a e

TI Z
Pl ate XV ] . S CA R A B S OF VA R IO U S PE R IO D S . II3 .

C ow r o id ,
we ll c u t, w n i g e d ur ae u s w i th (5 an d v

O ryx b o u nd ,
se rp e n t ab o v e ,
to rto s e i . C uri o u s .

R a e/e , sac ri fi c i al c alf b o u n d b o ldly m o d e ll e d

, , . F a ce , w at e r
pl an ts b e l o w m o n o g ram o f an d & 5
u g
M M
,

An kh ,
“
lzfe , w t i h o u ts pre ad w i n g s on e t i h e r s id e ,

b e l ow .

an d v r e p e ate d p o s s ibly A M E N H O T E P
, ,

blu n d e r e d .

10 5 . La rg e fl at h e ad , m uc h wo n r . T w o ur ae i o n e ac h s id e ,

an d C o ar se .

384 . Tw o c yn o c e ph alu s ap e s an d u nk n o w n s y m b o l i
n c e nt e r .

3 18 ,
U r ae u s , di s c ,
an d se rp e nt ,
w t ih u a b o ve ,

28 9 . v ,
w t i h fl o w e ri n g pl ant b e l o w .

45 3 . C ow r o id ,
re d p aste . O b s e rv e s ig n s on b ac k U ,

72 P o tte ry se a l , 6)
a fi N w w
,
e tc . C ar o se w o rk .

Am e n R a -
n e fe r an kh .

3 07 . T h e Su n w t ih hi
s b o at g , , th e g o dd e s s of t ru th ,

“ ”
ée a u i
y .

g
13 5 ,
W ll e

u n r e ad
-
cut

.
pl aqu e . Oaa
A QE TW ,
p m w w

4 19 . F r g m e nt o f a
a se a l of The b e s , t
'
s
y ,t a n am e of

th e i ty c .

i
n hi
s b o at u n r e ad
'

347 fig 5
. Th e su n 2 Y t, .

21 ,
C y no e ph alu c s c ro w n e d w i th lu n ar c re s c e nt , s ym b ol o f T H OT H ,
 T HE D A U GHT E R S OF A KH E N AT E N \V I TH TH E I R N U R SE .

P L AT E X V I .

C Y L I N D ERS OF VAR I OUS P ER IO D S .

Cyli n d e rs we e r i
n u se i
n E gyp t i
n v e ry
rly ti m e s b u t s o o n ea ,

w e r e giv e n up fo s c ar ab sr I n th e X V I I I T H DY N A ST Y th e y s e e m t o
.

h v e o m e g ai n i nto fas hi o n fo
a c a s h o r t t i m e o n ly
,
r a B u t th e y .

ne v e r b e c am e p o pul ar o b j e c ts an d a e r ar e ly fo u n d i
,
n E gyp t
r The y .

see m t o h av e b e e n se d as s e al s
u fo w hi h purp o s e t h e y are
,
r c

a d m ir bly ad ap te d
a I nd e e d it is s tr ang e s u c h a c o nv e n i e n t fo r m
.
,

o f s e ali n g m aki n g a n u n li m i te d r e p e t i ti o n o f t h e d e vi c e e v e r w e n t
, ,

o u t o f fas hi o n an d i ,
t w o u ld b e w e ll w o r th i n tr o du c i n g i n to m o d e r n

bu s i n e s s u s g e s I h av e i
a . n r e g ard t o t h e t e n c yli n d e r s s h o w n o n
,

P l ate XVI giv e n i m pr e s i o ns o f e ac h It i

,
s s w o n d e rfu l to s e e h o w
.

h arp th e s e a e fr o m s ig n e ts w hi c h l e ft th e e n gr av e r s h an d s s o
’
S r ,

m an y th o u s an d y e ar s ag o .

4 42 . La rg e s te ati te c yli nd e r s e e m s e rl y uri o u s s tyl e U n r e ad

,
a ,
c . .

U nfo r tu nate ly th e R o y al C ar to u c h e w hi c h it o nc e pr o b ably

p o s s e s s e d i d e fac e d
s .
S C A R A B S O F VA R I O U S P E R I O D S P/ XV

4 4 9
F ig u re s An i
m lS Hi
a , e ro g ly p h s 8 m
.
C YLI N DER S O F VA R IO U S P E R I O DS
Pl at e XV I ]. C YL I N D ERS OF VA R IO U S P E R IO D S . 1 15

3 31 . N E F E R A R K A RA , V T H
‘
DY N A ST Y ( 3 68 3 6 6
' '
Thi s 0— 0

ki ng app e ar s in th e L i s t o f M an e th o as N E P HE R K HE R E S “ ”
.

