Specification For Civil/Structural General Requirements For Water Works

SPECIFICATION FOR
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER WORKS
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0 02-02-2002 Approved Issue
rev. date Description/issued for prepared authorised
client: TRANSCO/ ADDC/ AADC
project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
title: SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL/STRUCTURAL GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER
WORKS
tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 1 of: 34

Table of Contents page
1. GENERAL ............................................................................................. 4
1.1. Purpose ...................................................................................... 4
1.2. Calculation and Drawings ........................................................ 4
2. DESIGN CODES ................................................................................... 4
3. GENERAL CIVIL DESIGN GUIDELINE ................................................ 5

3.1. General design guideline.......................................................... 5
3.2. Pumping Station ........................................................................ 6
3.3. Chlorination Building ................................................................ 7
3.4. Fire Water Pump House ............................................................ 8
3.5. Compressor Building/ Room .................................................... 8
3.6. Water Reservoirs ....................................................................... 8
3.7. Associated Structures to the Pumping Station ...................... 8
3.8. Non-Process Buildings ............................................................. 8
4. DESIGN LOADS.................................................................................... 9
4.1. Dead Loads ................................................................................ 9
4.2. Imposed Loads/ Live Loads ..................................................... 9
4.3. Wind Loads ................................................................................ 9
4.4. Seismic Loads ......................................................................... 10
4.5. Hydrostatic Load ..................................................................... 10
4.6. Dynamic Loads ........................................................................ 10
4.7. Thermal Effects ....................................................................... 17
4.8. Loads during Erection and Maintenance .............................. 18
4.9. Piping Loads............................................................................ 19
4.10. Crane/Monorail Loads............................................................. 19
4.11. Other Loads ............................................................................. 20
4.12. Loads Combinations ............................................................... 20
5. BEARING PRESSURES ..................................................................... 20
6. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE .................................................... 21
7. METEOROLOGICAL AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS ......................... 21
8. FOUNDATIONS................................................................................... 21
8.1. General ..................................................................................... 21
8.2. Calculations ............................................................................. 22
8.3. Thrust Restraint....................................................................... 23
8.4. Factors of Safety ..................................................................... 24
8.5. Settlements .............................................................................. 25
8.6. Foundation Bolts ..................................................................... 26
8.7. Grouting Below Base Plates .................................................. 26
8.8. Reinforcement in Concrete Up-stand Over Floor ................. 26
Client TRANSCO/ ADDC/ AADC
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL/STRUCTURAL GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER
WORKS

8.9. Design of Foundations for Lighting Pole, Fence, Surface Box, etc.
.................................................................................................. 26
9. ROAD CROSSING PROTECTION TECHNIQUES ............................. 26

9.1. PROTECTION SLAB ................................................................ 26
9.2. Duct Protections...................................................................... 27
10. STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................... 27

10.1. Type of Construction and Bracing......................................... 27
10.2. Minimum Sizes of Structural Members/Components........... 28
10.3. Definition of Loads in Various Conditions of Application ... 28
10.4. Dead load Conditions ............................................................. 28
10.5. Weights of Building Materials ................................................ 29
10.6. Equipment Weights ................................................................. 29
10.7. Electrical and Instrument Loads on Structures and Pipe racks.
.................................................................................................. 30
10.8. Imposed Loading..................................................................... 30
10.9. Contingency ............................................................................ 30
10.10. Load Combinations ................................................................. 31
10.11. Load Factors for Limit State Design ...................................... 31
10.12. Deflections ............................................................................... 32
10.13. Miscellaneous Loading ........................................................... 32
11. ROADS, PAVEMENTS AND SURFACE PROTECTION .................... 32
12. BOUNDARY WALL, FENCE & GATES .............................................. 33
13. DESIGN OF PILES AND SHEET PILES ............................................. 33

13.1. Pile Foundation: ...................................................................... 33
13.2. Steel Sheet Piles: .................................................................... 34
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1. GENERAL
1.1. Purpose
This specification covers the minimum technical requirements for the design of cast-in-situ/
precast concrete & steel works related to the civil and structural design of water works and
defines the design loads, quality and strength of materials to be used, requirement for factor
of safety, water tightness for concrete structures, etc.
Design shall consider and ensure minimizing maintenance works, and shall ensure durability
of the structures with minimum design working life of the structure/ buildings in accordance to
EN -1990.
The Consultant/ Contractor shall prepare all necessary design and detail drawings in
accordance with the Project requirements and as described in this Specification.
For pre-stressed and/or post tensioning concrete the Contractor/ Consultant shall comply with
the relevant Specifications/ International standards.
1.2. Calculation and Drawings

The Contractor/ Consultant will be responsible for the following, but not necessarily limited to:
· Preparation of detailed design calculations for the approval of Owner/ Engineer and in
accordance with relevant Abu Dhabi International Building Code/ International Codes/
Authorised local and national bodies taking into account the most unfavourable condition
of dead load, live load, wind load, seismic load, hydrostatic load, pipe/thrust loads,
thermal loads, dynamic loads & erection load etc. for foundation, sub-structures,
superstructures for reservoirs, pump stations, service buildings, chlorination buildings,
accommodation buildings, surge vessel foundations, auxiliary structures/ works (e.g. gate
house, sun shades etc.), external works ( such as: valve chambers, pipe supports, pipe
thrust/anchor blocks, boundary wall, fence, septic tanks, soak-way pits, trenches, access
roads, etc.) and any other requirements specified in project documents or instructed by
authorities.
· Preparation of detailed working drawings, reinforcement schedules, material lists, bill of
quantities etc.
· Obtaining all the necessary approvals from concern authorities.
2. DESIGN CODES
Contractor/ consultant shall perform the structural design based on Abu Dhabi International
Building Code (ADIBC). Alternative design codes (BS, EN, etc…) may be used subject to
Owner approval.
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Major code/ standard references are:
ADIBC - Abu Dhabi International Building Code

CIRIA GUIDE -The CIRIA Guide to Concrete Construction in the Gulf Region
ASCE 7 - -Minimum Design Loads for Buildings & Other Structures.
ACI 318 – All Parts
-Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Commentary
AISC 360 -Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”.
AISC 341 -Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”.
AISC S100 -North American Specification for the Design of Cold – Formed Steel
Structural Members.
ACI 224R – 01 -Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures.
ACI 350- -Seismic design of liquid- containing concrete structures.
ACI-351.3R - Foundations for Dynamic Equipment
EN1990 Euro code -Basis of structural design.
EN1991 Euro code -Actions on structures” — All Parts.
EN1992 Euro code -Design of Concrete Structures – All Parts.
EN1993 Euro code -Design of steel structures” – All Parts.
EN1997 Euro code -Geotechnical Design — All Parts.
EN1998Euro code -Design of structures for Earthquake resistance — All Parts.
BSEN206 -Concrete Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity.
BS EN 13001 -Cranes. General Design. Limit states and Proof of Competence of
Wire Ropes in Reeving Systems-
AISC 360 -Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”.
AISC 341 -Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”.
AISI S100 - -North American Specification for the Design of Cold – Formed Steel
Structural Members.
PUB C660 -Early Age Thermal Crack Control in Concrete.
CIRIA Report 128 - Guide to the Design of Thrust Blocks for Buried Pressure Pipelines’.
DIPRA -Thrust Restraint Design for DI Pipe.
AWWA-Manual M11 -Steel Pipe A Guide for Design & Installation.
AWWA M45 - Fiberglass Pipe Design

