THE

VICTORIAN
AGE
1837-1901
ANTECEDENTS OF THE NOVEL
its beginning can be traced back to 612 BC when world’s oldest
literature Epic of Gilgamesh was written
Homer, who lived in 700 or 800 BC, was the first notable poet or a
literary pioneer who wrote the famous Greek epics, The Iliad and
The Odyssey. He established the tradition of epic which had
particular structure and subject matter.
In 900 BC Roman poet Virgil produced epic poems Beowulf and
Aeneid with the latter becoming a model for John Milton (1608-
74) to write his Paradise Lost. The epics were narrative verses
telling stories of human encounters with monsters and accounts of
accomplishments of heroic deeds in battles.
After the epics came a new form of literature called the romances
originating in France in the 12th century. It was also popularly
known as chivalric romance or medieval romance.
The scholars deviated from the tradition of epic by choosing
subjects such as bravery, honour, adventure and courtly love with
unique features of using magic, spells and enchantments in the
romances to arouse curiosities and interests in the readers.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE NOVEL
According to Abrams, (1995) “Romances were first written in
verse, but later in prose as well”.
One of the notable English romance is Malory’s Morte d’Arthur
written in prose (in about 1470) which accounted the legend of
King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-4000) used both verse as well as prose in
The Canterbury Tales.
Among the 24 stories included in The Canterbury Tales, two
stories, the ‘Tale of the Melibeus’ and the ‘Parson’s Tale’ were
written in prose.
 BIRTH OF NOVEL

-truncation of the Italian word NOVELLA (from the plural of

Latin novellus, "a little new thing"), novelle in French
-Italy is considered as the home of the novel
-an Italian author had already started to write in prose in 1350.
Giovanni Boccaccio produced “prose tales of amorous adventure,
'The Decameron”
-Chaucer was influenced by Boccaccio’s style of storytelling
-It was Boccaccio who first used the term novella storia (short tale
in prose) when he first experimented writing prose. Boccaccio
popularized the vogue of collections of novella with his collection
of ten short stories titled Decameron in fourteenth century
-it gained popularity in the eighteenth century
 PAGE 01

NOVEL
A novel is a narrative work of prose fiction that tells a story
about specific human experiences over a considerable
length.

Prose style and length, as well as fictional or semi-fictional

subject matter, are the most clearly defining characteristics of
a novel.

Unlike works of epic poetry, it tells its story using prose

rather than verse; unlike short stories, it tells a lengthy
narrative rather than a brief selection.
TYPES OF NOVELS

MYSTERY
SCIENCE FICTION AND
FANTASY
HORROR/THRILLER
ROMANCE
HISTORICAL FICTION
REALISTIC FICTION
 MYSTERY
NOVELS
Mystery novels revolve around a crime that
must be solved, often a murder but not
always. The traditional format will have a
detective—either professional or amateur—as
the protagonist, surrounded by a group of
characters who help solve the crime or are
suspects. Over the course of the story, the
detective will sift through clues, including
false leads and red herrings, to solve the case.

EXAMPLES: SHERLOCK HOLMES by SIR

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys series
 SCIENCE FICTION AND
FANTASY

Both deal with speculative world building.

The lines between the two are often blurred,
but in general, science fiction tends to
imagine a world that’s different because of
technology, while fantasy imagines a world
with magic. Early science fiction included
the works of Jules Verne and continued on
through George Orwell’s seminal classics
such as 1984; contemporary science fiction
is a highly popular genre. Some of the best-
known novels in Western literature are
fantasy novels, including the Lord of the
Rings series, The Chronicles of Narnia, and
Harry Potter.
 HORROR/ THRILLER
NOVELS
Thriller novels are occasionally
combined with other genres, most
often with mystery or science fiction.
The defining characteristic is that
these novels are often designed to
induce a sense of fear, suspense, or
psychological horror in the reader.
Early versions of this genre included
The Count of Monte Cristo (a revenge
thriller) and Heart of Darkness (a
psychological/horror thriller). More
contemporary examples might be the
novels of Stephen King.
 ROMANCE
Romance novels of the present day
have some things in common with
“romances” of the past: the idea of
romantic love as an end goal, the
occasional scandal, intense emotions at
the center of it all. Today’s romances,
however, are more specifically focused
on telling a story of a romantic and/or
sexual love between characters. They
often follow highly specific structures
and are all but required to have an
optimistic or “happy” resolution.
Romance is currently the most
popular novel genre in the United
States.
 HISTORICAL FICTION

