Subject Index 555
сам 155
сам себ 155
смый 155–6
тот (же) смый 152, 156
Deverbal nouns:
in -ель 57
in -тель, -итель and
-арь 57
Diminutive adjectives:
in -енький/-онький 176
in -оватый/-еватый 177
Diminutive nouns:
f. 130–1
m. 128–30
n. 131
other suffixes 132
meanings and functions 128
use in partitive gen. 109–10
Division of words into syllables
18–19
First names:
m./f. 95–6
m. in а/я (including familiar
forms) 55–6
Fleeting vowels:
in first declension m. 75–6
in third declension 92–3
Fractions:
agreement with predicate 228
and decimals 230–1
два с полов!ной 214
Future tense:
after сли 333
expressing commands 314
expressing wishes or appeals
312
formation of 266–7
in concessive constructions 340
in reported speech 307–8
logical future 307, 499
with -ка 514
with -нибудь 410
with ну 515
Gender of nouns:
introductory comments 54–5
common 55, 58, 59, 63, 88
differentiation by suffix 64–5
f. nouns 56 –7
grammatical 54
in plural 55
m. nouns 55 – 6, 57
natural 54, 55, 56, 57, 59
n. nouns 58
of acronyms 60–1
of alphabetisms 61–2
of animals 67
of diminutives and
augmentatives 56
of дит 95
of hyphenated nouns 63 – 4
of indeclinable loan words
58 – 9
of indeclinable place names 60
of months 57, 450
of occupations and professions
64 –7
of путь 94 –5
of stump compounds 63
of titles etc. 60
of я 136 –7
Generic nouns:
in indeclinable place names 60
in titles 60
Genitive case (see also
Declension of nouns):
after adjs. 107
after collective numerals 221–3
after comparative adjs. 199–200
after comparative adverbs 413
556 Subject Index
after fractions and decimals 231
after negated verbs 112–15
after numerals: ноль/нуль
211–12; 11/2, 2 – 4, ба/бе
214–16; above 4 103; 5 –999
216; 1000 –триллин
218–19; indefinite numerals
224–6
after примр 153
after quantitative nouns 237
after the negative 111–12
after verbs 105 – 6, 115–18, 329
as numeral component of
compounds 238 – 9
buffer vowel in gen. pl. 85–6,
88, 89–92
denoting a descriptive attribute
106
denoting a dimension 125, 467
denoting agent of an action 106
denoting object of an action 106
denoting object of regret 106
denoting possession 106
denoting quantity 106–7
denoting relationship 106
denoting whole in relation to
part 106
gen. pl. = nom. sing. 82
in comparisons 106, 199–200,
413
in giving someone’s age 236–7
in giving the date 235–6
in telling the time 232–5, 447–8
in -у/-ю 109 –10, 110 –11
Geographical names: 60, 97,
424–5
Gerund:
introduction 385–6
impf.:
as other parts of speech
393–4, 399, 422
compensation for lack of 388
formation of 386–7
replacing когд + verb 502
stress in 387
verbs deficient in 387–8
pf:
as other parts of speech 394,
399, 422
froms in -я/-а 389
from verbs in -ти/-сть 389 – 90
from verbs in -ть/-сть
(д-stems) 388–9
from verbs in -чь/-зть 390
reflexive 389
with было 511
usage (impf. and pf.):
functions of 390–2
in place of conjunctions 501, 502
special features 392–3
use of commas to mark off
gerundial phrases 23
Hyphenated nouns 100
Imperative:
commands arising naturally
from context 312–13
conditional meaning of 334
давй as a particle 508
exhorting and inviting 311–12
formation of 259–61
future pf./infin. with meaning of
314
impf. in general, frequentative
and durative meanings
310 –11
negative commands/warnings
313 –14
ordering the completion of a
single action 311
repeated actions 310, 314
stress 261
verbs deficient in 261

with же 514
with -ка 514–15
with -нибудь 163, 410
Imperfective aspect (see also
Aspect/Perfective Aspect):
introductory comments 268–9,
293–5
attempted action 269, 273, 295
in questions 309–10
submeanings 280–1
with partitives 108, 110
future:
action in progress 269
formation of 266–7
method of achievement 306
repeated actions 269, 273,
308–9
imperative:
commands arising naturally
from context 312–13
exhorting and inviting 311–12
expressing urgency 311
forbidding 311
frequentative 310
general injunctions 310
instruction to continue an action
311
negative commands/warnings
313–14
