No.
Title/Author/Year Content Citation Explanation
1. Educational Tourism and Pitman et al. studied the
Local Development: The role of higher education
Role of Universities by institutions in educational
Tomasi S.i, Paviotti, G., tourism, recognizing that
Cavicchi A. (2020) “educational tours are an
interesting site of study,
first, because they are
explicitly about learning,
and second, because they
provide an opportunity for
universities to reach
beyond their walls and
directly teach members of
the broader community”
2. Stakeholder role in For tourism to be
tourism sustainability: the sustainable, all
case of Kwame Nkrumah stakeholders must be
Mausoleum and centre for involved. Freeman (1984)
art and culture in Ghana defines stakeholder as
by Amoako, G. K., “any group or individual
Obuobisa-Darko, T., & who can affect or is
Ohene Marfo, S. (2021) affected by the
achievement or the
organization’s objectives”
3. OECD Tourism Trends Tourism is an important
and Policies 2020 by source of revenue for any
OECD Publishing (2020) country and media plays
an important role to
promote tourism in
different ways, like
information search,
decision-making behaviors
and in focusing on best
practices for interacting
with consumers.
Educational tourism is one
of the fastest growing
areas of travel and tourism
and is frequently
unnoticed by tourism
professionals and
As a dependent variable in
our conceptual framework,
identifying the role of
education in the perception
of the students of dark
tourism is important due to
the effects of higher
education being a main
source of information.
Tourism stakeholders
make up all the activities
in the industry. Thus,
having a great influence to
the people in the industry,
especially the students.
With the advent of
technology, information
became very accessible for
students. At the palm of
their hands lies the access
to millions of information
about the tourism industry.
Social media, in specific,
where students can already
be updated to news and
see perspectives of
different organizations and
tourist experience with
dark tourism.
 marketers. In the past
educational institutes
relied on traditional
information sources like
print media, broadcast
media, education fairs and
university websites to
promote their universities
and students also took help
from these sources to
select their courses and
university. The advent of
social media brings a
drastic change in
marketing strategies
(Asmara, I. et. Al, 2017).

4. Dark Tourism: Dark tourism is defined as Outside the actual study of

motivations and visit
intentions of tourists by
Lewis, H., Schrier, T., Xu,
S. (2021)
the act of tourists traveling dark tourism sites, there is
to sites of death, tragedy, also a need to understand
and suffering. the perspective of the
tourist as to why they visit
this type of tourism.
Many scholars suggested Considering that dark
the pressing needs for tourism is a niche type of
empirical research into tourism compare its other
dark tourism from tourist kinds, it brings more
perspectives to understand curiosity to people to have
their motivations and the interest to study this
experiences. Most were matter..
case studies with historical
battlefields and
concentration camps being
hotspots. Still a
comprehensive
understanding of dark
tourist motivations and
their intentions to visit is
lacking

5. Review of Literature - It is a concept, started in In comparison to other

Dark Tourism by Punitha
S.J and Dr. Rajashekar H.
(2018)
mid 1990s/2000s, actually
transforming war or
disaster zones into tourism
or travel destinations.
Such sites and attractions
forms of tourism, dark
tourism was created due to
historical events in the
human civilization. Today,
those events are
 are gaining popularity and
attention from the number
of visitors, more than half
a million per year in recent
decades. For example:
Auschwitz museum in
Oswiecim, Poland;
Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Museum in
Hiroshima. Japan; Anne
Frank House in
Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, Peace park
Jeju Island, S. Korea etc.
6. Stakeholder role in Tourism is defined as “the
tourism sustainability: the processes, activities, and
case of Kwame Nkrumah outcomes arising from the
Mausoleum and centre for relationships and
art and culture in Ghana interactions among the
by Amoako, G. K., tourists, tourism suppliers,
Obuobisa-Darko, T., & host governments, host
Ohene Marfo, S. (2021) communities, and
surrounding environments
that are involved in the
attracting and hosting of
visitors”
7. Dark Tourism: According to Biran, Poria
Understanding the & Oren (2011), dark
Concept and Values tourism motivations could
be grouped into four
factors, namely: 1. ―see it
to believe it‖ (participants‘
interest in seeing the site
out of a need to believe
that such atrocities really
happened); 2. ―Learning
and understanding‖
(participants interest in
being educated about
Second World War and the
atrocities that took place in
Auschwitz); 3. ―famous
death tourist attractions‖
(general interest in sites of
commemorated and being
kept alive and pass on to
generations to generations
in the form of dark
tourism.
Tourism is a massive
industry consists of
different industry inside it
which works hand in hand
to serve the people as a
whole. Hence, all the
elements contribute to
make up a whole
experience for the tourist.
Reasons are subjective as
to why tourists visit a dark
tourism destination.
However, a previous study
were able to conclude that
dark tourism motivations
falls under four categories
namely, “see it, to believe
it”, learning and
understanding, famous
death tourist attractions,
and emotional heritage
experienced.
 death, willingness to see
the real site, and feel
empathy with the victims);
4. ―emotional heritage
experience‖ (the desire to
connect to his/her heritage
and have an emotional
experience). Preece and
Price (2001; in Ryan &
Kohli, 2006,p.214) in a
study of Port Arthur,
proposed, based in
interviews with visitors ,
three main themes of
visitation, these beings a)
learning ; b) historical
interest and c) a
fascination with the
abnormal or bizarre.

8. Dark Tourism and In their article, Ashworth Specifically, aside from

Theories of its and Isaac (2015) analyze
Motivation by StudyCorgi the shifting perspectives of
(2020) dark tourism. The authors
remark that the theoretical
investigations of dark
tourism changed their
focus from the places to
the experiences conveyed
by them. Ashworth and
Isaac (2015) suggest a list
of emotions that tourists at
such sites usually
experience: curiosity,
shame, empathetic grief,
psychotic disturbance,
offense or anger, and fear.
what the dark tourism
attractions are conveying,
are what the people feel
and their subjective
perception of the attraction
which contributes with
their experience. The
emotions that the tourist
feel are the determining
factor changing their
motivation for the next
visitation.