His n am e i s fo u n d al s o o n m o n u m e n ts He r e ig n e d w e are .
,

t o l d t w e n ty ye ar s
,
W e k n o w h e h ad a pyr am id fo r T H Y
.
, ,

w h o s e fi n e to m b i s o n e o f th e s igh t s o f Sakk ah te ll s u s h e ar ,

w as k e e p e r o f i t an d w e k n o w o f e l e v e n o t h e r pri e s ts o f h i
, s

c ul t B t thi s pyr am id h s n o t ye t b e e n id e n ti fi e d an d t h e r e
. u a ,

is o n ly o n e o b j e c t o f h is r e ig n n o w k n o w n — m y c yli n d e r
e n gr av e d o n P l at e XVI Th e r e w as o n e i n th e C air o .

M u se um b t i t w as diffe r e n t fr o m thi s an d i
,
u t di s pp e ar e d ,
a

duri n g th e t r o ub le d ti m e o f 8 7 8 SO th e o n e n o w Sh o w n 1 .

is a u n iqu e r e li c Hi s p yr a m id w as k n o w n a s
. BA an d i t ,
”

is s upp o s e d to be o n e o f t h o s e a t A b u s i Thi s gr o up o f r.

pyr am id s s h o uld b e pr o p e rly s urve y e d an d m app e d in th e

s am e s tyl e as P e tri e s fi n e w o rk o n t h e G hi e h pyr am id fi e ld
’
z -
.

N o s i m il ar s c i e n tifi c s urv e y o f th e o t h e r pyr am id fi e ld s h as -

b e e n publi sh e d ye t .

T h e c yli n d e r i s c o m p o s e d o f a b e au t iful b i t o f al m o s t

t r an s p ar e n t s t e ati te a n d i s v e ry c l e arly e n gr a ve d
,
T h e r o y al .

c ar t o u c h e ,
N E P E R A R K A R A b e i n g v e ry ‘

di sti n c t .

T h e r e m ai n d e r o f th e i n s c r i p ti o n o n th e c yli nd e r is
He n n e te r H ath o r a n e b R m s z f H t to d i
” '
”
ly an d
‘
r ,
e o a / r a ,

M e ry n e te u R a n e b B Z a a of fi g o s ae y y
r ,
” “
e o e
’
z
‘
e a
’
e r aa
’
.

D r P e tri e b e li e v e s th at thi s ki n g s s e c o n d nam e w s

.
’
a

K A K A by w hi c h t i tl e h e i ,
s k n o w n o n t h e tabl e t o f
A byd o s ; b t thi s r e q ir e s fur th e r pr o o f w hi c h th e di s c o v e ry
u u ,

of hi s pyr am id w o uld p e rh ap s e lu c id ate .

A th o u s an d y e ar s a n d m o r e li e b e tw e e n t hi s r ar e c y li n d e r an d

m y ne x t s p e c i m e n .

3 65 . A M E N E M HAT I ( D YNA TY X II T H A S ,
2 77 8 —2
7 4 8
c yli n d er o f gl o bu lar fo r m Th s i s c uri o u s b e i n g a n at ur al
. l ,

n o dul e o f fli n t w i th a p e rfo r at i o n thr o ugh i

,
t by w hi c h i t c n , a

r e v o lv e o n a s pi ndl e I t is c o ate d natur ally w i th a s ki n o f

.

li m e an d thr o u gh thi s th e an c i e nt e ngr ave r h as c u t th e

,

ki n g s ’
ca rt A M E N E M HA T . Th e

m e an i ng of A M E N E M HA T i
s o M e f ro m
A me n i ‘
.
1 16 T HE SA C R E D B EE T L E .
[ P l ate X VI .

A M E N E M HAT , y e rs s l ate r
n hi
i a i
as s o c ate d hi
s s o n U SE R T E SE N

w i th h i m as c o r e g e nt He r e ig ne d
-
.

w i th h i s f th e r t e n y e r s
a n d afte r a ,
a

w rd s
a fo r thir ty thr e e y rs h e -
ea

r e ig ne d l o n e s U SE R T E SE N I
a a .

