PRESSURE CHAPTER-11

PART-2

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 11.5 Measurement of Pressure

 the simplest way to measure a pressure in a fluid would be

to measure the force that the fluid applies to a known area.

 A simple mechanical diaphragm pressure meter. A sealed

container holds some fixed amount of a gas.
 The container has at least one flexible surface, the
diaphragm, which means that the pressure inside is
always the same as that outside the container.
 As the pressure changes the volume of the gas inside the
sealed container also changes.
 The degree and direction of the bending of the diaphragm
indicate changes in pressure.

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 The Manometer
3

 A manometer is a particular type of pressure measurement

apparatus is used to measure pressure and pressure
differences.

 Manometer relies on Pascal’s principle which states that, for a

stationary fluid, the pressure at some depth below the surface
can be found in terms of the pressure at the surface, the
density of the fluid and the depth. PB − PA = ρ g h
 Two bulbs, A and B, each contain a gas at different pressures. They are connected by a

U-shaped tube, which is partially filled with a fluid of density ρ. 𝐏𝐁 must be higher than
𝐏𝐀 , as the level of fluid in the right arm of the manometer is lower.

 The difference in pressure can be found from 𝐏𝐁 − 𝐏𝐀 = 𝛒 𝐠 𝐡.

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Manometer……….
4

 In most cases the two arms of the manometer are not

connected to two closed bulbs as in Figure. A ,
A
 but instead one arm is connected to a system in which the
pressure is to be measured, and the other is connected to a
system in which the pressure is known, most commonly
the open atmosphere as in Figure. B.

 The right bulb of this manometer is evacuated and so the

pressure difference between the arms is the same as the
current atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference, B
and hence the atmospheric pressure, can be found using
the difference in height of the fluid and its density.
Patm = P0 +ρgh = ρgh
Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016
Example 11.2 (Page.117): manometer

A manometer connecting two closed chambers is filled with two different fluids
(which are prevented From mixing by a thin membrane),water and an unknown
fluid, as shown. What is the density of the unknown fluid? [ ρwater =1000 kg/m3 ].

The pressure at the interface of the unknown fluid

and the water in the right of the manometer is the
same as the pressure at the same depth (10 cm) in
the water at the left of the manometer, the pressure
in each arm is given by P =P𝐨 +ρgh.

PLeft −Pright
ρunhnown = ρwater + =13600 kg/𝒎𝟑
gh

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Barometer
6

 A barometer consists of a straight tube filled with some

fluid that is inverted into a reservoir, such that the closed top
of the tube remains evacuated and the open bottom end lies
below the level of fluid in the reservoir as shown.

 The space that forms at the top of tube has no air in it, and
so is at nearly zero absolute pressure.
 The pressure at the surface of the reservoir is equal to the
local atmospheric pressure.

 As the pressure in a liquid of uniform density is equal at all

points at the same elevation, the pressure in the column of
fluid at the same height as the fluid surface is also equal to
atmospheric pressure.

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Barometer……….

 In principle, any fluid could be used inside the barometer, but in

practice mercury is most often used, because of its very high
density. If we were to construct a barometer using a tube filled

with water (ρ𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 =1000 kg/𝐦𝟑 ), then at normal atmospheric

pressures we would need a tube that could contain the resulting
10m column of water.

 In contrast, the height of the column of mercury in a mercury barometer is only 0.76 m
tall at 101 kPa, because mercury has a density of 13600 kg /𝐦𝟑 .

 In addition to its greater density, mercury also has a very low vapour pressure, which
means that the pressure in the evacuated region above the mercury is closer to zero than
if another liquid were used.

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

Example 11.3 (Page.118): Barometer

A mercury barometer (ρHg = 13 600 kg/m3 ) shows a pressure of 767 mmHg

at 5:00 PM and a pressure of 759mmHg at 7:30 PM.