AWWA C950 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe
NFPA -National Fire Protection Association
UAE Fire Code - UAE Fire and life Safety Code of Practice
3. GENERAL CIVIL DESIGN GUIDELINE
3.1. General design guideline
Foundations shall be designed according to the recommendations/ findings of the detailed

geotechnical and geophysical soil investigation reports and shall consider the requirements of
the buildings/structures.
All external walls of concrete skeleton buildings shall be provided with cavity wall with thermal
insulation. Internal walls separating air conditioned room/area from non-air conditioned room/
area shall also be provided with cavity wall with thermal insulation.
A comprehensive HVAC/ventilation & firefighting system shall be designed for individual

room/ area as per the project requirements, specification and relevant local & international
codes/ standards.
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Distances and room partitions shall be designed according to the specified fire protection
standards. The design layout shall follow the requirements of preventive measures as
outlined in the relevant codes/sections.
The U-value for external walls/roof/cladding for air-conditioned rooms shall not exceed 1.2
W/m²K.
For Steel Structure buildings, roof shall be with aluminium sandwich panels cladding
supported on purlins and with proper slope for drainage and side gutter for rainfall collection
through vertical drainage pipes. The side wall cladding shall be with aluminium sandwich
panels cladding supported on steel stiffeners, wind bracing, etc. However, the bottom wall up
to one (1) m height shall be of either concrete block with plaster and paint finish, lime brick
cladding or fair face reinforced concrete wall with paint finish.
3.2. Pumping Station
The Pump hall and laydown area shall be designed from steel structure skeleton or reinforced
concrete skeleton as per size of pumping station considering optimization and Owner/
Engineer approval.
In case of Steel structure, pump hall & laydown area shall normally be designed of portal
frame at regular intervals with steel columns supporting the electrical overhead travelling
crane along the length of the pump hall and the laydown area.
Services Building attached to the Pump hall shall be designed as reinforced concrete skeleton
with reinforced concrete roof. The service building is normally comprising of Control room,
electronic room, electrical rooms, firefighting equipment room, AC/DC/ UPC rooms, Battery/
Battery charger room, basement cable cellar, offices, pantry, toilet etc.
Equipment location & clearances shall be designed to have optimal footprint. Recommended
clearances shall be as specified in W-E-SS-013 and detailed below, unless otherwise agreed
as per specific project requirement.
· The UPS, DC Room (Battery chargers) and LV SG rooms shall be all combined in
one room.
· Rear clearance of LV switchgear -1000 mm if rear access panel is used,
· Front clearance of LV switchgear – 1500 mm to 2500 mm.
· Relay panel and HV SG room shall be combined in one room.
· Front clearance of MV switchgear –2000 mm to 2500 mm,
· Rear clearance of MV switchgear – 1000 mm
· Front clearance of VFD – 2500 mm & around VFD – 1500 mm.
· Minimum clearance between the highest point of equipment and the lowest point of
beam/ false ceiling – 500 mm.
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For server room and control room the following shall be adopted:
The following panels shall be installed in the separate rooms (control room). The following
panels generate heats and shall be in AC room.
· Telecom server.
· Fire Alarm Panel.
· Public address and FOC patch panel.
· SDH cabinet.
On the other hand, the operator room shall be convenient for operators to monitor and control
the system. .
The operator rooms will be having the following items:
· Monitoring system.
· CCTV monitoring system
The Corridor width of the Electrical & Control Building shall be 1200 mm to 2000 mm
according to project requirements.
The False ceiling shall be provided in the Control Room, offices and corridor or as indicated in
the contract documents
Next to the Service building, adequate number of transformer bays are to be provided. Each
transformer bay shall be enclosed with fire resistant concrete walls from three sides. All fire
walls shall be at least 0.5 m higher than the highest transformer part (e.g. top of tank). Design
of the Bays, the Fire Walls, the Oil Tanks, and the Fire Fighting equipment shall meet UAE
Fire safety code, NFPA and any other local codes & regulations. The minimum clearances
around the Transformers shall be – 1000 mm.
The volume of the Transformer Bay shall be designed on the worst case of the firefighting
sprinkler system flow or the storm water flow which is the most critical.
The Transformer bay shall have a sump pit at its corner with adequate slope towards the
sump pit; the sump pit to be connected to an adequate drain system after provision of oil
separator pit.
The depth of the Transformer Bay shall be dropped below the incoming electrical cables
sleeves from the pumping station so that to prevent drain back flow to the pumping station
basement.
3.3. Chlorination Building
In Chlorination Building, hypochlorite generator/ dosing room and PLC / transformer rectifier
room are normally designed as concrete skeleton structures with reinforced concrete roof
slab. The salt saturator, product tanks area, temporary reverse storage area as well as the
salt storage shall be within closed shed designed from steel structure skeleton portal frame at
regular intervals with steel columns supporting the electrical monorail. The side cladding shall
be equipped with galvanized steel net openings along the three sides of walls for ventilation
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and sliding gate from front side of loading area to protect the unit from sand , wastes and
direct sun exposure.
3.4. Fire Water Pump House
The fire Water Pump House to accommodate the required fire water pumps shall be designed
either as reinforced concrete skeleton or as steel structure skeleton portal frame at regular
intervals with steel columns supporting the electrical monorail.
3.5. Compressor Building/ Room
The compressor room shall normally be designed as a concrete skeleton structure. The roof
shall be designed as reinforced concrete roof.
3.6. Water Reservoirs
Water reservoirs shall be designed and constructed as watertight retaining structures either
from reinforced in-situ concrete or post tensioning/ pre-stressed reinforced concrete or steel,
as per the project scope and in compliance to local codes & regulations.
Foundations shall be reinforced in-situ concrete designed as per recommendation of

approved geotechnical investigation report and subject to OWNER/ Engineer approval.
3.7. Associated Structures to the Pumping Station
All other associated structures for the pumping station plot such as, but not limited to QRM
building, sub-station/ switchgear building, equipment foundations, pipe supports, cable
trenches, pipe sleepers, all types of valve chambers, thrust/line anchor blocks, drainage
inspection/manholes, storm water drainage system, potable water system, firefighting ring
mains system, drainage lagoon/outfall structure, surge vessels etc. shall be designed as per
the project requirements.
3.8. Non-Process Buildings
All other non-process buildings such as but not limited to administration building, stores,
workshops, guard houses, etc.. shall be designed and constructed as reinforced concrete
skeleton or steel structure, as per the project scope and in compliance to local codes &
regulations.
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4. DESIGN LOADS
4.1. Dead Loads
The Dead load should be classified as permanent fixed action, such as (not limited to) self-
weight, partition walls, roof & floor finishing, earth load, etc...
Dead Loads shall be taken in accordance with the ADIBC and ASCE 7-05 “Minimum design
loads for buildings & other structures”.
4.2. Imposed Loads/ Live Loads
Imposed loads shall be classified as variable free actions. Impose loads are temporary, short
duration or moving load.
All the imposed Loads shall be taken in accordance with Abu Dhabi International Building
Code. (ADIBC) and related ACI/AISC/ASCE Codes. (mainly ASCE 7 -05 “Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings & other Structures”).
In addition to the aforesaid codes, the following additional live loads shall be taken into
account:
· The loads for platforms and chamber cover slabs shall be 5.0 KN/m², or a minimum
single point load of 7.50 KN whichever is more unfavourable for the structure.
· Platforms and chamber cover slabs which may be subject to traffic loads shall be
designed to a traffic load of SLW60 (equivalent to 33.33KN/ m²) distributed load.
· Sand load shall be additive to live loads when area under consideration is used as a
work area. The effect of sand accumulating behind barriers/ walls and up stands
shall be considered in the design of walls and roofs.
Imposed loads shall be taken from the aforementioned Codes and as required by OWNER/
ENGINEER, or imposed loading from plant and equipment (Data provided by Vendor),
whichever contributes to the worst load case. In vicinity of heavy traffic, Surcharge Imposed
Live Load of 33.33 KN/m² (equivalent to SLW 60 single Wheel Load as per DIN 1072) shall
be considered at the side of chamber’s walls, retaining walls, etc.”
4.3. Wind Loads
Wind load on buildings / Structures shall be calculated as per Abu Dhabi International
Building Code (ADIBC) and related ACI/AISC/ASCE/SDPS Codes (mainly SDPS WS “Special
Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic Standard (ANSI/AF & PA SDPS) ”.
The basic wind speed shall be obtained/calculated as per the Code guides, provided that, the
maximum wind speed on which the peak wind velocity pressure will be calculated shall not be
less than 160 km/hr (45 m/sec).
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4.4. Seismic Loads
Seismic load on buildings / Structures shall be calculated as per Abu Dhabi International
Building Code (ADIBC) and related ACI/AISC/ASCE/SDPS Codes mainly:
SDPS WS “Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic Standard