T hi s fi n e p o r tr i t i s to b e s e e n a t
a

U n iv e r s i ty C o ll e g e T h e lik e ne ss .

is b e au tifully c arv e d an d s e e m s ,

to s p e ak . D r P e tri e di s o v e r e d
. c

i
t at K o p to s .

(53
’
Scara bs of U SE R T E SE N I ana

mz lea eo —reg e n l,
’
w /z o as a re

s b ow n o n P la te 1 .

i
s a u n iqu e
yli n d e r b e ar c

i
ng th e thr o n e t i tl e of

U SE R TE SE N I I ( X I IT H
D YN A ST Y 6 8 4 6 ,
2 -
2 00

K HA K H E P ER ‘ '

S/z z n es f o r l/z z l fo rm
’

R A, ze
‘

U SE R T E SE N I

f
0 R (1 °
R e zg n e a
’
w i z
t/ A m e n e nz b a t I .

hi s c yli nd e r m u st r e ally b e o f l ate r d ate th at o f

B ut t ,

t hi s ki ng s gr an d s o n A M E N E M HA T I II ( 6
’

57 8 , 2 2 2— 2

fo th e c ar to u c h e o f thi s l at e r rul e r i fo u n d b e s id e th e o th e r
r s

one . Hi
s t hr o n e n am e w MAA T
EN RA ,
“
belong i
n
g
‘
zo tb e fr o m of Ra . Th e i n s c rip ti o n
a bo ve th e ca r to u h e s r e ad s
c S a ra
°
n e te r
n e fe r n e b So n f l/z e Sa n , l/z e g aoa L ora G oa
7 ’ ’
, o .

It i
s p o s s ibl e h
hi s s e al w as th e s ig n m an u al o f th e g o v e r n
t at t -

m e n t o f th e F yu m P r o vi n e
a Th e s e tw o ki n g s w e r e buri e d th e r e
c .

in t h e pyr am id s buil t i n t h e ir life ti m e t o c o m m e m o r ate t h e ir gr e at

irrig ti o n an d d rai nag e w o rk s w hi c h h ad g iv e n an o th e r pr o vi n c e to

a
,

E gyp t T h e F ayu m is to thi s d y o n e o f t h e b e s t p ayi n g di stri c ts

.
a

o f E gyp t an d u n d e r
, M aj o r R H B r o w n s ad m i n i s tr ati o n h as . .
’

al m o st r e g ai ne d i
ts an c i e n t pr o s p e ri ty .
Pl ate XV I ]
. CYL I N D E RS O F VAR IO U S PE R IO D S . 1 17

5 13 . Ano t h e r u n iqu e c yli n d e r U SE R TE SE N II I X IIT H D Y N A ST Y

, , ,

66 — 6 A b o ve it h as al m o s t th e s am e i n s c rip ti o n
( 2 0 2 22 ,

as o n th e l as t c yli n d e r So n f [ I n o

Sa n g ooa L o a but b e lo w it di s pl ay s th e tw o c ar to u c h e s
7 ’
,
r ,

o f U SE R T E SE N I II K HA K A U

R A, an d th e sec on d ro y al
U SE R T E SE N .

U SE R T E SE N 1 11 . P e c to a rl of Go ld an d Pr i u
ec o s S to n e s .

F ou n d at D ab s / i
wn

h e r th o u s an d y e ar s an d w e fi nd t w o c yli n d e r s o f th e
An o t ,

X VI IIT H D Y N A ST Y .

23 1 A ME N H O T E P I X VIIIT H D Y N A ST Y ( 5 6
.
54,
t h e 1 2— 1 1

i n s c rip ti o n b e i ng (W 1 N U B N E FE R U I U AS T/ ,
ze

b nz f l g la n sem an d th e ki n g s pr e n o m e n Z E SE R
”—
fii
‘ ’ ’
ea z a n o e e, .

KA RA Saerea 7
'

zs i
lz e [ ( a f
o R a, w t ih
a dd e d
a . Thi s i
s a b e au t iful b lu e se a l ,
we ll c ut .

373 i
s an o th e r c yli n d e r o f A ME N H O T E P I w i th th e sam e ,

c ar to u c h e an d th e i n s c rip t i o n r e p e at e d w i t h
,
an d ur a ei .
,

It i s b e au t ifully c u t b u t d o e n o t giv e a s h arp i m pr e s s i o n

,
s ,

a s th e e n gr avi n g i s fill e d up w i t h blu e e n am e l o r p ai n t .