What is the rate of change of the pressure in Pa/min?
A pressure of 760 mmHg is equivalent to the standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. Thus a
change of −8 mmHg (note the negative sign) is the same as:
−8 mmHg
× 101.3 × 103 =-1066 Pa
760 mmHg

m kg kg
−𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐇𝐠 = ρ𝑔ℎ = −8 m × 10−3 × 9.8 × 13600 3 = −1066 = −𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝐏𝐚
s2 m m. s2

−1066 Pa
The rate of change of the pressure is: = = −7.11 Pa/ min
150 min

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Q1: The density of water is 1.0 g/cm𝟑 . The density of the oil in the left column

of the U-tube shown below is:

A. 0.20 g/cm3

B. 0.80 g/cm3

C. 1.0 g/cm3

D. 1.3 g/cm3

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Q2: The diagram shows a U-tube with cross-sectional area A and partially filled with

oil of density ρ. A solid cylinder, which fits the tube tightly but can slide without

friction, is placed in the right arm. The system is in equilibrium.

The weight of the cylinder is:

A. LAρg

B. L3 ρg

C. Aρ(L + h)g

D. Aρ(L − h)

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Units

11

 Pressure is the force per unit area, and as there are many non-SI units that are still in
use for length, area and force, many non-SI units are still widely used for pressure also.

 The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal, which has the symbol Pa.

 Other units of pressure still commonly found in use, so we will mention these briefly.

 1 mmHg is the pressure exerted at the base of a column

of fluid exactly 1 mm high, when the density of the fluid

is exactly 13.5951 g/𝐜𝐦𝟑 , and where the acceleration 1 bar 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐏𝐚

of gravity is exactly 9.80665 m/𝐬 𝟐 . The density 1 atm 101 325 Pa
chosen in the definition is the density of mercury Hg at 1 torr 133.3224 Pa
0 °C. 1 mmHg is very close to 1 torr. 1 psi 6894.76 Pa

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Pressure and the Human Body

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 11.6 Pressure and the Human Body

13

 High or low blood pressure can result from

a number of medical conditions and can
cause a number of health problems.

 As a result, blood pressure is routinely

measured in medical practice. One method
of measurement would be to connect a
manometer directly to an artery, but this
clearly far too invasive!.

 The standard method uses a sphygmomanometer is shown beside.

An inflatable cuff is used to apply a pressure to the outside of the artery.

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Self-reading..!!

14

4 Chambers of the Heart

collects blood from

pulmonary circuit

collects blood from

systemic circuit

pumps blood to
pumps blood to systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Measuring Blood Pressure

15

 Blood pressure is indicates your heart health

 It is determined by the contractions of the heart

 Your pressure varies depending on the condition

 of your heart and blood vessels

 Pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

 Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts against

blood vessel walls.

 The pumping action of the heart generates the flow

 Pressure occurs when the flow is met by resistance

from blood vessel walls

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Blood Pressure Graph

16

 By taking your pulse, you can feel that blood pressure fluctuation with each

heartbeat.

 The pulse which you feel is actually a pressure wave that travels from your heart
though your arteries.

Pulse Pressure
Average
Systolic Diastolic Pressure

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Systolic Pressure

17

 Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure exerted by the blood against the
artery walls.
 It results when the ventricles contract.
 Normally, it measures 120 mm Hg.

Systolic

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Diastolic Pressure

18

 Diastolic Pressure is the lowest pressure in the artery.

 It result when the ventricles are relaxed

 Usually, it is around 80 mm Hg.

Diastolic

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Self-reading..!!

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Blood Pressure Sounds

20
 A cuff is inflated to constrict an artery so that no blood flows.

 As the cuff pressure is slowly released, but the artery is still partially constricted,

blood flow begins again.

 Sounds can be heard because the blood flows violently causing audible sounds.
when the artery is fully open, the blood flows freely and the sounds disappear.
 The first sounds that are heard
indicate systolic pressure (top
number). When the sounds stop,
diastolic pressure has been reached
(bottom number).
𝟏𝟐𝟎
Average blood pressure is:
𝟖𝟎

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

 Self-reading..!!!
21

 The classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart

Association for adults who are 18 years and older is given below. It assumes
the values are a result of averaging blood pressure readings measured at two or
more visits to the doctor.

Category Systolic, mmHg Diastolic, mmHg

Hypotension < 𝟗𝟎 < 𝟔𝟎
Desired 90-119 60-76
prehypertension 120-139 80-89
Stage-1 Hypertension 140-159 90-99
Stage-2 Hypertension 160-179 100-109
Hypertensive Emergency ≥ 𝟏𝟖𝟎 ≥ 𝟏𝟖𝟎

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016

Self-reading..!!!
 Thanks for
Listening

Basic Sciences Department – Physics Group Sunday, November 27, 2016