9. People's perception on As per Seaton (2018) dark This study focuses on the
dark tourism : a tourism is basically a travel motivations and
quantitative exploration niche segment and well experiences of visitors to
by Anirban Sarkar, Prabal connected with the idea of the Gallipoli Peninsula
Chakraborty & Marco ‘death, and fosters Historical National Park's
Valeri (2021) encounters with battlefields. This study
remembrance of fatality suggests that the reasons
and mortality’. However, why people choose to
 customers nowadays are engage in dark tourism
excited to visit only those may be related to those
dark sites alone and this reasons. It features a
proves that dark tourism variety of motivating
has the potentiality to elements. Additionally, the
generate more number of viewpoints and goals of
tourists in coming years. domestic and foreign
According to Wright and tourists differ. The
Sharpley (2018) participants in this study
‘successful and sustainable indicated that their
development of tourism is motivations for traveling
dependent upon the were curiosity and a desire
goodwill of the destination to learn about other
community’. cultures.
To know the attitudes of
the local people
developments must be
given preference, this ‘can
minimize negative impacts
and maximize support for
the industry’ (Arcese et
al., 2020; Elmo et al.,
2020; Zhang et al., 2006).
As per (Wang et al., 2019)
‘in a dark tourism
destination death or
suffering of survivors are
presented as
“entertainment” which can
be considered
cacophonous by
the locals’

10. Investigation of the Travellers’visits to Since dark tourism is

Motivations and locations or landscapes
Experiences of Tourists related to death, disasters
Visiting the Gallipoli or atrocities, once
Peninsula as a Dark described as dark tourism
Tourism Destination by by Foley and Lennon
Kadir Cakar (2020) (1996a; 1996b; Stone and
Sharpley, 2008). Many
different sub-forms
manifest from within the
concept of dark tourism
(Váquez, 2018), such as
battlefield tourism (Chen
receiving more and more
attention around the world,
the purpose of this paper is
to understand how Indians
view it. Nowadays, there
is a lot of dark tourism
emerging in all nations as
a result of travel to and
viewing of locations
linked to death and war.
 and Tsai, 2019; Pennell,
2018), prison tourism
(Strange and Kempa,
2003; Wilson et al.,
2017), post-disaster
tourism (Lin et al., 2018)
and Dracula tourism
(Banyai, 2010; Light,
2007) The study also
revealed that the
experiences the
participants had during
their visits included
some of the positive and
negative characteristics
proposed by Pearce and
Caltabiano’s concept of
experience components
(1983). While the sadness
expressed by the
participants was primarily
seen as a negative
emotional experience,
learning about and
understanding their history
and developing their
nation-state consciousness
and cultural identity were
seen as positive
experiences.

11. Interpreting disaster: How Dark tourism is described Those who visit the
interpretation types as “phenomena which Chinese Tangshan
predict tourists encompass the Earthquake Memorials
satisfaction and loyalty to presentation and were questioned. The
dark tourism sites by consumption (by visitors) biased effects of different
Jinwei Wang, Guoquan of real and commodified interpretation types were
Wang, Junjiao Zhang, Xin death and disaster sites” assessed using multi-group
Wang (2021) (Foley & Lennon, 1996) difference analysis, and
the Application of the
proposed model was
confirmed. The findings
indicated that vacationers
who make use of
non-personal interpretation
poor interpretation quality,

12. Provocation and related Jamal and Lelo (2010)
subjective experiences point out
along the dark tourism that dark tourism is
spectrum by Andrew ‘poorly conceptualized’
Lacanienta, Garry Ellis, with respect to experiences
Brian Hill, Patti Freeman of tourists. Understanding
& Jingxian Jiang (2020) experience variation
across the spectrum of
dark tourism experiences
could advance theory and
inform
the practice and technique
of interpretation of dark
tourism sites, but
assumptions about
potential causes
and effects have not been
studied empirically.
13. Understanding views on According to Lennon and
war in dark tourism: a Foley (2000), tourists
mixed-method approach participating in dark
by Yuxian Juan , Soo K. tourism may have different
Kang , Choong-Ki Lee , perceptions
Youngjoon Choi & Yvette depending on whether or
Reisinger (2020) not they have a personal or
special connection with a
dark tourism site. In this
study,
however, respondents did
not report their personal
connection with the DMZ
site. Therefore, future
studies can
interpretation satisfaction,
and general tourist
satisfaction were evaluated
as being provided.
The connections between
the "darkness" of locations
for dark tourism,
provocation, as well as
specific measures of the
visitors' immediate
subjective encounters The
outcomes are lighter
Execution Square and the
Ghost Tour, both types of
gloomy tourism, were
more aesthetically
beautiful and produced a
noticeably greater
sensation of
desire to act) than places
with darker hues. More
sinister tourism
more provoking
encounters (Auschwitz
and Schindler's Factory),
valuable, significant, and
likely to be endorsed.
This research examined
how visitors to dark
tourism sites saw conflict
and how that affected their
behavior. The findings
further supported the
indirect influence of VOW
by demonstrating the
important mediating roles
that attitude, subjective
norm, and perceived
behavioral control had in
the link between VOW
and behavioral intention.