infin.:
after verbs denoting habit
315–16
after verbs of beginning,
continuing, concluding
316–17
inadvisable actions 317–18
repeated or continuous actions
315
request not to perform an action
318–19
Subject Index 557
past:
denoting a forthcoming event
305
denoting an action and its
reverse 302–3
denoting a repeated action
299 –300
denoting a statement of fact
300 –2
denoting endeavour 269, 293,
295, 298
denoting the negation of an
action 305–6
emphasis on identity of the
agent 303– 4
expressing durative meaning
293 – 4, 298
Imperfective in the present tense
295 –7
Impersonal constructions:
acc. case in 105, 327
avoidance of gerund in 392
dat. case in 120–1, 327
denoting chance, sufficiency
etc. 328–9
expressed by short-form
comparative 202
involving an external force
327– 8
involving natural processes 326
involving second-person
sing. 329
involving third-person pl. 139,
329 –30, 526
position of noun/pronoun in
530
rendering of ‘it is’ 257
Indefinite numerals:
decl. of мнго/мнгое,
мнгие 225
decl. of нсколько, склько,
стлько 225
мло/немнго 106, 224
мнго/мнгие 224 –5
558 Subject Index
нсколько/нкоторые 166,
225
sing./pl. predicate with 226–8
with the gen. 106–7, 224–6
with the partitive gen. 110
Indefinite pronouns:
in кbе- 165
in -то, -нибудь, -либо 161–5
нкий 166
нкоторый 165 – 6
нкто, нчто 165
Infinitive:
after не хоч$ 319
after пор 319
after verbs of motion 320
after хоч$ 335
as an imperative 314
aspect of 314–15
as subject 27, 126
with adverbs in н- 412–13
with нкого, нчего 159 – 61
with перед тем как 500
with с цлью 472
with чтbбы 337– 8
Instrumental case (see also
Declension of nouns):
adj. ending -ою 169
denoting adj. predicate 179–80
denoting agent 122, 331, 332,
380
denoting dimension 125, 467
denoting function 121–2
denoting noun predicate to
быть etc. 125–7
denoting parts of the day 123,
449
denoting quantification 200, 414
denoting route, time, manner
122–3
denoting similarity 124
in multiplication 238
of всемь 210
of nouns after adjs. 125
of nouns after verbs/verbal
nouns 124 –5
of од!н 213
of personal pronouns 134
of third-person pronoun in
meaning ‘one’ 139
of т"сяча 218
pl. -ьми 92, 94, 95
with movements of the body
122
Interrogative/relative pronouns:
declension of 144
as interrogatives 144–6
as relatives 146–9, 152
expressing exclamatory,
concessive and quantitative
meanings 149–50
in concessive constructions
340 –1
что за in meaning какй 476
что with adjs. 145
Irregular verbs: conjugation of 256
Location: soft adj. denoting 171
Manner: expressed through instr.
123
Modals:
obligation and necessity 341–3
possibility or potential 343–5
Months:
adjs. from 173
gender of 57, 450
in dates 235–6
Names of institutions and
organizations 425–6
Negative:
oли in negative contexts 488
in asking questions 310
и не 514
in hypotheses 338– 40
не . . . , a . . . 486 –7

не with a single predicate 486
не with negative adverbs 411
не with negative pronouns
157–8
не with ни . . . ни 485 – 6
omission of же in 154
omission of же in negative
comparisons 406
omission of не 158, 159
пок не 501–2
with gen. 111–12
with partitive gen. 110
with -то 516
Negative pronouns:
introductory comments 157
никакй, ничй 159
никт 157–8
ничт 158
Nominative case (see also
Declension of nouns):
as subject 103
in apposition 104
in comparative constructions
104, 199–200
in constructions denoting
possession 104
in definitions 104
in negative constructions 111
long adj. as predicate 179
noun as predicate 126
од!н ‘alone’ 213
pl. adj. after 2–4, ба/бе 215
Nouns:
dash between subject/predicate
27
linked by c 481–2
Number (singular and plural):
все поверн$ли глову 102 –3
in indeclinable nouns 59
кждые with numerals and pl.
only nouns 156
nouns with no pl. 70 –1, 93, 94
Subject Index 559
numerals with sing./pl.
predicate 226–8
pl. adjs. with nouns in пол-
232
pl.-only nouns 72 –3, 213
sing./pl. subject with reflexives
324
sing./pl. verb with nouns/
pronouns linked by с 482
some uses of sing./pl. adjs.