Just like its name suggests, historical

fiction is simply a fictional story that
takes place at some real, past time in
human history. Some instances of
historical fiction involve fictional (or
semi-fictional) stories about actual
historical figures, while others insert
wholly original characters into real-life
events. Iconic works of historical
fiction include Ivanhoe, A Tale of Two
Cities, Gone with the Wind, and The
Hunchback of Notre Dame.
 REALISTIC FICTION

Realist fiction is, quite simply, fiction

that eschews heightened genre or style
to attempt to tell a story that “could”
take place in the world as we know it.
GEOGE ELIOT
The focus is on representing things
truthfully, without romanticization or
artistic flourishes. Some of the best-
known realist authors include Mark
Twain, John Steinbeck, Honoré de
Balzac, Anton Chekov, and George
Eliot.

MARK TWAIN
ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL
PLOT- sequence of events in a
story
KINDS OF PLOT

1. Linear Plot- moves with the natural

sequence of events where actions are
arranged sequentially
2. Circular Plot- linear development of the
story merges with an interruption in the
chronological order to shor events that
happened in the past
(flashback/foreshadowing)
3. En Medias Res- the story commences in
the middle part of the action
 ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL
CHARACTER- any animate
figure within a story
1. PROTAGONIST- main character or
hero
2. ANTAGONIST- the villain, the
character who opposes and
undermines your protagonist
3. SIDE-KICK-not all sidekicks
support the protagonist. Some
switch back and forth, hindering
him. Others turn out to be the
villain. But most often, the sidekick
is a friend who supports the
protagonist, offering advice,
adding depth to the story.
4. Orbital Character- this character is
usually an instigator, causing trouble for
the protagonist and giving him plenty of
opportunity to shine.
Sometimes he also turns out to be the
antagonist.
5. Love Interest- The object of your
protagonist’s deepest affection often
serves as a prize, but she could also
function as an obstacle to attaining his
goal.
6. Confidante
The character in whom the protagonist
trusts the most is often a best friend, a
love interest, or a mentor.
ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL
SETTING- the location and time
frame in which the action of a
narrative takes place. The makeup and
behaviour of fictional characters often
depend on their environment quite as
much as on their personal
characteristics.
Point of view-
Point of view in prose has to do with the
perspective from which you choose to
write. first-person, second-person, and
third-person. Most stories are written in
third-person point of view or first-person
point of view, though second-person is
occasionally employed. The point of view
from which you choose to write affects
how a reader processes your story.
Theme: Theme is one of the
characteristics of fiction that authors
can really sink their teeth into when
writing a full-length novel. Theme is
a larger message or motif that an
author explores to make a larger
point about everyday life or the
world around us. All other elements
can work together to convey themes
in a work of fiction.
Style: Style in creative writing starts
with word choice. When we talk
about fiction stories, we talk about
the diction (or choice of words) that
an author chooses to employ and the
structure of their work. There are no
style guides or rules for fiction
stories. and novels are an exciting
place for writers to play around with
bold stylistic choices.
USES

Interpretation of life REPORTAGE

Entertainment or Agent of change in

escape language and thought

Expression of the
PROPAGANDA
spirit of its age
 RISE OF NOVELS
DURING VICTORIAN ERA
GREAT AGE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED

THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- paved the way to the rise of the middle class
people” who created demand in the reading materials for they had plenty of leisure
time.
DECLINE OF ROMANCE AND DRAMA-romances as a literary genre started to
decline. People started to take interest in the contemporary issues. Unlike
romances, the novels were written in first person (making it appear ‘more personal
and recent’) with ordinary characters that the readers could relate with
RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS- rising middle class people demanded a new type
of literature which conformed to their temper and taste and took little interest in
the exaggerated romances”. Thus the novelist wrote about common people
revealing the “the psyche of the middle class"
MOBILE LIBRARIES and LENDING LIBRARIES- providing easy access to books
with books being brought to the homes if people joined the mobile library as
members
FEATURES OF
VICTORIAN NOVELS