1 18 T HE S A C R E D B EE T L E .
[ P late xvr .

29 7 i
s a c yli n d e r ife S EN A M E N, w

o f T U T A N K H A M E N X V I II T H D Y N A ST Y Sh e w as d augh t e r
,
.

o f A M E N H OT E P IV w h o n e arly d e str o y e d E gyp t by h i

, s

atte m p t to fo r c e a n e w an d pur e r r e ligi o n o n th e o ld c o u n try .

Th e n fo ll o w thre e c yli nd e r s w h o s e d ate s h av e n o t b e e n asc e r

tai
ne d ye t .

349 . F igur e s o f u rmu s , an d a m an w t ih sce p tr e o r se rp e n t .

421 . C uri u o rly yli nd r tw

s ea r l l ru nni g l ng th w i an d
c e ,
o sc o s n e se ,

0
b tw e e n t h m
e e R E N R r p ate d I A A e e .

h v in m y ll e t i n v r l r b w i th ig n r m bli ng
a e co c o se e a sc a a s s s e se

thi i n rip ti n All m y b l ng t n u npl e d ki n g

s sc o . a e o o o e ac .

( Cf N 39
. P loat IX
. n d N O 4 3 3 P l t XI )
2, e ,
a .
,
a e .

388 . H x g n l yli n d e r p ri d u nk no w n b ur i n rip ti n

e a o a c ,
e o ,
o sc e sc o .

29 8 . L ong bl e to n b ad i n rib d s b dg o ffi i al s al
u s e e ,
sc e a a a e r o c e

8 ”
fi
“
'

ne t u as t, C z zj/ f
o T/z ebe s .

i mpr e s si o n

350 .
P rt
a of th e h an dl e o f a s st i ru m i n sc rib e d
,

( an d on th e ot h er
S e te n d y h o te p ne b s id e )
M ay lb e
H j
‘
n e t e ru I
M \I Q
.

ki i
'

ng g z ae an
f
of e r ng _

a na
’
flee lora
’
f
o tb e z ed d t yn B as t,

£ 04 5
7
, Soe e e/z of

“
th e p
S eec h r e fe rri n g d o u b tl e s s
”
, ,
t o th e s w e e t mu si c of th e
i n s tru m e nt .
 EG YP T IA N RI B E S
SC .

( Fro m a to mb t Th b s)
a e e .

IN D E X .

A m e n e m h at I ( X II th Dy ty ) n as

III ( X I I h Dy ty ) t n as

A pe p a ( XV th Dy n ty ) as

A b yd o s, t b l t r th ki ng
a e o e s at ( XV IIIth Dy n ty ) as

A ah m e s ( XV I I Ith Dy ty ) n as

Am e n h p I ( XVI I Ith
o te

Am e n -
m rt p ri
e q ,
nc e ss- ueen

Am e n h t p II ( XVII Ith Dy ty )
o e na s

III ( XV III h Dy ty ) t n as

IV ( X V IIIth Dy n as t y)
A kh e n at e n

B .

B u dg e D r , .
,
ex pl i
an at o n o f R o s e tta S to ne 1 3— 1 5

C .

Ca i
did n t xi t i
ro , n ti m fH o e s es o e ro d o t o s

C t h m i g f
ar o u c e, e an n o

C p t C p ti l gu g
o s, o c an a e

C l p tr
eo p lli g in h i r glyp h i
a a, s e n e o cs

C ir M
a om u seu

C
yli nd r e s

E lkab 42 , 43

F r r
as e ,
g
G eo r e

Fa y um vi it d b y H
s e e ro d o to s

G ri ffi th , L l ew e lly n
 120 I NDEX .

Hi s to ri c al S c arab s
I I e art S c arab s
He ro d o to s , fir r ll r i E gyp t
s t t av e e n

on ly i i t d Upp r E gyp t
v s e e

cou ld t d hi r glyphi
no re a e o cs

t fL k M
ac c o u n ri o a e oe s

Har h , c an c e ll r d tr r r
o an e as u e

H r m h b ( XVI IIth Dy n ty )
o e e as

K h afra IV th Dy n as t y)
b ild r
u e of th e S e c o n d P yram id
K hy an

li on o f B agd ad
K h e nz e r ( X I II th
K n o so s , K r e te

L o fti
e , Rev . W .
J .