14. Dialectical emotions in a
dark heritage site: A study
at the Auschwitz Death
Camp by Gila Oren,Amir
Shani,Yaniv Poria (2021)
incorporate respondents’
personal relationships with
an
attraction or destination in
question to differentiate
these
two types of tourists
participating in dark
tourism. This
approach could explain
their varying degrees of
motivation, AT,
perception, and BI in their
decision-making
process
The literature on leisure The research examines
and how emotions affect the
recreation usually experience of visiting a
conceptualizes the darker tourist destination,
emotional experience in and it challenges
tourism preconceived notions
with regard to positive about travel by connecting
emotions (Hosany & unpleasant feelings with
Gilbert, 2010), while the advantages of the trip.
negative emotions are The study examines the
perceived as detrimental to concentration on positive
the quality of the emotions in tourism
experience (Prayag, research and the idea that
Hosany, & Odeh, 2013). negative emotions have a
Sharpley (2003) detrimental influence and
conceptualized dark make visitors unhappy
tourism, by examining the with their experiences.
demand side, emphasizing
the need to study both the
attributes
of the sites and visitors’
perspectives. Poria, Butler,
and Airey (2003)
called to highlight the link
between the individual and
the heritage,
suggesting that it is the
tourist perception of the
site which is at the core
of the visit.
15. Morbid Curiosity: dark attractions are
Exploring the Ethics of misunderstood as tragedy
Dark Tourism by Kristina should never alone define
Garlick (2022) a government is necessary.
place (Korstanje & Baker,
2016)? Dark travel is as
complex as it is messy.
Entire books and
academic journals are
dedicated to understanding
the intentions of visitors
and the moral
ambiguity surrounding
dark sites.
16. Dark tourism experiences: As we now understand, the
The case of witch tourism media and popular culture
by Kimberley Ibsen & impacts dark tourism sites,
Eleftheria Dimitra and relevant
Papadopoulou (2021) to this study, it appears to
heavily impact witch
tourism through
continuous representations
of the
witch as an outcast
woman. It is thus deemed
necessary by the
researchers to gain an
understanding
of pop culture-induced
tourism.
32
Lexhagen et al. (2013)
investigate the academic
research on the relatively
recent topic of
popular culture tourism
and contribute to this field
by addressing gaps. As
this particular field is still
new, the authors explore
the related subjects of pop
The results indicate that
additional investigation
into dark tourism and
Inferences can be drawn
about such a delicate
subject, but they would
appear to be opinions
rather than facts.
Currently, it is uncertain
what the government's
involvement should be in
dark tourism. Employees
in the public sector are
placed in a difficult
situation where they must
decide how to handle sites
with a troubled past.
The tourism academic
community has been
seeking to define dark
tourism accurately and
what encourages visitors
to visit spooky locations.
This study aims to close
the gap between dark
tourism and mainstream
tourism. Literature and the
practice of dark tourism.
determining whether there
are any distinctions
between the sexes in
In the context of dark
tourism, online co-creation
and lived authenticity.
This research seeks to fill,
by looking at the ideas of
tourist digital co-creation
and filling in the holes in
the dark tourism literature
authenticity of tourism in a
dark tourism environment.
Considering the potential
effects of gender on dark
These tourism experience
 cultural phenomena,
tourism consumption as
well
as destination image
17. Dark tourism: Dark tourism has been
Understanding the identified as niche or
Concept and Recognizing special interest tourism.
the Values by Ramesh, R. Dark tourism as an
K., & Neeru, K. (2018) alternative type of tourism
is gaining increasing
interest and needs to be
designed more profoundly.
Dark tourism cannot be
perceived as an expression
of tourist demand only, but
rather needs to be
considered in conjunction
with tourism supply
(Fonseca et al., 2016).
18. Uncomfortable and This article studies the
worthy: the role of importance of the
students’ field trips to educational experience of
dark tourism sites in students in dark tourism
higher education by sites, with a particular
Grinfelde, I., & focus on post-visit effects
Veliverronena, L. (2021). after their exposure to dark
sites – inner-directed and
behavioral activities. In
this study, we focused on
exploring the role of the
educational experience
gained during the field trip
in the context of a dark
tourism study course with
a particular focus on the
post-visit effects after
students’ exposure to dark
sites. The findings are in
line with previous studies
(DjonkoMoore & Joseph,
2016; Pattachini, 2018)
ideas have not yet
undergone a full analysis,
therefore examined with a
focus on gendered
disparities specifically.
This research focuses on
deathscape, repressed
sadism, commodification
of grief, commodification
of death, dartainment,
blackpacker, darthmer, and
deathseeker capitalism.
This study will pique the
curiosity of readers and
researchers to better
understand and explore the
concepts and values ​of
Dirk's tourism.
The study is based on
longitudinal data gathered
during field trips to
Latvian dark tourism sites
(2014–2019). During the
Dark tourism study course,
119 Latvian and exchange
students went on field
trips. Students completed
questionnaires based on
dark tourism theoretical
frameworks to report on
the post-visit effects. The
program featured dark
tourism attractions such as
the KGB Museum, the
Ghetto Museum, and
memorials.
 and confirm the
significance of field trips
as students report
professional benefits, such
as increased knowledge of
the topic, ability to link
theory and practice, and
extended understanding of
different tourism products.

19. Dark tourism as This article has examined This is connected to the
educational tourism: the how dark tourism has been long history of educational
case of ‘hope tourism’ in adopted and developed in tourism and to the cultural
Fukushima, Japan by Japan and suggests how it backlash against dark
Jang, K., Sakamoto, K., & can be linked to tourism. Hope tourism in
Funck, C. (2021). educational tourism Fukushima is an example
through the case of of this type of new
Fukushima hope tourism. educational
The major characteristic of tourism-centred dark
Fukushima hope tourism is tourism.
that it does not bring dark
tourism to the fore, but is a
type of tourism that
focuses on educational
tourism that contains
elements of dark tourism.
There, the social and
cultural context of Japan
and the context of the
politicization of places are
working together.