Product of urban imagination

Basic plot focuses on the alteration of social relationships
and troubles of life; plot is very long, complicated and
have sub-plots
The novel is a vehicle to share or transmit values
The aim is didactic
Characters representation is low mimetic
Realistic representation and minimum of aesthetic
The setting was mainly that of the same city where
readers lived
Omniscient narrator- the all-knowing voice in a story
 PLOT OF NOVELS DURING
VICTORIAN ERA
1.INTRODUCTION
2.COMPLICATION- Order versus
Chaos
Pleasure of Order- pleasure in
categorizing their love order; If a man or
woman did not posses the qualities
desired by the Victorian society, the
opposite sex may have dismissed the
person as an unsuitable mate.
3.RETRIBUTION-good is rewarded evil
is punished
 they are published in installments in
VICTORIAN magazines; feedback from the
readers, gives author a chance to
NOVELS ARE try new strategies to hook the
SERIALIZED reader

INCREASED LITERACY

Mechanization of printing-
printing and books become
commodities + Increased in
readership =increased
literacy
ROMANTIC AGE
age of poetry/ poems
focused on self, subjectivity of
an individual, the individual
related to nature in the divine

VICTORIAN AGE
novel dominates as a genre
because it focuses in the
individual within the society,
relationships between the
individual and self-identification
of readers is possible
FAMOUS VICTORIAN NOVELIST

Currer Bell (pseudonym)

Her first novel The Professor,
was rejected by publishers, her
second novel, Jane Eyre, was
published in 1847.
1848 Brontë began work on the
manuscript of her second novel,
Shirley which deals with themes
of industrial unrest and the role
of women in society, was
CHARLOTTE BRONTE published in October 1849
1816-1855
FAMOUS VICTORIAN NOVELIST

1836 serial publication of The

Pickwick Papers, a publishing
phenomenon
1843 novella A Christmas Carol
Oliver Twist
Great Expectations
1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities
(set in London and Paris) is his
best-known work of historical
fiction

Charles John Huffam Dickens

1812 – 1870
FAMOUS VICTORIAN NOVELIST

pen name George Eliot

Adam Bede (1859),
The Mill on the Floss (1860)
Silas Marner (1861)
Romola (1862–63)
Felix Holt, the Radical (1866)
Middlemarch (1871–72) and
Daniel Deronda (1876)

Mary Ann Evans

1819 – 1880
FAMOUS VICTORIAN NOVELIST

realist
Far from the Madding Crowd
(1874)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)
and
Jude the Obscure (1895)

Thomas Hardy
1840 –1928
 CHAPTER 12
THE SHOEMAKER
”THE SHOEMAKER” IS AN EXTRACT FROM THE
HISTORICAL NOVEL TITLED ‘THE TALE OF TWO
CITIES’ WRITTEN BY CHARLES DICKENS. THE NOVEL IS
SET IN LONDON AND PARIS.