L o st l g gan ua e re - di s c o ve e rd

M em phi s

Whi t W ll e a

M e nkau ra ( IVth Dy n ty ) as

b ildi g f T hird P yr
u n o am id

N e b ka' °

ra, ki g n Dyna ty of II Ird s

N e fe r ka ( Vth Dy ty )
‘ ' '
ar ra n as

N eh e s is c a
, r b f ki g n
a o n
’
s so

N u b d ad
' '
ra , ro yl rb a sca a

N e fe r Pt h a rb
sc a a

N e fe r ka sca a rb
N u b h o te p, p ri nc e s s

Ne f r p ri n
e a, c e ss

O s o rk o n ( XX IIn d Dy nas t y)
 I N D EX . 12 1

P tri D r F li d r
e e, . n e s

Py r m id d Pr gr
a s an o e ss

P yr m id
a hu d r d p r f
s one n e e ect n ti m e
i of He ro d o to s
P t l m y d R tt S t
o e an ose a o ne

P tah h o te p
Pi
an k h y I ( XXII nd Dy nas t y)
II

R yl an d s W H , . .

R am e s e s II fal le n , s tat u f es o

III ( XX th Dy n ty ) as

IV
R o s e tta S to n e
Ra
'
en k a ( V I Ith —VII Ith
'
Dy n ty ) as

S ay c e Pro f
, .

S c arab s u s e s ,
of

n am e r k fr om G ee

ll d Kh p r
ca e e e

r m b li g h f r
e se n c a e

d li n fec f e o use o

sy mb l f r ligi o o e on

of fu t r a t t u e s a e

f n d in R h d nd K r t
ou o es a e e

n m af gr v d g m
e o en a e e s

E tr i m i t ti
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a r y l g tt o a az e e

of u k w n ki g n no n s

of ffi i l o f X I I Ith Dy n sty
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ea rl i t rn m nt n es o a e o

m r i th b tif l
o e c u r ou s an e au u

m y h ah d m n y l
av e a o e va u e s

g d w i h m tt
oo t s es, o o e s, e c .

sy m b l y m m tr i lly rr ng d
o s s e ca a a e

r ll pi r l hi r glyph
sc o s, s a s, e o s

fig r i m l hi r glyph s t
u e s , an a s, e o , e c.

S kh a
' ‘ ‘

n ra

S h e sh a
Se b e k h o te p I
S kh e p e r ta ra r o y a l
”
,
sc ara bP
Sat S e t e n p r i nc e ss , .
12 2 I N D EX .

S he ph e rd ki ng s
Se m e nkh K a R a ( XVI I I th
’ '
Dy n as t y)
Se ty I ( X I Xth Dy ty ) n as

II ( X IXth Dy ty ) n as

S i am e n ( XX Is t Dyn as ty )
Sh i
s h an
q ( XX IIn d Dy ty ) nas

Sh ab aka ( XX V th Dy ty ) n as

Tu ri p pyr i th li t f ki g t
n, a us w s O n s a

T h th m
o I ( X VI IIth Dy ty )
es n as

II ( X VI IIth Dy ty ) n as

III ( X VII Ith Dy ty ) n as

I V ( XV III th Dy n as t y)
Tut ‘

an kh ‘

am e n

Te ll e l A m a na
‘

r
T ah arq a ( T i rh k h ) a a (XXVth Dy n ty )
as

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’
s w if e

Un as ( Vth Dyn ty ) as

P yr m id a

di r d by M p r
s c o ve e as e o

Use r te se nI ( X I Ith Dy n ty ) as

b li k o e s

II ( X I Ith Dyn ty ) as

I I I ( X IIth Dy ty ) n as

W lk r
a e ,
Dr . H .

H
ARR S NI O AND
S O NS ,
P R IN T E R S IN O R D I N AR Y TO HI S M AJ E S T Y , ST . M A RT I N S LA NE
’

, LO NDON .
By th e s ame Auth or— Fi
fth Thous and .

D ed i ss i
c a t e d by pe r m i o n to E A R L C R OM E R , G C B Ca c ’
. . .
,

P Y R A M I DS AND P R O G R E SS .

S K E T C HE S FR O M E GY P T
BY J H N
O W A R D ,

V I TH A N I NT R O D U C T I O N
\

BY TH E RE V . P R O F E SSO R SA Y C E , D D . . LL D . . E TC .

F ools c ap 4 to .
, 3 0 8 pp .
, 3 2 0 I llu s trat i
on s .

7 s . 6d . Ne t .