20. Residents’ Cognitive While tourist emotions Local dark tourism sites
Appraisals, Emotions, and elicited at dark tourism evoked more negative than
Coping Strategies at sites are well understood, positive memories of the
Local Dark Tourism Sites little is known about disaster. Residents coped
by Jordan, E. J., & residents’ experiences at by seeking comfort from
Prayag, G. ).(2021) local dark tourism others or reappraising the
sites.Our findings give experience positively.
credence to studies on Furthermore, visits to dark
individual coping tourism sites are a coping
postdisaster strategy for post-disaster
(Nolen-Hoeksema and residents.
Morrow 1991) by showing
that the emotions
experienced by individuals
 after a disaster conflate
with the emotions
triggered at a dark tourism
site and these play an
important role in the
breadth and scope of
coping options at
individuals’ disposal. We
found that some residents
who believed that their
experiences were
uncontrollable were more
likely to engage in
emotion-focused coping as
suggested in previous
studies (Nicholls, Polman,
and Levy 2012).

21. Dark Tourism in The study shows that This study adds to the
SouthEast Asia: Are young Asian tourists literature by improving
Young Asian Travelers up prefer to visit Dark understanding of Dark
for it? By Bhati, A., Tourism places that are Tourism and identifying
Agarwal, M., Tjayaindera, historic. These include future research directions.
D. N., Aung, R., Thu, M., sites that are renowned for It works with local tourism
& Nguyen, T. M. T. historical events such as boards and travel agencies
(2020). wars, or related to warfare. to promote Dark Tourism
The results also reveal that sites throughout Southeast
tourists are motivated by Asia.
experience, history,
education, culture and
identity, and site/location,
in the order of importance,
when it comes to Dark
Tourism travel. On the
other hand, ‘personal fear’
emerged as the prime
reason for not to engage in
Dark Tourism travel. The
success of Dark Tourism
in Asia could be
established by generating
awareness and promotion
of Dark Tourism with
young Asian tourists via
personalized
communication channels
 such as social media and
travel blogs.

22. Development of Dark Since Foley and Lennon This study suggests
Tourism Destinations in coined the word "dark development approaches
Central and Eastern tourism" in 1996, dark addressing issues of
Europe by Dea, M. (2021) tourism has become a ethical presentation,
major tourism industry for quality infrastructure, site
just over 20 years. As the preservation, appropriate
tourism sector matures, it visitor behavior, and
should recognize the marketing and promotion
future development of to be established while
destinations through being viewed from visitor
strategic planning and and resident perspectives.
enhancement of specific Tourism is becoming more
touristic regions, and more integrated into
addressing issues of national, regional, and
ethical presentation, local level planning, and
quality infrastructure, new approaches to
appropriate visitor encourage sectors such as
behavior, site preservation, dark tourism emerge.
and marketing and
promotion of destinations.

23. Interpreting disaster: How
interpretation types
predict tourist satisfaction
and loyalty to dark
tourism sites by Wang, J.,
Wang, G., Zhang, J., &
Wang, X. (2021).
This is in line with the
extant literature (Nowacki,
2009) in that interpretation
quality is an important
antecedent for tourists to
appreciate the benefits
they obtained from dark
tourism sites. Second,
interpretation quality and
benefits gained
significantly and
positively affects
interpretation satisfaction.
Similarly, Huang et al.
(2015) confirmed that, in
the heritage tourism
setting, the higher the
cognitive and affective
interpretation outcome, the
higher the guide
interpretation satisfaction
that tourists can perceive.
For this tourist group
compared to those who
use personal interpretation
services, the impact of
interpretation quality on
interpretation satisfaction
was significantly higher,
whereas the impact of
tourist satisfaction on
loyalty was significantly
higher for tourists who use
personal interpretation
than their counterparts.
Results offer a dynamic
framework for dark
tourism researchers and
offer useful advice for
destination management.
24. Tourist Motivations for Today, tourism is crucial
visiting Dark Tourism to economic development
sites, Case of Romania by and progress. in numerous
Andreia Schneider, Silvia nations. The reasons why
Anghel-Vlad, Lucia people travel and their
Negruț, Gheorghe Goje, behavior vary.
Iulia Para (2021) manifestations, aiding in
the decision-making
process for trip operators.
establishing "dark
tourism" For it to be used
properly in theory and
practice, the niche notion
is a prerequisite. Dark
travel is a significant idea
that has received recent
attention in literature all
throughout the world. This
The objective of this
empirical study was to
ascertain the reasons why
tourists choose to visit
Romania's remote and the
creation of tourist places.
The quantitative research
approach was used. based
on a survey that was
conducted utilizing a
convenience
sampling-based
non-probability technique.
25. Dark tourism and affect: An impressive array of
Framing places of death work on these dark
and disaster by tourism trends has been
Annaclaudia Martini& published, acknowledging
Dorina Maria Buda its various and not always
(2018) cohesive nature. Dark
tourism is considered a
niche which engages with
the idea of death, and
fosters encounters with
remembrance of fatality
Romania can be positioned
on the world's dark
tourism map specialty with
the aid of a probabilistic
approach and help
establish a national
strategy on dark tourism
destinations. Regarding
the Theory Planned
Behavior constructs, future
directions (Behavioural
Intentions, Subjective
Norm, Perceived
Behavioural Control). The
knowledge of tourists'
motivated behavior in
visiting gloomy sites will
increase if the study is
duplicated and this
construct is taken into
account. Additionally, to
look into the relationship
between the reasons
people in postcommunist
countries choose to travel
to dangerous places and
sites
A tourist spot that has
tragedy happened in the
past or was destroyed by
natural disaster is always
explored by the present
people like the travelers
who loved to go deep in
dark tourism so that they
can feel something or can
excite them about death.
still, the breadth of this
 and mortality (Seaton, definition has led dark
2018) However, the tourism studies to group
breadth of this definition sites with vastly different
allows for dark tourism characteristics into the
studies to collapse sites same kettle and vague
that have extremely typology, classifying the
different features into the tourist experience at theme
same cauldron and fuzzy parks alongside the
typologies experience of visiting
(Sather-Wagstaff, 2011, p. genocide camps.
71; Wright & Sharpley,
2018), and categorizes
collectively tourists’
experiences at theme parks
alongside those of visits to
genocide camps (Biran &
Hyde, 2013, p. 192).