Meet the Author

Charles John Huffam Dickens
Generally considered the greatest English
novelist of the Victorian era.
He was born on February 7, 1812 and died on
June 9, 1870 in Portsmouth, a coastal town in
England.
When he was 12 years old, he dropped school to
work at a boot-blacking factory when his father
got imprisoned. For him, this was the time he lost
his innocence.
His wife’s name is Ellen Ternan, an actress.
He died at the age of 58 because of stroke
Fans of Dickens’s work celebrate his legacy at the
annual Rochester Dickens Festival.
16 Novel by Charles Dickens 6 Elements of Charles
1. The Posthumous Papers of the Dickens’ Literary Style
Pickwick Club (1836–1837)
2. Oliver Twist (1837–38) 1. Victorian-era London settings
3. Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839) 2. Caricatured main characters
4. The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841) 3. Satirical tone
5. Barnaby Rudge (1841) 4. Word repetition
6. A Christmas Carol (1843): 5. Loss of innocence
7. David Copperfield (1849–50) 6. Frequent use of cliffhangers
8. Bleak House (1852–53)
9. Hard Times (1854): Note: He wrote about things
10. Little Dorrit (1857) that many people before him
11. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) had avoided writing about, like
12. Great Expectations (1861) the lives of poorer people.
13. The Life and Adventures of Martin
Chuzzlewit (1843)
14. Dombey and Son (1847)
15. Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865)
16. The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870)
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NOVEL
French revolution: The French revolution happened during the year 1789.
The 18th century was a time of enlightenment in the European continent.
Ideologies and beliefs over religion and social structures were falling apart along
with the rise of the middle class followed by the industrial revolution. These
changes were also due to the influence of print culture and the American
revolution.
France was a feudal society. It consisted of three estates. First estate is the clergy,
second estate is nobility and the third estate is the commoners (peasants & middle
class). The third estate made up 98% of the entire population.
Even then, only the third estate was asked to pay taxes. They had to pay taxes not
just to the first estate but also to the second estate. This made them furious
especially when new tax reforms were brought as France was under debt due to its
aid given to the American revolution.
Soon a revolution broke out and the third estate tried to reclaim democracy and
formed a new republic. They formed the national assembly and burned down the
Bastille prison which was a symbol of monarchy. Louis XVI the King of France
tried to escape in the year 1791 due to the revolution. Therefore, people lost trust
in their king and beheaded him publicly. Soon a reign of terror broke out in
France killing atleast 20,000 people from the first and second estates.
The feudal system was abolished and individual rights and freedom came into
place. The new constitution was based on ‘equality’, ‘fraternity’ and ‘liberty’.
THE SHOEMAKER
CHARLES DICKENS
SUMMARY
The story “The Shoemaker” from the novel “The Two Cities” by Charles Dickens is about a
prisoner named Dr. Manette who has been imprisoned for 18 years in Bastille prison.
The story begins at the Bastille prison when Mr. Defarge (Dr. Manette’s friend and faithful
servant) visit Dr. Manette together with Mr. Lorry (Lucie’s guardian) and Manette’s daughter
named Lucie. Lucie had no idea that her father is still alive until that day has finally come.
When Defarge open his friend’s cell, the lonely man is seen to be engrossed in the act of shoe
making. Although it was not his earlier profession, this is the only thing that keep his sane for
being imprisoned for such a long time but being sane doesn’t save this good man’s most
memories. From his appearance, they can say that he is not in good condition, like he’s in the
edge of death. Every bone in his body was visible to the viewer. This is the result of his life
spent in the Bastillon prison for the crime he never committed. The two gentlemen enter the
cell and tried to communicate with their old friend, but Dr. Manette is not mentally stable to
converse with. They even tried to ask his name but when it responds, he said “One Hundred
and Five, North Tower. A few moments after, Lucie approaches and sat beside his father, the
doctor notices her golden hair. Manette opens a rag of knot that he wears around his neck
where he keeps a strand of curly golden hair similarly to hers. At first, he mistakes that Lucie
was his wife but then realize that she’s too young to be her significant other. Also, Lucie hints
him of the home and daughter that awaits him. After an emotional conversation between the
two, Lucie asks favor from Mr. Defarge and Mr. Lorry to handle the arrangements for her
father’s immediate departure for England
Book the First:
Recalled to Life

Book the Second:

The Golden Thread

Book the Third:

The Track of a Storm

Setting: set in London and Paris

before and during the French
Revolution

PLOT
MAJOR CONFLICT
·Madame Defarge seeks revenge against
Darnay for his relation to the odious Marquis
Evrémonde; Carton, Manette, Lucie, and
Jarvis Lorry strive to protect Darnay from
the bloodthirsty revolutionaries’ guillotine.
RISING ACTION
·The ongoing murder of aristocrats after the
storming of the Bastille; Darnay’s decision to
go to Paris to save Gabelle; the Defarges’
demand that Darnay be arrested
CLIMAX
·During a court trial, Defarge reads aloud a
letter that he has discovered, which Manette
wrote during his imprisonment in the Bastille
and which indicts Darnay as a member of the
cruel aristocratic lineage of Evrémonde
(Book the Third, Chapter 10). In this climactic
moment, it becomes clear that Madame
Defarge’s overzealous hatred of Darnay can
end only in death—either his or hers.
FALLING ACTION
·The jury’s sentencing of Darnay to death;
Darnay’s wish that Manette not blame
himself; Carton’s decision to sacrifice his life
to save Darnay.
RESOLUTION
·The novel resolves this conflict with twin
climaxes: Sidney Carton smuggles Darnay
out of prison and takes his place on the
execution block, while Madame Dafarge
becomes a victim of her own desire for
violence after she is killed while struggling
with Miss Pross.