E Y RE AN D SP O TT ISWO O D E ,
LO N D O N, E C . 1 90 1.

O P IN IO N S O F T HE P R E SS .

Tb e Ti
m es J h n W r d w ill b f d p l Mr n t g i.d H
o i k n w l dg a e oun a e as a u e . s o e e

o f n t iq i ti
a add d t
u l e s,
q i n t w i teh E gyp t o d t h N il
a C o se in t h i r ac ua an c e an e e e

p r t p t nd t
esen as
y f v r
ec s, ay t hi n g f i t r t i n
o an et m d r gi v e or e e o n e es ,
an c e or o e n, es

h ip g
s ri ty nd th y m b i n i n tr ti n i th nt r t i nm t in m n r
a es va e , a e co e s uc o w e e a en a an e
th t a lly ll f g r ti t d T h r i n t d ll p g i
re a ca s or n th a b k Ab kt
u e. e e s o a u a e e oo . oo o

t di d b y ll i t r t d i n E gyp t
”
b e s u e a n e es e .

D i ly N a E x di gly w ll ill tr t d
ew s . ce e n e us a e .
’

Tb D i ly G y /ii
e L k ly t p r
a th ra i n di p n b l c . m p ni t ll I e o o ve e s e sa e co a on o a

w h g o t E gy p t d ry n g t E gyp t n
o o , d y M W d i
an e ve o e oes o
'
ow -
a- a s . r . ar s no
m te rer i t H t ly k n s h i E gy p t b t h i th r ghly b t f th
ou s . e no on ow s , u e s o ou a re as o e
w o rk f th l t t E gy p t l gi t
o e a es o o s s .
”

l St j m e G tt . D raw n w i th th fi m p il f m n r f h i
a es s
’
az e e . e r e nc o a a su e o s
fac ts .

T/z e World —“ Th evl o u me s o n e th a t o rdi n ar y r e ad e r s w ill e njo y n o l e s s

i
t h an t h os e w ho are i tr n e e s te d in th e o li t i c a l o u t l o o kpth e vas t e n gi n e e ri n g ,

r
v e n t u e s , an d g e ne a r l p r gr o e ss o f th e l nda of th e Ph arao h s .
”

Va n ity F a z r J u s t w at is w an e . h t d .
”

T/z e N ort/z e rn I/ V/z zg R e in e s e a c , an d o f ip r rh d p p r di g i t r t

ee e va n n e es .
”

Tb e 6 u a rd i an
'

Mr ar
’
s e n t u s as m fo r
. . W d h i E gy p t nd E gyp t l gy i a o o s so

gr r dr
h
e at t a t h i d
s e a e s m u s t b e n fe c te by it
”
i .

Tb P ll [ Il l G
e tt a A g ipi g g id M W r d h
al r i tt
a e e. o ss n u e . r . a as w en an

ex tr m ly i t r t i g b
e e k hi h h ld t ly b i l b l t
n e es n y oo b t . w c s ou no on e n va u a e o an o ne a ou

t ovi it E gyp t f th fi r t ti m b t f rm ry pl
s or t r di g f th
e s e, u o s ve e a s an ea n or os e c on

d m d t
e ne t y t h m o M s a W rd h id tly l k d
a o E gyp t i th
e . r . a as ev en oo e on w
a t ri t y d t ll
ou s
’
S e tly th thi g
e , an hi h v r y t u r i t
e t t k
s o n e e xac o se n s w c e e
'

o s w an s o no w ,

an d hi h g id b k v r gi
on w c
y i f rm t i
no u e oo e e v e s an n o a o n.
”

T/ A / t t ze lR irc A r rd fr fr m p d try f h t h
iz ec i na ld
e a ez v . e co , ee o e an , o w a e w ou

lik th r t
e o d j
e s y i
”
th m l
o s e e and f d r d r t h m
en o h l t h n e sa e an o w on e s, u n e e sa e ea

gi g v In aI r.
7 7 mSt d d A b k f t r li g
an ar l . oo o s e n va u e .

T/ E g i ie Th gi r ill b t i pl r
n n ee r . d i tr u t i fr m h e en ne e w o a n e as u e an ns c on o t e

ac c o u nt f th g r t i rri
og ti rk e r f tr i ea a on w o s In c o u s e o c o ns u c t o n.