26. Dark tourism: - Dark tourism is - In this study, Dark

Motivations and visit described as tourism is an
intentions of tourists by activities traveling activity mostly to
Heather Lewis, Thomas to places that the travelers who
Schrier & Shuangyu Xu experienced loss wants to look
(2021) and tragedy. (Foley deeper about the
& Lennon,1996) darker side of the
world. Also, it is
an attractions in
every destination
that experienced
worse scenarios
happened in the
past about killings,
wars and natural
disaster.

27. Critical Review of Dark - It has been one of - the most searched
tourism: Tourist’ the most in tourism area is
perception and behaviour researched areas in the Travel
 by Ramlee, F.H., Hussin,
S.R. & Hashim, H. (2018)
tourism realm. behaviour that
Consumer involves the idea or
behaviour involves experience that can
certain decisions, satisfy a person’s
activities, ideas or needs and wants,
experience that though travel
satisfy consumer literature is wide,
needs and wants research about
(Solomon, 1996). travel behavior is
Although there has never-ending, this
been saturated is because travel
literature on the behavior is seen as
travel behaviour, continuous process
there is no end to involving some
travel behaviour connections and
studies because it phases that should
is considered as not be analyzed
continuous process individually.
that includes
inter-correlation of
concepts and
stages that should
not be analysed
separately (Mill &
Marrison, 2002).

28. Dark Tourism and - further - different

memorial tourism: Nexus contributions contributions
and divergences between continued to continue to bring
theoretical models by incorporate new new elements into
Gonazáles, D. (2018) elements within the the dark tourism. It
typification of dark was deeply involve
tourism. Stone in this process by
(2005,2006) pointing out that
collaborated "dark tourism
strongly in the refers to the wants
process stating or not of the
with emphasis that researchers of the
“dark tourism tourist to visits
 refers to visits, places that express
intentional or death and suffering
purposeful/non-pur from someone or
poseful sites which something’s
offer a presentation existence.
of death or
suffering as the
raison d’être”
(Stone,
2005:112)(p. 48)

29. Young tourists’ At present, dark tourism
experiences at dark research focuses almost
tourism sites: towards a exclusively on adults and
conceptual framework by does not adequately
Kerr, M. M., Stone, P. R., explain young tourists’
& Price, R. H. (2021) experiences. How children
experience dark tourism
sites has much to do with
their understanding of
death. Because younger
children may not possess
an adult-like knowledge of
death, they are unable to
experience a site as dark.
Other theoretical
disparities include
children’s limited agency
in choosing their
destinations and their
unique and often playful
exploration of dark places.
dark tourism studies focus
almost on adults and do
not describe the
experiences of young
tourists or children, it has
a lot to do with
understanding. Younger
children may not have the
knowledge of adult’s
experiences in death, so
they will not be able to
express their dark
experience. Other
differences including a
childs’ limited places to
visit in traveling
destinations mostly to
explore the dark side.

30. Designing dark tourism Existing dark tourism In exploring the dark
experiences: An literature has explored tourism in travelling there
exploration of various aspects of are many interpretation
edutainment interpretation interpretation, including because of every people
who experience about
 at lighter dark visitor challenges in balancing
attractions by Brianna interpretation efforts with
Wyatt et al. (2020) concerns for historical
accuracy, and managing
ethical issues with
interpreting past tragedies
for packaged tourism
purposes. However,
research appears
under-developed
concerning the influences
on the design of
interpretation at dark
visitor attractions,
particularly those
considered lighter due to
their edutainment agenda.
31. Dark tourism in the Our efforts are put to
Philippines Islands by B. confront the established
Handayani, H. Seraphin, view that underpins dark
& M. Korstanje (2019) tourism as a subtype of
heritage, which confers
and endorses identity to
the community. Rather, we
embrace the opposite
hypothesis, framing dark
heritage tourism as an
instrument oriented to
reinforce an older form of
mental colonialization that
highlighted the supremacy
of European culture. As a
continuation of
colonialism, heritage and
dark tourism impose a
global culture where the
past crimes of imperial
powers not only are
forgotten, but the victims
dark including the efforts
with the stories or
experiences to historic
scenarios and addresses
moral troubles in the past
tragedies in tourism. This
research does not
developed regarding the
effects in dark tourist
destinations, especially
those travelers or
researchers who are
quietly or rather reflective
on their own in
recreational agenda.
It is launched to confront
visions that are already
established in dark
tourism such as historic or
it is identified in the
community, instead, we
apple the opposite,
treating the dark places as
a tool to reinforce old form
that has other country’s
culture. In here, it imposes
that historical places or
heritages globally where
not forgotten because of
the scanarios that was told
to the present travelers or
tourist visited the places
on a daily basis. So, the
Philippines, unlike other
countries has been
devastated by internal
conflicts and civil wars
that adapted the tourist to
 are commoditized by the
daily-frustrated western
tourists. Ultimately, the
Philippines -unlike other
neighboring countries-
which were devastated by
internal conflict and civil
wars calibrate the tourist
infrastructure to ancient
and medieval cemeteries
constructed by the Spanish
conqueror as well as the
sacrifices done to liberate
from the Japanese yoke
(during the WWII).
32. Progress in dark tourism Dark tourism (although
and thanatourism not thanatourism) also
research: An uneasy enjoys a high profile
relationship with heritage outside the academic
tourism by Duncan Light environment. The topic
(2017) has caught the attention of
the media (Lennon, 2010,
Seaton and Lennon, 2004)
in a way few other forms
of tourism have achieved,
and is a regular subject for
newspaper/magazine
articles and television
programmes. Dark tourism
also enjoys a substantial
internet presence: a Blogs and comments on
Google search for ‘dark
tourism’ in December
2016 produced almost four
million hits (although only
18,600 for
‘thanatourism’). These
include encyclopedia
ancient and old places of
the deads due to built by
the Spanish people are the
sacrifices to free from
other people.
The subject has received
media attention in a way
that few other forms of
tourism have achieved,
and is a regular theme of
newspaper or magazine
articles and television
programs. Dark tourism
also has a considerable
presence on the Internet. It
was a big hit in social
media including
encyclopedia entries, A
guide to dark tourism
locations and destinations,
dark tourism in general are
centered around dark
attractions and
experiences. Dark tourism
is also the subject of
popular articles in travel
magazines.
 entries; guides to dark
tourism places and
destinations; blogs and
commentaries about dark
tourism in general (or
about specific sites); and
holidays themed around
dark attractions and
experiences. More broadly,
dark tourism has also been
the focus of a work of
popular travel writing
(Joly, 2011).

