Student Name & Section: Muhammad Hannan Ayub

Khan & ME-12-C

10- Twist and Bend Testing Machine
Objective:
To investigate the relationship between loads, span length and deflection of a beam placed on two bearers
and affected by a concentrated load at the center and determine the modulus of elasticity of the material of
the beam

Apparatus:
• Twist and Bend Testing Machine
• Weights
• Vernier Calliper

Formulae Used:

𝑊𝐿3
𝛿=
48𝐸𝐼

Where

L = length between the bearers

𝑊 = Applied Load (N)

E = Modulus of Elasticity

𝐼 = area moment of inertia ( for solid circular cross section = 𝜋 𝑟4)

4

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 a) Relationship between Load and Deflection

Procedure:
• Set the bearers so that a span of specific value is obtained.
• Mount the hanger at the centre of the specimen.
• Set the dial guage at the upper plane of the hanger.
• Lower the guage so that its tip is about 8-10 mm above its normal zero position and set the guage at
zero.
• Load the hanger with weights and note the deflection of the beam.
• Calculate the modulus of elasticity of the material.
• Draw the graph between applied load and deflection.

Experimental Observations:
Length of span = 600mm

Material = Steel

Load Deflection Modulus of

Sr. # Elasticity
Newton mm GPa
1 1 0.105 213.15
2 3 0.335 200.43
3 5 0.58 192.94
4 7 0.82 191.06
5 8 0.94 190.48

Length of span = 600 mm

Material = Brass

Load Deflection Modulus of

Sr. # Elasticity
Newton mm GPa
1 1 0.18 124.34
2 3 0.645 104.1
3 5 1.09 102.67
4 7 1.55 101.08
5 8 1.76 101.73

Calculations:
𝜋 4
𝐼= 𝑟
4
𝜋
= (. 008)4 = 2.0106 × 10−10 𝑚4
4
𝑊𝐿3
𝐸=
48𝐼𝛿
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 (1)(0.6)3
= = 213.15 𝐺𝑃𝑎
48(2.0106 × 10 −10 )(0.105 × 10−3 )

b) Relationship between Deflection and Span

Procedure:

• Set the bearers so that a span of specific value is obtained.

• Mount the hanger at the center of the specimen.
• Set the dial gauge at the upper plane of the hanger.
• Lower the gauge so that its tip is about 8-10 mm above its normal zero position and set the guage at
zero.
• Load the hanger with weights and note the deflection of the beam.
• Calculate the modulus of elasticity of the material.
• Change the length of specimen and applying the same load note the deflection. Repeat this process
for five times to obtain the readings at six different lengths
• Draw the graph between span and deflection.

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 Experimental Observations:
Material = Steel

Load Applied = 5 N

Length Deflection Modulus of

Sr. # Elasticity
mm mm GPa
1 600 0.58 192.94
2 500 0.31 208.9
3 450 0.245 192.69
4 400 0.2 165.78
5 300 0.055 254.33

Material = Brass

Load Applied = 5 N

Length Deflection Modulus of

Sr. # Elasticity
mm mm GPa
1 600 1.09 102.67
2 500 0.62 104.45
3 450 0.405 116.56
4 400 0.29 114.34
5 300 0.14 107.6
Calculations:
𝜋 4
𝐼= 𝑟
4
𝜋
= (. 008)4 = 2.0106 × 10−10 𝑚4
4
𝑊𝐿3
𝐸=
48𝐼𝛿
(5)(0.6)3
= = 192.94 𝐺𝑃𝑎
48(2.0106 × 10−10 )(0.58 × 10−3 )

Discussion:
This experiment was aimed towards developing a relation between applied load and deflection for materials of

various modulus of elasticity. These materials were brass and steel. These readings were then used to numerate

their modulus of elasticity. It was observed that over higher loads, deflection increases. Here modulus of

elasticity plays an important role in restricting structural changes. Steel having higher modulus of elasticity,

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show lower deflection over a variety of loads compared to brass. After this we focused towards devising a

relation between length of span and deflection over constant load. Shorter the span, lower the deflection. The

modulus of elasticity calculated using this method had greater variation. Uneven distribution of material across

the length of the span can be held accountable for these variations.

Graph:
Relation Between Applied Load and Deflection
2

1.8

1.6

1.4
Deflection (mm)

1.2

1
Steel
0.8
Brass
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Applied Load (N)

Relation Between Span Length and Deflection

1.2

0.8
Deflection

0.6
Span Length
Deflection
0.4

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Span Length

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