(ANSI/AF & PA SDPS).
AISC 341 – 05 “Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”.
The seismic zone for UAE shall be taken as per the latest version of guidelines of the subject
Code.
4.5. Hydrostatic Load
Hydrostatic Load shall be the hydrostatic pressure of water contained in the tank or in a
chamber or any other concrete structures retaining aqueous liquids, considering maximum
level. The hydrostatic pressure shall also be the horizontal water pressure acting on the
tank/chamber walls, the vertical water pressure acting downward on tank/chamber base slab
and / or the upward water pressure acting on the tank/chamber base slab; resulting from the
ground water table. Hydrostatic load shall also be considered in the design wherever
applicable.
4.6. Dynamic Loads
4.6.1. Introduction:
Heavy machinery with rotating masses (such as pumps, compressors, fans & motors)
requires a support system that can resist dynamic forces and resulting vibrations, in addition
to the static loads. These machines are characterized by the rotating motion of impellers or
rotors.
It is mandatory that all concerned parties (Manufacturer, designer, consultant & OWNER)
shall collaborate during the design process.
4.6.2. Design Criteria:
4.6.2.1. General:
All machine foundations should satisfy two fundamental criteria:
· That resonance does not occur between the frequencies of the pulsating loads and
the natural frequencies of the foundation/soil system.
· That the amplitude of any vibration does not exceed safe limits as given in Sections
4.6.2.2 & 4.6.2.3 herein.
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4.6.2.2. Limitation of Vibration Amplitude to avoid damage to the
Machinery:
Where the Manufacturer of the machinery has prescribed maximum amplitude of vibration of
the foundation to avoid damage to the machinery, this limiting amplitude should be
considered in the foundation design.
4.6.2.3. Limitation of Vibration Amplitude to avoid damage to the

Structures.
The permissible amplitude of machine/equipment foundation in order to avoid any damage in

the neighbouring buildings and structures and to machines and apparatus they contain shall
be limited to specified values as per ACI 351 or equivalent.
4.6.2.4. Machine Exciting Frequencies:
For the vibration analysis of structures and foundations or rotating equipment (subject to
vibrations), the exciting frequency shall be taken as the maximum values that, according to
the Manufacturer/Supplier of the equipment, will occur during the lifetime of the equipment.
The frequency ratio is a term that relates the operating speed of the equipment applied to all
possible modes of vibration to the natural frequencies of the foundation/soil. It is required that
the frequency of the foundation/soil differ from the operating speed of the equipment (at
different possible modes) by certain margins. This limitation is applied to prevent resonance
conditions from developing within the dynamic soil-foundation-equipment.
The formulation or presentation of frequency ratios may be based around either fo/fn or fn/fo
(operating frequency-fo to natural frequency – fn or its inverse).
A common practice among engineering firms is to compute the natural frequencies of the
basic equipment foundation and compare the values with the dynamic excitation frequencies.
The aforementioned ratio shall be checked at different modes of operation.
If the Machine speed ranges between fo1 to fo2; hence the aforementioned ratio shall be
checked against fo1 through fo2 & also n*fo1 through n*fo2 (Where “n” is the number of
blades). Another check shall also be performed against the Power source vibration which is
normally 50Hz.
Main contractor & equipment manufacture shall also confirm the equipment disturbing
frequencies at different modes of operation.
The aforesaid ratio between the operating frequency to natural frequency and its inverse shall
be in accordance with ACI- 351 or equivalent and shall not bear the value between 0.8 to 1.2
subject to manufacturer recommendation and OWNER engineer approval.
If there is a potential for resonance, the Contractor shall either adjust the foundation size or
perform more refined calculations. Refined calculations may include an analysis with a
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deliberately reduced level of damping. The size and type of equipment as well as the soil
properties play an important role in this decision process.
4.6.3. Pumps and / or rotating Equipment Foundations:
4.6.3.1. Data to be provided by the Main Contractor and the

Pumps’/Equipment Manufacturer:
· Type of Pump/Equipment: Centrifugal – Horizontal Mounted, etc.
· Detailed Plan and Cross Sections of the Pump/Equipment showing the

position and size of the mounting feet and details of the holding down bolts.
Also showing the minimum foundation requirements to suit the details of the
pump/equipment and any ancillary equipment to be supported on the
foundation block.
· Type of Drive (Variable speed or Constant speed).
· Operating Speed Range (r.p.m).
· Operating Frequency range under different mode of operation (HZ).
· Weight of Pump/Equipment (KN).
· Weight of Motor/Associated Equipment (KN).
· Weight of Assembly Parts

Base Plate, Coupling, Guard, etc. (KN).
· Maximum Power rating (KW).
· Estimated Full Load Torque (N.m).
· Pump flow {Q} (m³/s).
· Pump Monomeric head {H} (m).
· Permissible Pump/ Equipment amplitude (mm).
· Loading Diagram should be provided illustrating component masses and

positions of center of gravity relative to the three principal axes of the
pump/equipment.
· Details of all out - of - balance forces and couples together with the
associated frequencies for all possible modes of vibrations; these includes:
Ø External Forces.
Ø External Primary couples.
Ø External Secondary couples.
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Ø Harmonic Torque.
· Mass moments of inertia of the pump’s set about the three principal axes.
4.6.3.2. Data on Ground and Site Condition:
The soil parameters shall be taken from the final approved geotechnical investigation report.
The dynamic Soil parameters shall be addressed in the detailed geotechnical investigation
report by the Contractor which are:
· Cu = Soil Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression (KN/m³).
· Cr = Soil Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Shear (KN/m³).
· Cɸ = Soil Coefficient of Non-Uniform Compression (KN/m³).
· Cs = Soil Coefficient of Non-Uniform Shear (KN/m³).
· G = The Soil Shear Modulus (KN/m²).
· E = The Soil Young’s Modulus (KN/m²).
· µ = The Poisison’s Ratio.
4.6.3.3. Empirical Rules for the Dimensions of Concrete Foundation:
The internal dimensions of concrete foundation blocks which is largely based on empirical
rules should be regarded only as a commencing data for the design of the foundation blocks
but cases may occur where calculations show that foundations not complying with these
criteria are wholly satisfactory. The empirical rules are as follows:
· The mass of the foundation should be at least three (3) times the entire masses of the
pump/machine including the motor/associated equipment plus the assembly parts and
base frames, etc.
· The common Center of Gravity “CG” of the system (foundation + Pump/equipment +

Motor/associated equipment) shall not be more than 5 % eccentricity from the CG of
the foundation.
· The top of block is usually kept (0.3 m) above finished floor or pavement elevation to
prevent damage from surface water runoff.
· The vertical thickness of block should not be less than (0.60 m). The thickness seldom
less than one-fifth the least dimension or one-tenth the largest dimension.
· The foundation should be wide enough to prevent rocking. The width should be not
less than the vertical distance from the foundation bottom base to machine centerline.
· For large machines, it may be desirable to increase the embedded depth in soil such
that 50% to 80% of the depth, this will increase the lateral restrain and damping ratio
for all modes of vibration.
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· The bearing pressure of the dead load and live loads shall not exceed the soil
allowable bearing capacity.
· Stability against sliding and overturning shall be safe.
4.6.3.4. Dynamic Calculation of Concrete Foundation:
· The Moment of Inertia of Foundation & Machine about X-X, Y-Y & Z-Z Axis shall be
calculated.
· The moment of Inertia of Foundation & Machine about Xc-Xc, Yc-Yc & Zc-Zc Axis
shall be calculated.
· The Second Moment of Area of Foundation Bearing Surface shall be calculated.
· The disturbing frequency of the pump identified as fo – in HZ or rad/sec or rpm at

different modes of vibration shall be calculated as per relevant clauses in the
specification.
· The natural frequencies and amplitude of vibrations of foundation for the

pump/equipment system identified as (fn) shall be calculated as per relevant approved
Standard.
· The ratio between the operating frequency (at different modes of vibrations) to natural
frequency or its inverse (fo/fn or fn/fo) shall be less than 0.8 or more than 1.2.
· Dynamic calculation of the equipment foundations shall be carried out by approved