Tb S t m e T gl
co s th r gh th ill t ti
an . i lm t li b r l
o an c e ou e u s ra o ns s a os a e a
e du t i i m tt r r l ti g t th
ca on n t ad r k f th P h r h
e s e a d th n o e ar s an wo s o e a ao s, an e

pr g r ry f m d r E gy p t ’
o d e s s an s c e ne o o e n .

M / t G d
a n c ze s e r T h r i h rdly p r ti f th N il V ll y th t
n a i z an .
-
“
e e s a a o on o e e a e a
i t p i t r d d d ri b d
s no c u e an e sc e .
 Tb e jldorn i ng P os t
'

, A re m a rk b l f a e e atu e o f r hi l g
t s e e an t p b li
u c at o n i i
s th e

n u mb e r
o f e xc e e n tll ill tr ti hi h t d t f us l
a t ons , w c en o m k it a e o e x p ti
ce o na u se o

tr ll r hi t i h l gi t ”
av e e s, d s o r an s , an arc ae o o s s .

C / ooE 3
i it
’
s G d t th
x c u rs on s — “
p r l ti d g
oo o e .
Th b tb k su e a ve e re e . e es oo on

Egyp t f th g r l d r or e e n e a re a e
”
.

Tb Sk h — e Th h d l
e tc r tly d th ugh tf lly ith ll b t
“
e au t or ea s e a ne s an o u w a a ou

w hi h h ri t
c e w es .

Tb Gl b e T h r ghly gr phi o e d i t r ti g o ou a c an n e es n .

W d
.

Tb S t d y R i e a ur M a ld pp r t b q lly t h m
ea e z a r. ar w ou a ea o e e ua a o e

w h th r d li g i th
e e eai t i y th p r t dy ty
n w a n an c e n c t or e esen n as .

Tb S d y S b l C/
e un il — N m r d ligh f l
a c oo id t th th h ld f
z ro n c e .
“
o o e e t u a e o e re s o o

E gyp ti t di an s u b f d e s c an e o un .
”

Tb L t H
e ld e va nA ll h i t r t d i th
e ra bj m y l r fr m
. w o are n e es e n e su ect a ea n o

M W rd ”
r. a .

T/ G tl ze m L
en d i th t b i g p d ti
ewo an . e arn e ,
w ou e n e an c.
”

Tb A t j e l— O r f h m to u rn a f l b k i h ih t i lli d t ne o t e os s uc c e ss u oo s n w c ar s a e o

tr l ”
ave .

Tb Y b / i P t e orS r f s z re id d d ri g g os . L tt r p r d
u e o a w e an en u n vo ue . e e e s s an

i m b l ph t gr ph l
nn u e ra e up o om i d th ff t f tr l i ll b t th
a s e av e o n o ne s
’
n e e ec o a ve n a u e

m v m t l r d d ”
o e en c o ou , an soun .

lly l b l
,

Li t t I i m thi g f
e ra u re . hi m t m k t s so e n o an ac e ve en to a e a re a va u a e

a ddi ti t th on i t i g b dy f Egyp ti li t r t r Thi s f t h

o e ex s n o r M o an e a u e. ea , o w e ve ,
r.

W rd m y f i ly l i m h p f rm d
a a a r C a Th th r h to i f t av e er o e e au o as , n ac , suc

cee d d i hi tti g th h ppy m

e n bt n th l r d tr t i d th pi r q
e a e an e w een e e a ne ea se an e c tu e s ue

an d li ly r ve rd f tr l Hi l m b d i i f m t i
eco o av e hi h i t
. s vo u e a oun s n n or a on w c s no

t b
o bt
e o i d fr m th a ne t f th r di o y t i t — hi h i d d m t h
e ac c o u n o e o nar ou r s w c , n ee , us av e

b e en co ll t d i pl ec ef y f m th di y t ri t t k — b t hi h th
n ac e s ar aw a ro e or nar ou s
’
s rac u w c e

re a d r i t r t d i E gyp t l gy i m il t i th t y
e n e es e n f b i g l t o o d t as s a es w ou an s e ns e o e n e c u re o

i th p r
n e Th ill tr ti
o c e ss . i p rt i l d m ir b lye t d us a o ns , n a c u ar, a re a a e xe c u e .

O thn h l M W r d P yr m id d Pr g r
e w o e, r. m y b a f ly r m m d d
’
s a s an o e ss a e sa e e co en e

b th t th i tifi d th g
o o e sc e n l dr f th m t
c an r t ly i f rm d
e e n e ra re a e as o n e o e os ac c u a e n o e

an d d ligh tf l be k E gyp hi h h v pp r d i r t y r
u oo s on t w c a e a ea e n ecen ea s
”
.