SUMMARY OF THE STORY
A Tale of Two Cities is structured
around a central conflict between
Charles Darnay’s desire to break
free of his family legacy, and
Madame Defarge’s desire to hold
him accountable for the violent
actions of his father and uncle. This
conflict embodies conflicting
aspects of the French Revolution in
general: on one hand, the
Revolution led to the deaths of
many people who hadn’t done
anything wrong, and were likely
good people on a personal level.
On the other hand, the
Revolution was a response to
generations of well-documented
injustices. Like Darnay, many
French aristocrats could be
considered guilty by association,
or as a result of profiting from
systems of exploitation. The plot
is set in motion years before the
action of the novel begins, when
the Evremonde brothers
participate in a series of violent
and cruel actions toward
members of Madame Defarge’s
family, and then unjustly
imprison young Dr. Manette in
order to conceal their crimes.
Readers don’t find out about these
incidents until late in the novel, but
the fact that they have been
propelling the plot mirrors how
history unfolds. The violence of the
Revolution doesn’t just come out of
nowhere: it breaks out because of
the accumulation of decades of
unjust treatment and abuses of
power. Similarly, crimes committed
generations earlier continue to
haunt and threaten Darnay, Lucie,
and Dr. Manette. Key events like
Darnay building a career for himself
in England, getting married, and
starting his own family seem to be
taking him closer to his desire of
living a good and honest life without
exploiting or hurting anyone.
However, as Darnay eventually
realizes, he hasn’t actually resolved
the conflict because he has never
taken responsibility for the suffering
his family has caused: he has only run
away from it. As Darnay admits, “He
knew very well that in his love for
Lucie, his renunciation of his social
place… had been hurried and
incomplete.” In order to fully obtain
his desire and break all bonds with a
system he despises, Darnay returns
to France.
Darnay’s return moves the action
quickly toward its climax.
When Darnay gets arrested,
freed, and then arrested a
second time, the conflict
intensifies between Darnay’s
freedom, and Madame
Defarge’s desire to see him and
all of his family punished. The
novel resolves this conflict with
twin climaxes: Sidney Carton
smuggles Darnay out of prison
and takes his place on the
execution block, while Madame
Dafarge becomes a victim of
her own desire for violence
after she is killed while
struggling with Miss Pross.
These climaxes allow Darnay to
achieve his goal of being fully
liberated from his family
burden: after another man dies
for his sins, he goes on to live a
happy and peaceful life. The
falling action is largely revealed
in Carton’s hypothetical final
vision, showing the Manette-
Darnay family living happily
together, and faithfully
remembering the man who gave
up his life for them.
 CHARACTERS