specialist designer and endorsed by the main contractor and equipment manufacturer.
4.6.3.5. Testing and measurement of Vibrations:
Testing of a foundation block prior to the initial running of the machinery, where warranted,
may be carried out to determine the natural frequency in appropriate modes and the
amplitudes due to the dynamic forces which could be operative in either normal running or
special emergency conditions.
4.6.3.6. Concrete Performance Criteria:
The design of the foundation should withstand all applied loads, both static and dynamic. The
foundation should act in unison with the equipment and supporting soil or structure to meet
the deflection limits specified by the machinery manufacturer or OWNER.
The service life of a concrete foundation should exceed the anticipated service life of the
equipment installed and resist the cyclic stresses from dynamic loads. Cracking should be
minimized to ensure protection of reinforcing steel.
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The structural design of all reinforced concrete foundations should be in accordance with
Water Standard Specification W-C-SS-005.
The following special considerations shall be taken while detailing the rebar’s for the
machinery foundations:
· Reinforcement shall be used at all faces of the block.
· Reinforcement shall be provided all around pits and openings.
· Reinforcement shall be used at all faces of the foundation with spacing in compliance
to relevant structural design calculations/ standards in relation to the flexure and
thermal crack limitations.
· Shrinkage reinforcement shall be provided spaced approximately 600 mm in three

directions (cube reinforcing with minimum bar diameter of 16 mm).
4.6.4. Performance Criteria for Machine Mounting Systems:
4.6.4.1. Anchorage Type Mounting:
The machine-mounting system attaches the dynamic machine to its foundation. Anchorage-
type machine-mounting systems integrate the foundation and the machine into a single
structure.
It is important that any instructions issued by machine Manufacturer regarding levelling

procedure and method of placing packers on the concrete be strictly followed.
The box out in the foundation block to receive the anchor bolts should not be too large and
there should be at least 150 mm of concrete between the periphery of the box out and any
external surface. Where possible box outs should be wedge-shaped in form of the narrow part
of the wedge being at the top.
4.6.4.2. Anti-Vibration Mounting:
Where it is found to be impracticable to design a foundation consisting of a simple concrete

block resting on the natural soil to give satisfactory dynamic characteristics, it may be
possible to reduce the transmitted vibrations to acceptable levels by means of anti-vibration
mountings. Equipment manufacturer shall confirm the type & detail of anti-vibration mounting
system together with required calculation for OWNER/ Engineer approval.
Depending upon the nature of the machinery and the installation, the anti-vibration mountings
may be utilized:
a) Between the machinery and its foundation.
b) Between a foundation block and a supporting foundation.
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The former arrangement is generally suitable where the out-of-balance forces are not severe
and it should be noted that the natural frequencies of the system will be modified to a degree
which depends on the resilience.
4.6.4.3. Use of Pile Foundation:
Pile foundation is recommended if one or more of the following cases prevail:
· There is a need to make significant change in frequency in one or more modes of

vibration.
· When the pressure on soil under the raft is greater than its allowable safe bearing
capacity.
· When the raft foundation sized by the aforementioned criteria is found to be subjected
to resonance.
· When increase in the block mass is restricted.
· When the amplitudes of a raft foundation are in excess of their permissible values.
· When raft foundation is liable to suffer excessive differential settlement.
Pile may affect the lowest natural frequency of a foundation block, as compared to one placed
directly on the natural soil, in the following manner:
· Increase the natural frequency in the vertical, rocking, pitching and possibly the
longitudinal mode of vibration.
· Decrease the natural frequency in the lateral and yawing modes of vibration
depending upon the level of stratum providing restraint to the piles.
An end-bearing pile is one which relies mainly on the end bearing for its load carrying
properties; the amount of soil which participates in the vibration of the foundation block is
therefore small in most cases.
A friction pile is one which relies mainly on frictional resistance between the pile surface and
surrounding soil to transmit the entire load. The vibration tends to destroy the friction
resistance.
From the above it is therefore important to ensure that the entire aforementioned criteria set-
out in the document for the raft/block foundations are met.
When racking piles are considered, an increase in the lateral or longitudinal stiffness of the
foundation block will result depending upon the direction of rack.
Pile caps, where used as a foundation block, should be of such size as to meet all the entire
aforementioned criteria set-out above for the raft/block foundations and be not less than 600
mm thickness or one-tenth of the maximum width, whichever is greater.
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4.6.5. Static Deformation:
The static deformation for rotating equipment foundation shall be calculated and shown to be
within the limits stated by the Vendor of the equipment. The calculations shall include, but not
be limited to, the following causes of deformation:
· Shrinkage and creep of concrete.

· Temperature effects caused by radiation and convection of heat or cold generated by
machinery, piping and ducting.
· Elastic deformation caused by changing vapour pressure in condensers.
· Elastic deformation caused by soil settlement or elastic compression of piles.
4.6.6. Schematic Mechanical Model:
The vibration calculation shall be based on mechanical model wherein the weights and
elasticity of both structure and foundation and the weight of the equipment are presented in
an appropriate way.
The design of the structure supporting a vibrating machine shall be based on related
international standards/ codes and/or design textbooks for dynamic analysis.
4.6.7. Additional Requirements:
· If the building or structure is founded on isolated footing or isolated pile caps with
connecting tie beams, machinery foundation and the associated pipe supports shall be
independent of adjacent foundations. Surrounding concrete slabs or paving shall be
separated from machinery foundation by a 20 mm joint formed with compressible
material and sealed with an approved elastic sealant.
· If the building or structure is founded on raft slab foundation or raft slab on piles,
machinery foundation and the associated pipe supports shall be monolithically cast with
the said raft slab with the necessary reinforced concrete plinth.
4.7. Thermal Effects
4.7.1. Thermal Loads
When thermal expansion results in friction between equipment or pipes and supports, the
friction forces shall be taken as the operating load on the support times the applicable friction
coefficient given in the table below.
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Surfaces Friction Coefficient
Steel to steel (not corroded) 0.30

Stainless steel to PTFE 0.08
PTFE to PTFE 0.06

Graphite to graphite 0.15
Steel to concrete 0.45
Stainless steel to stainless steel 0.15

Note: The maximum sliding bearing pressures of the above material shall be taken into
account.
4.7.2. Thermo-Mechanical Forces and Stresses
Buildings, structures, foundations and liquid retaining structures (including fireproofing) which
are subject to thermo-mechanical effects shall also be designed for the thermal loads and for
any temperature difference that may occur.
Heat transfer calculations shall be used to determine the effects of:
a) Thermo-mechanical forces and stresses.
b) Changing of any properties of materials used.
4.8. Loads during Erection and Maintenance
All possible loading conditions during erection and maintenance shall be taken into account.
The most unfavourable condition shall be taken into account for each member.
The loads of scaffolding, including the wind loads, due to erection and maintenance shall be
taken into account for the design of the structure.
Heavy equipment lowered onto a supporting structure can introduce extreme point loads on
structural members, exceeding any operating or test load. After placing of equipment, the
exact positioning (lining out and levelling) can also introduce extreme point loads. The above
should be interpreted on the basis of CONTRACTOR's practical experience and
MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER information.
Beams and floor slabs in multi-storey structures, e.g. fire decks, shall be designed to carry the
full construction loads imposed by the props supporting the structure immediately above. A
note shall be added on the relevant construction drawings to inform the field engineer of the
adopted design philosophy.
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4.9. Piping Loads
4.9.1. Structures
The following loads from piping shall be included in the design of all applicable structures:
a) The thrust pressure based on the specified pipe test pressure acting on the pipe’s tee,
bends, blind flanges, etc. and transmitting the load to the structures.
b) Pipes larger than 300 mm diameter shall be considered as concentrated loads in their
actual locations under empty, normal operation and test conditions, whichever gives
the most severe effect.
c) Piping less than 300 mm diameter shall be considered as a distributed load in the
range 0.75 to 1.25 KN/m² over the gross area of the supporting floor. The greatest
value shall be assumed where extensive piping is anticipated. In area of structures
where there is no piping, no allowance should be made.
d) The assumed loads given above are based on ANSI standard pipe and fitting. Where
non-standard pipe and fittings are to be installed, the loads shall be adjusted to suit.
e) Considerations shall be given to pipework where the configuration, operating loads and
operating temperatures may give rise to significant horizontal forces due to friction at
supports.
Complete stress analysis for all the station pipes below and / or above ground and within the
pump hall shall be performed by the Contractor using computer software package acceptable
to OWNER/ Engineer (such as CAESAR, AUTO PIPE, etc…)
Seismic load, where applicable and specifically required by OWNER/ENGINEER shall be