32. Biran, A., & Buda, D. M. As indicated by the
(2018). Unravelling fear investigation of Biran and
of death motives in dark Buda (2018), they
tourism. In The Palgrave characterized "dark
handbook of dark tourism tourism" as a modern
studies (pp. 515-532). socio-social, political, and
Palgrave Macmillan, spatial establishment
London. (among others) to manage
ontological nerves, fears,
and wants—especially
dread of death, of the
unexpected, and of the
unexplored world. The
conceptualization the
creators have framed in
this paper accommodates a
more nuanced
comprehension of dark
tourism industry
utilization, which
considers both socio-social
cycles, as proposed by
thanatological
conceptualizations in light
of the social science of
death, and interior,
individual interaction, as
recommended here in view
of the brain research of
death.
The review unwinds the
mental interrelationships
between death fears and
dark tourism by drawing
upon the Terror
Management Theory
(TMT), which, thus, gives
further significant logical
capacity to that yielded by
full-scale humanistic
understandings of dark
tourism. Generally, the
study finds that dark
tourism destinations incite
reflections on trust,
wellbeing, and on how one
ought to live ethically and
by what moral norms.
33. Gillen, J. (2018). It begins The Cu Chi tunnels
with the bombs: complex is a prominent
Operationalizing violence tourist destination in the
at a Vietnamese dark south of Vietnam that is
tourism site. cultural controlled by the
geographies, 25(4), government and is a
519-536. popular spot for visitors to
visit. The research that
was conducted by Gillen
(2018) focuses on the
ways in which violence is
employed at the Cu Chi
tunnels complex. This
operationalization takes
place whenever acts of
violence, both uncommon
and common, are brought
to the forefront of the
stage. There isn't much
discussion in the academic
literature on dark tourism
that looks at combining
these two aspects of dark
tourism together.
34. Weaver, D., Tang, C., Shi, The exploratory study by
F., Huang, M. F., Burns, Weaver et al. (2018) is
K., & Sheng, A. (2018). characterized as the
Dark tourism, emotions, convergence of dark
and postexperience visitor tourism, feelings,
effects in a sensitive discernments, guest aims,
geopolitical context: A and international affairs,
Chinese case study. which had never been all
Journal of Travel checked out together
Research, 57(6), 824-838. before this review. The
reason for this exploratory
examination is to make a
huge commitment to the
field by deciding how the
presence of dark tourism
legacy has different
impacts on guests, all of
which have critical
repercussions for the
international
circumstances, including
Dark tourism in Asia, a
sector and place more used
to memorialization and
remembrance than to
tourist enactments of
violence, has more to
discuss in relation to the
operationalization of
violence than any other
location in the world. The
author arrived to the
conclusion that unless dark
tourism is brought into
these spheres of thinking,
the reality of the violence
that occurs at dark tourism
destinations won't be
recognized for what it
really is.
The generally tense
relationship between
China and Japan might be
harmed because of this
present circumstance.
Nonetheless, the way that
there are little
Japan-impartial groups
whose individuals are
bound to say that thought
and pity are their
prevailing feelings as
opposed to outrage and
detest, shows that the
example is different and
that the dominating social
portrayals are not precise
all the time. A relationship
between them was being
an individual from the
Communist Party, being
 the different gatherings
included. The discoveries
of a study of 1,082
homegrown guests to the
Lushun Jail Gallery in
Dalian, China, which
projects domineering
enemies of Japanese social
portrayals and was worked
on during the Japanese
period, show that the
convergence of the dark
tourism industry, the guest
post experience, and
international affairs has
not been offered sufficient
consideration.
35. Israfilova, F., & In today's contemporary
Khoo-Lattimore, C. times, it is becoming more
(2019). Sad and violent common to find tourist
but I enjoy it: Children’s attractions that include
engagement with death, catastrophes, or
dark tourism as an atrocities. As a of
educational tool. Tourism consequence of this,
and Hospitality vacationers who desire to
Research, 19(4), 478-487. experience death, either in
real life or in a simulation,
might utilize these
locations as part of a
spiritual trip. Israfilova
and Khoo-Lattimore
(2019) intend to
investigate the educational
value of dark tourism
providers, with a particular
emphasis on how children
feel after visiting dark
areas. This is in light of
the previous point. Based
on the responses of
twenty-five students from
two different high schools
who participated in an
educational trip to a
genocide site, it was
more established, not
being an understudy, and
not having any
companions or colleagues
who were Japanese and
having terrible
perspectives and
mentalities towards Japan.
The experiences of the
respondents have been
categorized into the
following four categories,
according to the structure
a curriculum:
knowledge growth,
character development,
emotional difficulties, and
edutainment. The findings
of the research indicate
that taking children to
historical sites helps them
fill in any knowledge gaps
they may have, piques
their interest in history,
and instills in them a
feeling of patriotism for
their country. While some
of the younger respondents
were disturbed by the
murders and atrocities they
observed when they went
to a dark area, some of the
older respondents had an
unhealthy fascination with
death and the macabre as a
result of their obsession
 determined that the with wars and battles. This
excursion had four study contributes to what
primary impacts. is previously known and
provides us with further
information on the ways in
which children's emotional
experiences and
perceptions of a genocide
site are similar to and
distinct from one another.