Charles Darnay- a French aristocrat by birth, Darnay chooses to live in

England because he cannot bear to be associated with the cruel injustices
of the French social system. Darnay displays great virtue in his rejection
of the snobbish and cruel values of his uncle, the Marquis Evrémonde.
He exhibits an admirable honesty in his decision to reveal to Doctor
Manette his true identity as a member of the infamous Evrémonde
family. So, too, does he prove his courage in his decision to return to
Paris at great personal risk to save the imprisoned Gabelle.
Lucie Manette- a young French woman who grew up in England, Lucie
was raised as a ward of Tellson’s Bank because her parents were assumed
dead. Dickens depicts Lucie as an archetype of compassion. Her love has
the power to bind her family together—the text often refers to her as the
“golden thread.” Furthermore, her love has the power to transform those
around her. It enables her father to be “recalled to life,” and it sparks
Sydney Carton’s development from a “jackal” into a hero.
Sydney Carton- an insolent, indifferent, and alcoholic attorney who
works with Stryver. Carton has no real prospects in life and doesn’t seem
to be in pursuit of any. He does, however, love Lucie, and his feelings for
her eventually transform him into a man of profound merit. At first the
polar opposite of Darnay, in the end Carton morally surpasses the man
to whom he bears a striking physical resemblance.
 CHARACTERS
Doctor Manette- Lucie’s father and a brilliant physician, Doctor Manette
spent eighteen years as a prisoner in the Bastille. At the start of the novel,
Manette does nothing but make shoes, a hobby that he adopted to distract
himself from the tortures of prison. As he overcomes his past as a prisoner,
however, he proves to be a kind, loving father who prizes his daughter’s
happiness above all things.
Monsieur Defarge- a wine shop owner and revolutionary in the poor Saint
Antoine section of Paris, Monsieur Defarge formerly worked as a servant
for Doctor Manette. Defarge proves an intelligent and committed
revolutionary, a natural leader. Although he remains dedicated to bringing
about a better society at any cost, he does demonstrate a kindness toward
Manette. His wife, Madame Defarge, views this consideration for Manette
as a weakness
Madame Defarge- a cruel revolutionary whose hatred of the aristocracy
fuels her tireless crusade, Madame Defarge spends a good deal of the novel
knitting a register of everyone who must die for the revolutionary cause.
Unlike her husband, she proves unrelentingly blood-thirsty, and her lust
for vengeance knows no bounds.
Jerry Cruncher- an odd-job man for Tellson’s Bank, Cruncher is gruff,
short-tempered, superstitious, and uneducated. He supplements his income
by working as a “Resurrection-Man,” one who digs up dead bodies and sells
them to scientists.
 CHARACTERS

Miss Pross- The servant who raised Lucie, Miss Pross is brusque, tough, and
fiercely loyal to her mistress. Because she personifies order and loyalty, she
provides the perfect foil to Madame Defarge, who epitomizes the violent chaos of
the revolution
Marquis Evrémonde- Charles Darnay’s uncle, the Marquis Evrémonde is a French
aristocrat who embodies an inhumanly cruel caste system. He shows absolutely no
regard for human life and wishes that the peasants of the world would be
exterminated.
Mr. Stryver- An ambitious lawyer, Stryver dreams of climbing the social ladder.
Unlike his associate, Sydney Carton, Stryver is bombastic, proud, and foolish.
John Barsad- Like Roger Cly, John Barsad is a British spy who swears that
patriotism is his only motive. Barsad falsely claims to be a virtuous man of
upstanding reputation.
Roger Cly-Like John Barsad, Roger Cly is a British spy who swears that patriotism
alone inspires all of his actions. Cly feigns honesty but in fact constantly
participates in conniving schemes.
Gabelle- The man charged with keeping up the Evrémonde estate after the
Marquis’ death, Gabelle is imprisoned by the revolutionaries. News of his
internment prompts Darnay to travel to France to save him.
 LITERARY ELEMENTS

verbal irony
situational irony, and
dramatic irony are used to create twists and turns that
keep the reader riveted to this novel about the French
Revolution.

TYPE OF NOVEL

historical fiction, in which fictional characters and stories

are set among historical events in order to better understand
the time period
romance novel. There is a developing relationship between
Darnay and Lucie. The book tells us how and where they
met, how they get closer and how they feel about each
other. The story continues as they get married, and Lucie
travels to France when Darnay gets arrested there.
 THEMES

the way wealthy and powerful people sometimes treat

other people (aristocrat versus peasant)
vengeance
sacrifice
resurrection

STYLE

the use of pathetic fallacy- when awriter describe a weather

or scenery to reflect events in the narrative or mood of a
character
foreshadowing- when a writer gives clues about an event
which is yet to happen
repetition of word or phrase to achieve emphasis
MORAL OF THE STORY

One of the morals in A Tale of Two Cities is that

things are not always as they seem. Somebody who
appears to be no-good and disreputable could become
the most righteous person in the world. Individuals
who appear to seek justice may be bloodthirsty in the
end. Dickens might be telling the reader not to have
expectations of others, and also that right and wrong
may come in disguise.

Dickens also presents the moral that revolution comes

at a cost, even if it ends in freedom. People die or are
imprisoned during revolution, even if they mean no
harm to others. At the same time, Dickens
demonstrates that sacrifice is sometimes necessary for
the greater good.
THANK YOU
PREPARED BY:
ANGCLA, LORETO
AUSTRIA, DENISE
LOYOGOY, LOUELLA
ROSARIO, RAYMART
TALAVERA, SESSYLU