applied in accordance with the provisions of relevant code.
4.10. Crane/Monorail Loads
The Structure shall be designed for the crane/Monorail Loads (if applicable).
The possible loadings conditions & the most unfavourable loading conditions shall be
considered for each member.
The Crane/Monorail Maximum Vertical Wheel Load shall be provided by the Crane/Monorail
Manufacturer or to be calculated by the Designer based on the Crane/Monorail Technical
Data.
The Crane/Monorail Maximum Vertical Wheel Load shall be multiplied by an impact factor
equal to 1.25.
The horizontal crane Maximum Wheel Load shall be equal to 10% of the maximum Vertical
Wheel Load and to be multiplied by an impact factor equal to 1.25.
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The Longitudinal lateral shock Maximum Wheel Load shall be equal to 10% of the maximum
Vertical Wheel Load and to be multiplied by an impact factor equal to 1.25.
4.11. Other Loads
The buildings/structures shall also be designed for other loads (if subjected to) such as but
not limited to, traffic movement action, accidental actions, actions on structures exposed to
fire, etc.., in compliance to relevant Abu Dhabi Building Code & other regulation.
4.12. Loads Combinations
The design loads combinations are various combinations of the load cases for which the
structure needs to be designed for. The services and ultimate loads combination with the
necessary load’s factors shall be applied as per the relevant design Code adopted for the
design.
5. BEARING PRESSURES
For the purpose of comparison with the allowable bearing pressures and allowable
settlements, the loads to be used in computing the maximum pressure and maximum
settlement under a foundation should be the maximum service stresses from loads and forces
which are likely to occur simultaneously from combination of service loads including the
weight of the foundation.
Flexure stresses for foundations shall be designed to withstand the maximum ultimate
stresses from loads listed in section 10.10, which are likely to occur simultaneously.
In addition, for short-term and long-term serviceability limit states involving maximum uniform
settlement, differential settlement, creep, stresses on soil, deformation, cracking, etc., all load
cases as described in 10.10, as well as all service load combinations as per relevant codes
and standards shall be considered, without exclusion, in order to design for the most critical
load combination.
The allowable soil bearing capacity shall be calculated to cater for preventing soil shear
failure under the foundation base and to tolerate the settlement to acceptable limit over a
depth of 2 B below the formation level (where B is the breadth of the foundation).
The depth of investigations shall be extended to all strata that will affect the project or are
affected by the construction.
The standard plate load test is not reliable to confirm/ verify the allowable soil bearing
capacity obtained from detailed geotechnical investigation report, if performed on the
foundation level (formation level) on non-uniform soil strata through the 2B depth. The test
can be considered if performed on the foundation level with reasonably uniform soil strata
through the 2 B depth.
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The maximum pressure under any load combination & eccentric loading on foundations due
to any cause should not exceed the specified allowable bearing pressure.
Increase in safe bearing capacity under the action of wind and or seismic loads may be
allowed as per the provisions of the relevant Codes. However, this shall be defined and
recommended by the approved Geotechnical Investigation Sub-Contractor.
Un-factored load values (services loads) will be used for stability calculations. Calculations
shall be as per requirements of relevant codes/ standards to ensure adequate stability against
sliding, overturning, rotation and floatation under the most adverse condition of load.
6. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE
All structures for retaining aqueous liquids or concrete under the ground water table shall be
designed for maximum crack width of 0.20 mm. Concrete in dry condition shall be designed
for maximum crack width of 0.3 mm. Minimum reinforcement for controlling of the early age
thermal contraction cracking due to fall in temperature between the hydration peak and
ambient (T1) and fall in temperature due to seasonal variations(T2) shall be calculated and
considered in design by the Contractor/ Consultant in accordance to ADIBC/ACI318/ACI –
224R – 01 ACI- 350-01 or Euro code 2 — Design of concrete structures — Part 3: Liquid
retaining and containment Structures.
Water retaining structures below ground shall be designed considering earth outside with
ground water up to the maximum assumed level with no water inside and another case shall
be considered with no earth and ground water outside, but water inside. Additionally, a
surcharge load of 33.33 KN/m² shall be considered for structures located very near to roads,
or else a surcharge load of 10 KN/m² shall be considered. In case the structure has
compartments, the structure shall be analysed for the condition that water is present in one
compartment only. Earth pressure for underground structures will be calculated using
coefficient of active earth pressure (Ka) or earth pressure at rest (K0) and passive earth
pressure (Kp) depending on boundary condition.
7. METEOROLOGICAL AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS
Climatic conditions can be severe. Dust storms are prevalent, and the atmosphere is humid
and corrosive. Refer General technical specification (W-G-SS-001) for climatic condition.
8. FOUNDATIONS
8.1. General
The allowable soil bearing capacity shall be as per the recommendations of the final detailed
approved Geotechnical investigation report and as per OWNER / Engineer instruction.
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Detailed designs for all foundations are to be prepared by the Designer and submitted to
OWNER/ENGINEER for approval in accordance with the relevant clauses of the
Specification.
The CONTRACTOR in preparing his design shall give particular regard to the
recommendation contained in relevant codes/ standards.
Machinery foundations should be designed to spread the load of installed machinery on to the
ground so that excessive settlement or tilting of the foundation block relative to the floor or
other fixed installations will not occur; they should have sufficient rigidity to prevent fracture
being under stresses set up by heavy concentrated loads, or by unbalanced rotating or
reciprocating machinery; They should absorb or damp down vibrations in order to prevent
damage or nuisance to adjacent installations or structures.
The pipe supports for above ground piping system, shall be designed considering the load
outcomes from the pipe stress analysis.
The CONTRACTOR's foundation design will be subject to the approval of

OWNER/ENGINEER. Any changes/modifications that may be required by
OWNER/ENGINEER shall be incorporated by the CONTRACTOR.
8.2. Calculations
The foundations shall be designed and constructed to safely prevent overturning, base failure,
uplift and sliding. Due consideration shall be taken to the risk of detrimental deformation and
settlement of the soil. Rotation (angle of inclination), horizontal and vertical movements of the
foundations as a result of compression of the soil, must not exceed that which is acceptable
with regard to the resulting forces in the structures and the safe operation of the electrical
equipment.
Design of foundation shall be carried out by using the limit state design method at the ultimate
limit state for the applicable load combination.
The overall foundation stability, allowable bearing capacity, allowable settlement, sliding,
overturning, floatation, rotation, etc.; shall be checked at serviceability limit state with factors
of safety Specified in this Specification.
In the sliding check the friction resistance at foundation base shall be considered zero in case
of application of water proofing membrane above the blinding.
In all the cases the active soil pressure can be developed only within a wedge of soil between
the wall and failure plane passing through the lower end of the wall and at angle of (45˚ + ɸ/2)
to the horizontal. Whilst the passive soil pressure can be developed only within a wedge of
soil between the wall and failure plane passing through the lower end of the wall and at angle
of (45˚ + ɸ/2) to the vertical. Where ɸ is the soil angle of internal friction
In case of constructing the valve chamber, thrust blocks, anchor blocks, etc., above the
ground (i.e. in a bund), then the soil passive resistance shall not be entrusted above the
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original ground level (i.e. to be considered as Zero); whilst the passive earth pressure shall be
considered below the original ground level.
When shear key is required shear key of a minimum depth of 500 mm shall be provided in
order to develop full soil to soil friction.
Ground water level shall be considered for high tide condition or as specified in Abu Dhabi
building code.
The recommended allowable soil bearing capacity should be as specified in the Final Detailed
Geotechnical Survey Report approved by OWNER/ Engineer.
While calculating the stresses on soil, the passive earth pressure shall not be considered fully
developed unless the structure tends to move. The actual passive earth pressure shall be
considered as the total acting forces minus the resistance base friction force. The Contractor
can verify the said actual developed soil passive forces using relevant geotechnical software
programme.
For structural design of valve chamber, box culvert, duct. etc., soil settlement under the base
slab shall be tolerated to a certain limit, to avoid any excessive differential settlement with the
connecting pipes/ fittings upstream and downstream of the structure. The subject tolerated
differential settlement shall be cross checked with the pipe/ fittings manufacturer.
8.3. Thrust Restraint
The unbalanced hydrostatic forces and hydrodynamic forces acting on pipes/fittings are called
thrust forces. These thrust forces occur at any point in the piping system where the direction
or cross section area of pipelines/ waterway changes. Thus, there will be thrust forces at
bends, reducers, offsets, tees, dead ends, and closed valves.
The hydrodynamic thrust forces are generally found insignificant comparing to the hydrostatic
thrust forces and usually can be ignored.
A thrust force in underground pipelines is usually to be balanced with thrust blocks,