36. Stone, P. R., Hartmann, Various social structures
R., Seaton, A. V., and hypothetical standards
Sharpley, R., & White, L. are depicted in the
(Eds.). (2018). The exploration led by Stone et
Palgrave handbook of al. (2018). These
dark tourism studies (pp. structures and ideal
335-354). London: models could be used to
Palgrave Macmillan. locate dark tourism
industry concentrates. As a
result of this, the review
gives different calculated
layouts that will give
future researchers an
unmistakable
philosophical plan for
exploring the meta-stories
related to dark tourism.
It has been shown all
through this exploration
that it alludes to venturing
out to areas that have a
past filled with having
heart breaking occasions
occur there or where
individuals have passed
away. This type of travel is
frequently alluded to as
"sadness vacation" or "dull
travel industry."

37. Nawijn, J., & Biran, A. In their study, Nawjin and In this context, unpleasant
(2019). Negative Biran (2019) discuss the feelings frequently assist
emotions in tourism: a ways in which negative individuals in discovering
meaningful analysis. emotions are used in the purpose and eudaimonic
Current Issues in fields of psychology, well-being, which often
Tourism, 22(19), consumer behavior, and leads to positive outcomes
2386-2398 tourism. Some forms of such as the development
tourism, such as "black of one's identity or the
tourism" and assistance of others. The
"self-transformation experience of unpleasant
travel," in which people go emotions that do not
to change themselves, are contribute to one's search
designed to elicit feelings for purpose and pleasure
of discomfort. They also will, nevertheless, result in
discovered that negative unfavorable outcomes
feelings might have (e.g., expected sadness
numerous beneficial that prevents a visit).
 benefits in certain
situations. These effects
are more likely to occur in
non-hedonic tourism
scenarios, although they
are possible in both
hedonistic and
non-hedonistic tourist
settings.

38. Kerr, M. M., & Price, R. According to Kerr and The justifications for why
H. (2018). “I know the Price (2018), young kids aren't aware of their
plane crashed”: Children’s visitors are really not own passing, don't have a
perspectives in dark discussed much in the lot of control over where
tourism. In The Palgrave literature on dark tourism, they travel, appreciate
handbook of dark tourism because the literature investigating, and are
studies (pp. 553-583). exclusively discusses delicate sincerely can't be
Palgrave Macmillan, adults. The motivation completely made sense of
London. behind this study is to by grown-up research on
incorporate the points of melancholy in the travel
view and experiences of industry.
youngsters into the
discussion that is taking
place on dark tourism.
Following a clarification
of why the existence of
kids is sufficiently huge to
warrant scholarly
examination, the article
dissects a few exploration
philosophies from
different disciplines that
might be utilized in the
investigation of
youngsters. At the Flight
93 National Memorial in
Pennsylvania, which is a
9/11 site in the US, we do
preliminary exploratory
investigations of kids'
remains.

39. Martini, A., & Buda, D. The research conducted by This perspective is
M. (2020). Dark tourism Martini and Buda (2020) predicated on the idea that
and affect: Framing places provides academics in the it is essential to consider
of death and disaster. field of tourism with fresh the profound experience of
 Current Issues in Tourism, perspectives on dark the guest as well as the
23(6), 679-692. tourism as a social-spatial communications that
encounter that has an happen as an immediate
impact on individuals. The consequence of that
authors do this by situating experience. This provides
dark tourism within the us with a superior
framework of theories of understanding of the
affect and, more encounters that guests
specifically, geographies have while heading out to
of affect. The authors places where there has
demonstrate that been a death toll or where
disagreements around dark there has been a
tourism language and characteristic fiasco, as
taxonomies are often at the well as the political and
core of conversations moral load of such
concerning how dark
tourism causes individuals
to feel. For the sake of
tourism, those who had a
role in creating a site at a
destination known as a
"dark tourist area" are
responsible for
determining the site's
history and significance.