N Y k Ti
ew m A or d b tif l t b es k pr i t d fi p p r d
. ne w an e au u ar oo , n e on ne a e , an

t i i g
c on a n n p p lr t pr f
a ly ill tr t d f i t d m d r Egyp t
o u a ac c o u n , o u se us a e ,
o an c e n an o e n

re m rk b y i t r
a a i g It il f th
n e e st n i b k hi h . p k fs o ne o ose se r o us oo s w c are S o en o as

bi g i tr i g
e n as n e e st n as n o ve

Tb T ell T m ra ve h h er j
. r y d i thi lo d i th r i
e , as o n e w o as o u ne e n s an w cu ou s

e y t pr t
e s, n o di g t b l d hi b k i f i ti g A br h m d M
e en n o e e a rn e , t s oo s a s c na n . a a an ose s

( th l t t r
e a U i i ty m ) J ph P h r h C l p tr hi t h rt h d y
e a n v e rs an , ose ,
a ao , eo a a, e o S a ow

big m igbt
e n s th
ov n f th F m ily B i b l
e w e en d ll h l b k e c o v e rs o e a .
e or u sc oo oo s,

a pp r ea m r o nc eB y di g M W rd b k y li o e . h r th y li d lk
re a n r . a
’
s oo ,
ou ve w e e e ve ,
w a
th e very r d t h y t d oa di m ly h t th y
s e d
ro d r t d b tt r th i r
, se e w a e s aw , an un e s an e e e

gr t e a ne ss d t h i f ll B y t
an Th lu m i t
e r a mb r d
s . i th l g u i . e vo e s no e nc u e e w on

re e fr d f t t
e n c e s an d i i h d i th dl ill tr ti
o o no e s , an f E gyp t O ld s e nr c e w en e ss us a o ns o ,

an d N It i j t
ew pl
. t p th t sth usigh ti r l m a i tt f
e a s an d a o o se w e e vo u e s, w r en o r an
by E gyp t l gi t hi h o o ill t t
s s, w d ft r c o ne w w an o re a a e .

i/ V L dy ze U d r th g i f d rip ti f t r i E gyp t th u th r
a . n e e u se o a e sc on o a ou n , e a o
gi i ff t
ve s n e m pl t e m e f E gyp ti
ec a co hi t y fr m th e e r su l t ti m o an s or o e e ar i es es
1/ b R de O f th m t f
e cor . i t i g b k f th ne o e os as c n a n oo s o e s e as o n
”
.

Tb I ll t t d L d e N u s ra e T hi l t t u ti
on f th b t
on e z os . s a es ac c o n s o ne o e es .

Yb L d i F ild m f t ri p r t lik
’ ”
o aA d mes e d . aa e e cn or ou s t an ex e a e.
Tb C/ e/ Ti m A z zirc z ll t g id t th t r v lli g
es . — th nN il e xc e en u e o o se a e n on e e
w hil f th e orh t y t h m o se d h
w f l o i t r t i thi
s a a d rf l o e ,
an w o ee an n e es n s w on e u

c oun r t y th r i t b f , d i thi v l m p p l r
e e s o e t f ll th
oun bj t n s o u e a o u a ac c o u n o a o se o ec s
w hi h gi c h f i t i t t h l d f th P h r h
ve su c a as c n a on o e an o e a ao s .
”

Tb I i/ Ti e m W h r s z p rf t pi t es . —
f th try i t it d y
e av e a e ec c u re o e coun as s o- a ,

dr aw n i b th p n d p il d b y m t r h d
o e n an enc ,
an a as e an .
”

T/ D i ly T l g
ze p/ a It i i m p i bl t
e e d it i th t
ra z . ti g t t rt s o ss e o re a w ou w an n o s a
u p on a s i m il r p di ti a ex e on .

Tl E g ypt i G sc tt N t b k t b kipp d ; it m t b r d r
an az e e o a oo o e s e us e ea ca e
f lly ; b t th b li g ti
u u fe o t di m f th a rk if i ti g I t t k
o n Is o n e o no e u , or e w o s as c n a n . a es
p ri d th i t r t d p i th yp g ”
i
o s se s s o n o f d o n e an c ar e s o n e o n , an e n e es ee e ns w e ve r a e .