chambers, restrained joint systems or line anchors. However, combination of thrust
restraining systems shall not be permitted under any circumstances.
Thrust block/ line anchor details from Standard typical drawings can be used by the contractor
for applicable parameters/ conditions subject to OWNER/ Engineer approval.
The following table shows the thrust forces computation on which the thrust and /or anchor
block shall be designed for:
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Thrust Type/Bend Value Thrust Block resisting Line Anchor Block resisting full
full thrust force at single thrust force at single bend
bend
Blind Flange P*A 1*P*A
90 Degree H or V Bend 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) P*A*((∏/2) -(Ɵr/2))*TAN (Ɵ/2)

“NA for V Bends”.
45 Degree H or V Bend 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) P*A*((∏/2) -(Ɵr/2)) *TAN (Ɵ/2)
22.5 Degree H or V Bend 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) P*A*((∏/2) -(Ɵr/2)) *TAN (Ɵ/2)
11.25 Degree H or V Bend 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) P*A*((∏/2) -(Ɵr/2))*TAN (Ɵ/2)
Sum of two Bends H or V 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵt/2) P*A*((∏/2) -(Ɵtr/2))*TAN (Ɵt/2)
(example 11.25 + 22.5) “NA for V Bends”.
Combined H Bends (subject to 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) for every P*A
length calculations) bend
Offset H Bends (subject to length 2*P*A*SIN (Ɵ/2) for every P*A
calculations) bend
Combined V Bends (subject to NA P*A
length calculations)
Offset V Bends (subject to length NA P*A
calculations)
Reducers P*(A1-A2) P*(A1-A2)
Where:
P- Hydrostatic test pressure ∏ - 3.1416

H– Horizontal A– Cross sectional area of the pipe (internal for
V– Vertical flange joints and external for all other types)
Ɵ– Bend angle in degree A1 - The reducer bigger pipe cross sectional area
Ɵr – Bend angle in Radian A2 - The reducer smallest pipe cross sectional
Ɵt - Total angles in degree area
Ɵtr- Total angles in Radian
It shall be noted that adopting the option of line anchors as main thrust retaining structures can be
made only in case designing valve chambers and/or thrust blocks as thrust retaining solution is not
possible. In addition, construction of line anchors at one branch of the pipe bend shall not allowed
under any circumstances.
The calculation of the required pipe restrained length shall be carried out in accordance with the pipe
Manufacture recommendations and considering the most critical soil condition, including dry, low water
table level, or high-water table level conditions to cater for any ongoing dewatering activities.
Piping system shall not be tested and/or operated unless all thrust restraining structures gain at least
70% of the concrete compressive strength
8.4. Factors of Safety
For design of any thrust restraint system such as but not limited to: valve chambers, thrust
blocks, anchor blocks, etc. The factor of safety for sliding, overturning and rotation shall be
considered as Follows:
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Load Case Impact Forces Resistance forces FOS
Load Case # 1 1. Thrust load based on Hydrostatic 1. Base Friction. 1.4
Test pressure.
2. Full Soil Passive earth
2. Full soil active pressure. pressure above the base
slab.
3. All other unfavourable loads.
3. Full Soil Passive pressure
earth below the base
slab; including the shear
key.
Load Case # 2 1. Thrust load based on Hydrostatic 1. Base Friction. 1.2
Test pressure.
2. Soil Passive earth
slab
3. All other unfavourable loads. Multiplied by 0.5.
3. Full Soil Passive

pressure earth below the
base slab; including the
shear key.
Load Case # 3 1. Thrust load based on operating 1. Base Friction. 1.1
pressure.
2. Zero Soil Passive earth
slab
3. All other unfavourable loads.
3. Full Soil Passive pressure
earth below the base
slab; including the shear
key.
The Factor of safety for the uplift resistance is1.2. Care shall be taken to check the flotation,
overturning, sliding and rotation based on the high tidal condition, where the ground water
table is at its highest high level. However, dry soil conditions shall be considered for checking
stress on soil. Meteorological data to be obtained by the Contractor from the concerned
Authority prior to commencement of the design.
For all load cases, dead loads of backfill can be taken into account beneficial if it is ensured
that the structure will be backfilled prior to testing the piping. This is reliable for base friction
and earth pressure.
8.5. Settlements
The risk of vibrations, erosion, change in the level of the ground-water table and other factors,
which can reduce the bearing capacity of the soil or give rise to settlement shall be taken into
account when founded in soil.
For foundations in cohesive soil types and loosely stratified friction soil, the risk of dangerous
settlements shall always be taken into account. This applies in particular to foundations for
structures which shall mainly withstand prolonged unilateral loads and to foundations of
statically indeterminate structures which are particularly sensitive to uneven settlements.
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8.6. Foundation Bolts
The performance of foundation bolts along with nuts, washers, plates etc. shall comply with
the relevant approved standards.
Foundation bolts shall be protected from corrosion by hot-dip galvanising.
Permissible tensile stress is obtained from the relative Code for Steel Structures Design.
The bolts shall be designed to withstand the applied shear, compression, tensile, pulling off,
bearing stresses and moment stresses.
The base plate safe contact area, thickness, the bearing capacity of bolts and connecting
parts shall be checked.
The safe embedded anchorage length shall also be calculated.
8.7. Grouting Below Base Plates
For the grouting under the base plate the Contractor to comply with Standard Specification
Ref. W – C – SS – 005.
8.8. Reinforcement in Concrete Up-stand Over Floor
In all cases the top levels of plinths are to be not less than 150 mm above the finished level of
surrounding concrete floor.
8.9. Design of Foundations for Lighting Pole, Fence, Surface Box, etc.
The Foundation of the lighting column, pole, fence post, surface box, and the similar shall be
designed in accordance with ADIBC, BS – EN – 40-2 Lighting columns. General requirements
and dimensions; together with the relevant Codes for Steel Structural Design
9. ROAD CROSSING PROTECTION TECHNIQUES
9.1. PROTECTION SLAB
The protection slab shown in the standard and or the Contract drawings are indicative only,
the Contractor shall calculate the said protection slab to sustain the traffic loads of SLW 60 or
H-20 running on the existing/and or future paved roads or graded roads; and also cross check
the cases of tandem wheel loads of 145 KN acting directly on the said slab at a distance of
(300 mm) during construction and future maintenance of the roads.
The effect on the pipe due to road crossing shall be checked using AWWA M11 for the
Carbon Steel Pipes, AWWA M41 for the Ductile Iron Pipes and AWWA C-950 for the Plastic
pipes, such as, GRP, GRE, HDPE, etc. to prove that the pipe is safe against following
checks:
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· Pipe collapsing pressure against the acting actual pressure.
· Pipe allowable buckling pressure against the actual acting pressure.
· Actual % deflection of pipe against the actual applied loads.
The slab length for crossing any road shall not be less than pipeline trench top width plus 600
mm.
When protection slab is to be provided, adequate soil cover shall be maintained above the
pipe in order to allow road layers thicknesses, protection slab thickness and the safe distance
between the soffit of the said slab and the top crown of the pipe.
The protection slab shall be designed for flexure stresses using appropriate structure software
packages. It shall be considered as slab on grade using modulus of Sub Grade Reaction of
soil surrounding the pipe/ below protection slab.
In case of deep pipe trench, the Contractor shall propose the adequate earth cover above the
pipe in which protection slab will not be required.
9.2. Duct Protections
The Duct details shown in the standard and or the Contract drawings are indicative only.
The duct shall be constructed of GRP pipe encased with reinforced C40 grade concrete.
The Contractor shall perform flexural stress design, bearing capacity, uplift and settlement
checks for the said duct to sustain the required loads in accordance with the relevant codes &
standards.
10. STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
10.1. Type of Construction and Bracing
All steel buildings and 'structures' or parts thereof shall be designed by considering the limit
states design. Appropriate partial factors should be applied to provide adequate degree of
reliability for ultimate states and serviceability limit states.
- All structural steelworks shall be designed to have adequate capacity to withstand all the
loads or forces which are likely to occur simultaneously.
- The steel Structural members shall be of hot rolled Steel members, i.e. built – up
sections are not allowed, unless otherwise approved by Owner /Engineer.
- Where bracing is utilised, it shall be positioned so that the specified headroom and other
clearances are strictly maintained.
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- All compound members comprising two sections (e.g., angles, channels or tees) placed
back-to-back, welded or bolted shall be spaced apart sufficiently to allow for subsequent
material preparation, painting and future maintenance. Compound battened members
shall also be arranged in such a manner that all surfaces are accessible.
- Areas which are subjected to wash down, or spillage shall receive special attention as to
the floor construction adopted, involving the use of solid steel plate or concrete flooring to
replace open grid steel flooring.
10.2. Minimum Sizes of Structural Members/Components
- The thickness of all structural members shall be a minimum of 7 mm except in the case
of webs of structural sections which shall be a minimum thickness of 6 mm and sealed
tubes which shall be not thinner than 4 mm.
- The thickness of all plates and gussets shall not less than 8 mm.
- The thickness of all cap plates shall not be less than 10 mm.
- In any structural steelwork connection, a minimum of 2 (two) bolts shall be provided in