40. Chang LH (2020) Dark tourism can serve a First, tourists’ perception
Tourists’ Perception of few purposes including of dark tourism affects
Dark Tourism and its political reasons, for their positive aspect of
Impact on their Emotional reminisce purposes, emotional experience and
Experience and educational purposes, both types of geopolitical
Geopolitical Knowledge: economic development, to knowledge. Second,
A Comparative Study of provide entertainment, or socio-demographics of the
Local and Non-local as a reminder of our own tourists show some
Tourist. fragility and mortality. It is moderating effect on
also believed that through certain causal
dark tourism experience, relationships.
tourists can appreciate live
more and feel empathy
with victims. Dark tourism
is a complex phenomenon
that has its own merits.
Battlefield tourism is
another form of dark
tourism involving visiting
places associated with
 battlefield and/or
participating in war
enactment activities.
41. The Benefits of Dark Dark tourism is one of
Tourism Experience many examples of tourism
among Visitors in products that are able to
Malaysia by Kang et. al, fulfil these objectives.
(2021) Although Malaysia has
many dark tourism sites,
they are not globally
recognized yet and able to
attract international
tourists. Many focused on
the negative impacts of the
sites rather than the
potential benefits of the
industry. Thus, this study
is prepared to investigate
the benefits of dark
tourism among visitors.
43. Bauer, I.L. Death as Dark tourism, the travel to
attraction: the role of sites linked to death,
travel medicine and atrocities and suffering, is
psychological travel a product that, on the one
health care in ‘dark hand, attracts people with
tourism’. Trop Dis Travel a keen interest in
Med Vaccines 7, 24 death-related attractions
(2021). and, on the other hand,
may inflict psychological
scars. Of particular
concern are travellers with
undiagnosed or diagnosed
mental illness.
44. Çakar, G. (2020). Dark tourism is defined as
Investigation of the visiting places that are
Motivations and offered as marketable
Experiences of Tourists tourism products where
Visiting the Gallipoli important incidents took
Peninsula as a Dark place in the past, such as
Tourism Destination. natural disasters and wars,
European Journal of which resulted in deaths
Tourism Research and tragedy (Foley and
Lennon, 1996a, 2000;
The economy and
knowledge level for a
tourism sector will be
enhanced altogether, also
be improved in terms of
economy and knowledge
gained. A suggestion
would be that there are
more in depth studies
regarding Dark Tourism
in the future and also for
other specific aspects such
as motivation and
satisfaction of Dark
Tourism.
Dark tourism, a relatively
recently described
concept, is still evolving
and expanding. Regardless
of its fluid status, the
impact of travel to
death-related locations, be
they fun parks or places of
pure evil, on individual
travellers’ mental health
has not yet made an
appearance in travel
medicine.
The experiences expressed
under the theme of
developing empathy show
that legendary places that
bring to mind patriotism
and heroism among
tourists are perceived and
interpreted differently by
members of different
societies. The experience
 2005; Sharpley, 2009;
Wright and Sharpley,
2018). The media and its
impact are shown as
factors that have
contributed to the
emergence and
development of the dark
tourism phenomenon
(Foley and Lennon, 1996a;
1996b; Korstanje, 2011).
45. Factors Influencing Historical destinations are
Tourist Attendance at place where you can find
Historical Attractions by the marks of political,
Journal of Tourism and military, social, or history
Hospitality Research, have been preserved for a
2020 long time. It is usually
held by law and has been
apparent with the national
significant site status.
Cases of documented
vacation destinations
include historical places,
landmarks, old sanctuaries
and living history galleries
(Marques, 2017).
Most tourists are attracted
in the physical component
of a specific place.
46. Dark tourism and affect: In the past twenty years
framing places of death dark tourism has gained
and disaster by academic attention and
Annaclaudia M. & Dorina considerable literature has
Maria B. (2018) been published. The main
trends in dark tourism
cover: definitions and
typologies; ethical
debates; political roles of
such places; motivations,
behaviours and visitors’
experiences; management
and marketing; and
inquiries on methods.
approach based on this
phenomenon mostly
reflects the iconic
experience that is
contextualized by tourists'
gaze upon the relevant
site, which contributes to
the development of the
experience, and its
content.
There was a significant
difference found on travel
motivation and attributes
evaluation when grouped
according to profile in
terms of gender. When
grouped according to
frequency of visit there
was a significant
difference observed on the
elements of tourists’
destination, city
environment, and city
experience and tourism
services. The researchers
able to propose an action
plan based on the result of
the study.
In dark tourism places,
stakeholders involved in
the development of a site
are required to frame its
story and meaning for
tourism purposes. They do
so by modifying,
engineering, and
manipulating places to
develop a coherent
narrative that re-orients
and artificially organizes
the event of death or
disaster to be fruible to
tourists.
47. Progress in dark tourism Some conceptualisations There are many forms of
and thanatourism of dark tourism do not dark tourism and some of
research: An uneasy involve death at all. Biran them don't include an
relationship with heritage and Poria (2012) propose actual death but rather fall
tourism by Duncan Light that dark tourism should under the category of
(2017) be defined in terms of having negative impacts or
deviance (specifically condemned in our society.
“negative deviance”), that
is, participation in
activities which are
shameful or socially
condemned. This approach
effectively equates dark
tourism with dark leisure
(see also Yan et al., 2016),
but also implies that dark
tourism need not have any
association with death.

48. Mazeikiene, N. (2021).
Learning the nuclear:
Educational tourism in
(post)industrial sites
natalija mažeikienė (ed.).
Peter Lang GmbH,
Internationaler Verlag der
Wissenschaften.
The tensions among Tourism sites has a big
different stakeholders part in the development of
regarding their vision for a certain city allowing
the city’s future and its tourists to explore and
identity, from the “city of witness the historical
green nature, happi- ness, places that dark tourism
youth to atomic tourism”, sites offer that do have
are discussed in recent educational value and also
publications (Mažeikienė both emotional and
and Gerulaitienė, 2018) l. physical. Places like dark
Places of nuclear energy tourism must be relevant
study, nuclear weapon in today's generation.
development and testing,
atomic energy reactors,
and nuclear tragedy sites
are attracting more and
more tourists. Modern
tourism has becoming
relevant in this
generations, tourists
expectations had level up
when it comes to
excursion. But in germany
they have a study in which
a nuclear power plant site
might become a tourist
 spot someday. The
students think that the
nuclear power plant has an
educational benefits to
tourists because it is also
preserve memories and it
can also promotes urban
development.

49. Dark Tourism: Dark tourism responds to Dark tourism is a niche

Understanding the the need of type of tourism. Compared
demand and new contemporary tourists to to other types, it highlights
experiences by Laylo live unique, impactful, the areas where tragedies
Khaydarova & and perhaps extreme and devastating stories of
Isheryakova Joanna experiences. Places our society. Some tourists
(2022) connected with tragic finds these stories
events are growing in interesting and used as a
popularity all around the motivation for tourism
world activities.

50. Dark Tourism and Moral Prior research in dark In visiting dark tourism
Disengagement in tourism has focused upon sites, tourist will first
Liminal Place by Nitasha the collective notions of experience decision
Sharma morality (e.g., moral making which will be
issues related to collective based on their morality
memory, politics, and belief in life. Thus,
commodification of will be the basis of their
tragedy and atrocity) and specific interest and
its institutional motivations for visiting a
reconstruction through site.
dark tourism but not much
on the individual
differences of tourist
morality and moral
consumption.