PHYSICS-104 (Health Track 1)

DEANSHIP OF PREPARATORY YEAR

AND SUPPORTING STUDIES

Introduction to
BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS
for the Health and Life Sciences
Franklin, Kirsten
Academic Year
2016/2017

UNIVERSITY OF DAMMAM

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

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Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Motivation
3

Understanding of the physics of fluid flow is vital in

understanding biological systems as diverse as human
circulatory system and distribution of nutrients in plants.

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Objectives
4

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

• relate Volume flow rate to fluid velocity and cross

sectional area.
• understand how mass conservation leads to continuity
equation.
• understand how energy conservation leads to Bernoulli’s
equation.
• use the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation to
calculate the fluid velocity and pressure at a point in
flowing fluid.
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 Definition of Important Terms
5
• Incompressible fluid: The fluid has a constant density
throughout.
• Viscosity: The resistance of a fluid to flow. It is due to
internal friction between fluid layers during motion.
• Laminar flow: A situation in which layers of fluid slide
smoothly past each other. It occurs mostly at low fluid
velocities.
• Turbulent flow: Non-laminar flow. The flow is irregular
and complex with mixing and eddies. This occurs at high
velocities, or when there are objects in the flow
producing large changes in velocity.
• Streamlines: A family of curved lines that are tangential to
the velocity direction of the flow.
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 The Equation of Continuity
6
Volume Flow Rate (F):
It is defined as the volume of fluid flowing through a certain
cross section per unit time.

For an incompressible fluid, the volume flow rate is the

product of cross sectional area and velocity.

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 The Equation of Continuity
7
Continuity of Flow:
Under the conditions when the fluid is incompressible and
there is no fluid gained or lost the volume flow rate is
constant along a channel or pipe.
This is due to the conservation of mass - the amount of
material entering one end of the pipe must be the same as
the amount coming out the other end.
So, conservation of mass leads to the Continuity Equation:

Or
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 The Equation of Continuity
8
Continuity of Flow:
According to the continuity equation, when a fluid enters
a more constricted
section, it will speed
up.

Slide 13

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 The Equation of Continuity
9
Continuity of Flow:
We can apply the continuity
equation even when we have
multiple pipes joining; the
volume of liquid flowing into a
given location per second is
equal to the volume flowing
out. If there are multiple pipes,
then the sum of the volume
flow rates into the junction is
equal to the sum out.
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 The Equation of Continuity
10

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Bernoulli's Equation
11

The law of conservation of energy for fluids implies that the

sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and
potential energy per unit volume is constant for an
incompressible non viscous fluid.
If the flow is laminar and steady we have Bernoulli's
equation:

This means that, an increase in fluid velocity is

accompanied by a decrease in pressure and/ or a decrease
in gravitational potential energy. (see next slide).
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 Bernoulli's Equation
12

Another way of writing Bernoulli's

Equation relates the parameter
values at two points on a
streamline, labelled 1 and 2.

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Bernoulli's Equation
13

Pressure and Velocity

If there is no change in height (horizontal tube), as in slide 8
where h is fixed, so the gravitational potential energy is not
changing. Bernoulli's equation becomes:

or

This means that the pressure decreases as velocity increases.

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Bernoulli's Equation
14

Pressure and Velocity

Bernoulli's equation at a fixed height can be put in the form

So, the change in pressure equals the change in kinetic

energy per unit volume.

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
15
Fluid Flow Out of a Tank
Bernoulli's equation can also
be used to find the velocity of
liquid flow from outlet hole on
the wall of a tank.
Applying Bernoulli's equation
to liquid at the surface
(subscript 's') of the tank, and

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
16

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
17

This relationship between the speed of

outflow and the distance from the liquid
surface is known as Torricelli's theorem.
(It depends only on the depth, but not on density
of the liquid).
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
18

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016

 Summary
19

Streamline Fluid Flow in Pipe:

R  v1 A1  v2 A2 v1d12  v2 d22

Fluid at Rest: Horizontal Pipe (h1 = h2)

PA - PB = gh P1  P2  ½  v22  ½  v12

Bernoulli’s Theorem: Torricelli’s theorem:

P1   gh1  ½  v12  Constant
v  2 gh
Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016
 20

Physics Group – Basic Sciences Department Saturday, December 17, 2016