the direct shear plane.
- Unless otherwise indicated on the structural drawings, all principal and minor
connections of members shall be made with 20 mm diameter bolts. In some
circumstances the diameter of bolts is governed by the size of the connected part, and in
this event the size may be reduced to suit but shall never be smaller than 16 mm
diameter.
- All shop connection shall be welded.
- Minimum fillet weld size shall be 5 mm.
- Welds shall be continuous unless noted otherwise.
10.3. Definition of Loads in Various Conditions of Application
Buildings and structures shall be designed for all anticipated loads and for combinations of
loads to which they are likely to be subjected. This section covers the definition of the loads to
be considered.
10.4. Dead load Conditions
Dead loads shall be considered for the following three conditions.
A Erection Condition
Dead load for 'erection' condition shall be taken as the sum of the following:
1) Own weight of structure (excluding fireproofing).
2) Weight of pipes empty (excluding weight of insulation).

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3) Weight of empty equipment (shipping weight of equipment).
4) Weight of cladding.
B Operation Condition
Dead load for 'operating' condition shall be taken as the sum of the following:
1) Own weight of structure, fireproofing, platforms, ladders, etc.
2) Weight of pipes (including operating fluid and weight of insulation)
3) Operation weight of equipment.
4) Weight of cladding, electrical and instrument installations.
5) Insulated sandwich panels + Purlins Self Weight.
6) 0.40 KN/m² Collateral Loads.
7) Exhaust fan Self weight.
C Test Condition
Dead load for 'test' condition shall be taken as the sum of the following:
1) Own weight of structure, fireproofing, platforms, ladders etc.
2) Weight of pipes full of water.
3) Weight of equipment under hydrostatic test.
4) Weight of cladding, electrical and instrument installations.
10.5. Weights of Building Materials
Unit weights of building materials shall be in accordance with relevant codes/ specifications.
10.6. Equipment Weights

a. Weights of equipment in empty, operating and test conditions shall be taken from
equipment Vendor's drawing, ensuring that weights are certified correct.
b. Weight of equipment in empty condition (shipping weight) shall exclude the weight of all
removable vessel internals, trays, catalysts, etc.
c. Operating weight of equipment shall be increased by 15% to allow for piping attached to
the equipment; piping and equipment insulation and fireproofing Vessel operating weight
shall include weight of internal and weight of fluid content.
d. Test weights of equipment shall be increased 10% to allow for attached piping.
e. Large vessels (test weight exceeding 200 KN), in close proximity to one another, shall
not be considered under test condition simultaneously.
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10.7. Electrical and Instrument Loads on Structures and Pipe racks.
Loading from electrical and instrument installation shall be allowed for, i.e., trays, troughs,
control panels, cables, etc., including protection barriers to cables. Design weight of cables
alone shall be taken initially as 1.5 KN/m², but this figure should be checked against final
electrical drawings.
10.8. Imposed Loading
Imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with relevant codes/ standards.
Roofs, Floors, Platforms and Walkways
a) Access platforms and walkways - 5.0 KN/m².
b) Working/operating/maintenance floors - 5.0 KN/m².
c) Special areas such as permanent storage, erection or maintenance etc. loading as

specified by client or determined by calculation based upon usage.
d) All roofs shall be designed for a minimum loading of 1.5 KN per sq.m in addition to the
applied plant loads.
e) Roof areas liable to short-term loading during the installation or maintenance of plant
shall be designed to withstand such loading in addition to and at the same time as that
described.
10.9. Contingency
Load factors for contingency loads to be used in design to BS EN 1993 shall be taken as those
applicable to dead loads.
The beams in floors, pipe racks, platforms, and walkways, etc., shall be designed for a
concentrated load which shall be applied in such positions on the structural member under
consideration so as to give the most severe conditions both for bending moment and for
vertical shear.
This load shall be additional to the loads specified elsewhere in this specification.
This load shall not be taken as cumulative to beams and stanchions.
The following concentrated loads shall be applied:
a. platform and walkways.
b. Floor trimmers in buildings, equipment structures, and pipe rack ties.
c. Beams in buildings and equipment structures (excluding floor trimmers) and all pipe rack
beams including longitudinal edge beams
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10.10. Load Combinations
Load combinations shall be considered to determine the most unfavourable conditions for
foundations, structures, buildings, and individual members. Load combinations shall be in
accordance with relevant codes and standards, including, but not limited to the following load
cases, wherever applicable:
- Dead loads & Self Weight.
- Superimposed Dead loads
- Live Load.
Imposed live loads.
- Wind loads.
- Seismic loads.
- Hydrostatic loads.
- Dynamic loads.
- Crane & or Monorail Loads.
- Impact loads.
- Thermal Loads.
- Traffic loads (single wheel load of SLW 60).
- Surcharge of 33.33 KN/m² or 10 KN/m² depends on the adjacent Traffic movement.
- Pipe loads.
- Loads During Erection, construction Maintenance stresses load combinations.
- Other loads such as, accidental actions, actions on structures exposed to fire, etc.
- Other loads acting on the structures.
10.11. Load Factors for Limit State Design
Ultimate Limit States
Load factors to be applied to the loads when considering the strength requirements and
stability of structures shall be in accordance with relevant Codes for Steel Structural Design.
Serviceability Limit States
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When determining deflection of a structure under serviceability loading, un-factored loads
should be used (load factor = 1.0).
10.12. Deflections
Elements of all structural frames shall be designed for the deflection criteria considering all
service load combinations as stated in section 10.10.
10.13. Miscellaneous Loading
Handrails for stairs, platforms or other uses shall be designed to withstand a horizontal
uniform load of 0.75 KN/m applied at the top of rail.
Davits shall be designed to withstand a lateral force of 20% of the lifted load.
11. ROADS, PAVEMENTS AND SURFACE PROTECTION
Roads within the Pumping Station limit shall be either concrete or asphalt roads or heavy duty
interlocking tiles of at least 6 m width with curb stones on both sides. Side walkways, surface
protection, etc. shall be provided to surrounding the buildings. Note that provision for impact
protection to building has to be made in locations where roads pass by and no walkways exist
as well. Sufficient side and longitudinal slopes for surface water drainage of all road’s areas
shall be provided as per the limits addressed in the relevant Codes. However, the selected
road width, horizontal and vertical curve radius, longitudinal slope, etc. has to be ensure that
trucks and cranes are able to reach every position of equipment and pipes in the station.
For paved areas, suitable passage and curb stone shall be arranged with at least 1.00 m
distance to the nearest building.
The approach road from nearest main road to the station entrance shall be designed and
constructed as per OWNER/ Engineer/ Municipality requirements.
Parking and side roads for trucks, vehicles, and/or cranes manoeuvring shall be provided by
the Contractor if specified.
Accessibility of each building and / or equipment for maintenance by roads and walkways
shall be provided by the Contractor.
Crash barriers should be installed around the above ground pipes running close to the roads.
Steep vertical curve at the horizontal curve locations shall be avoided.
Open surfaces which are not protected by any other means, shall be covered by a 100 mm
thick layer of crushed gravel, 20 mm nominal size to protect erosion. Prior to application of
gravel, these areas shall be graded/compacted and levelled in order to ensure proper
rainwater run-off.
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12. BOUNDARY WALL, FENCE & GATES
Where specified, Boundary Walls shall be considered at the perimeter of the plot. The
boundary walls shall be at least of 2.2 m high and made of pre-fabricated concrete panels of
approximately four (4) meter length painted from both sides. At the top of the boundary wall,
barbed wire shall be provided as per Standard Specification W-C-SS-013. For boundary walls
within city or urban area, the design shall be of 2.5 m height and comply to local regulatory
authority and relevant codes.
Boundary walls shall normally be designed at the plot limits unless specified differently.
Alternatively, OWNER may specify security fencing around the plot. Such fence shall be
according to Standard specification W-C-SS-013 The bottom of the fence mesh shall be
encased in a ground beam.
For filled plots (or plots to be filled) the boundary wall shall keep sufficient distance from the
edge of fill, where it has reached the final fill level. Contractor has to submit slope stability
calculations for OWNER / Engineer approval.
Entrance gate has to be provided within the boundary wall. Gate shall be double winged road
gate of at least 6.0 m clear opening, with a separate pedestrian gate of 1.2 m width.
13. DESIGN OF PILES AND SHEET PILES
13.1. Pile Foundation:
When the detailed geotechnical and geophysical soil investigation reveals the need of piling
foundation the Contractor shall submit his detailed design based on the relevant Code and
define the pile capacity, numbers, length/depth, diameter, type of drilling, etc.
The bearing capacity of the driven/bored cast-in-place piles shall be defined as follows:
· By using a minimum of two static formulae based on standard penetration test,

static cone penetration test, and soil tests.
· In addition to the static formula, dynamic formula shall be used for estimating the
bearing capacity of the driven cast-in-place piles.
· Preliminary Pile load tests shall be carried out to confirm the results of the static
and dynamic formulae as well as to define the expected settlement under the
working load.
The following shall be applied to the design and construction of piles:
· The spacing between the centre lines of piles shall not be less than 3 times the
diameter of pile.
· The diameter of pile shall not be less than 400 mm.

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· Micro piles (with less than 400mm diameter) may be accepted for special cases
subject to OWNER/ Engineer approval and recommendation of geotechnical
investigation.
· The length/depth of pile shall be such that it reaches approved soil firm stable
stratum (preferred N-Value not to be less than 50) and shall not be followed by a
weak soil.
· Driving of the cast in-situ piles shall continue even after the pile has reached its
refusal for additional subsequent three sets of ten (10 blows); i.e. total thirty (30)
blows. The final set shall be recorded either as the penetration of 25 mm per 10
blows or as the number of blows required to produce penetration of 25 mm.
· Grade of concrete for piles shall not be less than Grade C40 as per Standard
Specification Ref. W-C-SS-005
· Loads from negative skin friction shall be considered in pile design for piles passing
through back-filling, week soil, or cohesion soil.
· Pile shall not be driven within six times of pile diameter centre to centre in non-
cohesive (ɸ ) soil and C- ɸ soil or within half of pile length in cohesive soils (C) in
uncased piles filled with concrete less than 48 hours. Within four and one-half
average diameters of cased piles filled with concrete less than 24 hours old.
· If the pile tips could not reach the design level, a boring shall be made near these
piles to find the cause of that early refusal.
· Daily record shall be produced for every pile.
Relevant Specification for piling foundation shall be considered.
13.2. Steel Sheet Piles:
When steel sheet piles are required for shoring or any other purpose required by the Project
the Contractor shall submit detailed stability and adequacy design calculation for Owner/
Engineer approval.
The type and details of steel sheet piles shall be proposed by the Contractor subject to the
approval of the Owner/Engineer.
The steel sheet piles shall be regular in shape over their whole length and shall interlock to
neighbouring sheets after being driven. Bulged and bent sheets shall not be used.
If the steel sheets cannot be driven to the depth required, then alternative shoring system
shall be used such as but not limited to secant piles, diaphragm walls.
WORKS

Specification For Civil/Structural General Requirements For Water Works

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Specification For Civil/Structural General Requirements For Water Works

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SPECIFICATION FOR

REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER WORKS

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 1 of: 34

2. DESIGN CODES ................................................................................... 4

3. GENERAL CIVIL DESIGN GUIDELINE ................................................ 5

5. BEARING PRESSURES ..................................................................... 20

6. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURE .................................................... 21

7. METEOROLOGICAL AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS ......................... 21

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 2 of: 34

9. ROAD CROSSING PROTECTION TECHNIQUES ............................. 26

10. STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................... 27

11. ROADS, PAVEMENTS AND SURFACE PROTECTION .................... 32

12. BOUNDARY WALL, FENCE & GATES .............................................. 33

13. DESIGN OF PILES AND SHEET PILES ............................................. 33

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 3 of: 34

1.2. Calculation and Drawings

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 4 of: 34

ADIBC - Abu Dhabi International Building Code

AWWA M45 - Fiberglass Pipe Design

3. GENERAL CIVIL DESIGN GUIDELINE

3.1. General design guideline

Foundations shall be designed according to the recommendations/ findings of the detailed

A comprehensive HVAC/ventilation & firefighting system shall be designed for individual

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 5 of: 34

3.2. Pumping Station

· Rear clearance of LV switchgear -1000 mm if rear access panel is used,

· Front clearance of LV switchgear – 1500 mm to 2500 mm.

· Relay panel and HV SG room shall be combined in one room.

· Front clearance of MV switchgear –2000 mm to 2500 mm,

· Rear clearance of MV switchgear – 1000 mm

· Front clearance of VFD – 2500 mm & around VFD – 1500 mm.

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 6 of: 34

The operator rooms will be having the following items:

3.3. Chlorination Building

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 7 of: 34

3.4. Fire Water Pump House

3.5. Compressor Building/ Room

3.6. Water Reservoirs

Foundations shall be reinforced in-situ concrete designed as per recommendation of

3.7. Associated Structures to the Pumping Station

3.8. Non-Process Buildings

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 8 of: 34

4.1. Dead Loads

4.2. Imposed Loads/ Live Loads

4.3. Wind Loads

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 9 of: 34

SDPS WS “Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic Standard

AISC 341 – 05 “Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”.

4.5. Hydrostatic Load

4.6. Dynamic Loads

4.6.2. Design Criteria:

All machine foundations should satisfy two fundamental criteria:

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 10 of: 34

4.6.2.3. Limitation of Vibration Amplitude to avoid damage to the

The permissible amplitude of machine/equipment foundation in order to avoid any damage in

4.6.2.4. Machine Exciting Frequencies:

The aforementioned ratio shall be checked at different modes of operation.

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-003 rev: 2 sheet: 11 of: 34

4.6.3. Pumps and / or rotating Equipment Foundations:

4.6.3.1. Data to be provided by the Main Contractor and the

· Type of Pump/Equipment: Centrifugal – Horizontal Mounted, etc.

· Detailed Plan and Cross Sections of the Pump/Equipment showing the

· Type of Drive (Variable speed or Constant speed).