180 –1
Numerals (see also Cardinal,
Collective, Ordinal
Numerals): adverbs from
400
Object:
object clause with
ждать/люб!ть 403
position of 525–7
position of pronoun object 525
Occupations:
gender differentiation through
suffixes 64–5
professions 65–7
Optative 312
Ordinal numerals:
abbreviation of 229
denoting order of dimension,
priority 481
formation and declension of
228 –30
functions of 230
in fractions and decimals
230 –1
in giving the date 235–6
in indicating age 236–7
in telling the time 233–5
in time constructions 448–9,
450 –1
stress in 229
use of roman numerals 230
with раз 459
560 Subject Index
Palatalization:
absence of in loan words
9–10
double 9
Particles:
introductory comments 505
aggregation of 517–20
individual particles 510–17
meanings of 506–8
modal functions of 508–10
не with negative adverbs
411
position of in sentence 506
position of ли 525
Participles: types of 365
Formation:
present active:
formation of 365–6
stress in 366
past active:
formation of 367
stress in 368
impf. passive:
formation of 368–9, 370
stress in 369
verbs deficient in 369–70
pf. passive:
introductory comments 370
formation of long form 371,
375, 377
formation of short form
[including stress] 370–1,
372–3, 374 –7
stress in short form of дать,
and compounds 371
Usage:
agreement of long form with
noun 380 –1
as adjs./nouns 382–3
cf. short-form adjs./parts. 384–5
functions of long forms 378–80
functions of short forms 377–8,
385
participial adjs. 383–4
pf. active with было 511
position of 531
synonymy of impf.
passive/reflexives 381–2
use of commas to mark off
participial phrases 22
Partitive accusative 108
Partitive genitive:
partitives in -у/-ю, -а/-я 76 –7,
109 –10
usage 107–8
Passive meanings:
introductory comments 330
agent in instr. 122, 134
avoidance of gerund in 392
expressed by a reflexive 323,
331, 332, 377
expressed by the third-person
pl. 139, 331, 377
expressed by word order 526
Past tense:
formation of 261–4
stress in 264–6
with -то 409
Perfective aspect (see also
Aspect/Impf. aspect):
introductory comments, cf.
impf. 268–9
basic meanings of 294–5
formation of 271–2
future: repeated actions 308–9
future: warnings 309

future with -ка 514
future with ну 515
imperative: formal relationships
312
imperative: negative commands
313–14
imperative: repeated actions
314
imperative: single actions 311,
312, 313
infin.: advisability 318
infin.: completed action 314
infin.: frequentative contexts
316
infin.: impossibility 318
infin.: request/intention to
perform an action 318
in questions 309–10
of multidirectional verbs of
motion 356
of unidirectional verbs of
motion 354–5
pure perfect 295
submeanings of 274–5
successful completion of an
action 269, 273 – 4, 294 –5,
298–9, 303, 307
with было 511
with emphasis on agent of
action 304
with negated verbs 305–6
with partitive gen. 107–8, 110
Plural:
nouns deficient in 70–1
pl.-only nouns 72 –3, 213
special m. pl. 79–82
special n. pl. 86
Plurality 433
Possessive adjs.: categorization
174–6
Possessive pronouns:
дрiг др$га 167
ег, её, их 142–3
Subject Index 561
мой, твой, наш, ваш 141
omission of 143–4
свой 142– 4
Potential negative pronouns:
cf. сть 160
нкого, нчего 159 – 61
Prefixes:
meanings of verbal 283–93
spelling rules 15–16
with nouns 32 – 4
Prepositional/locative case (see
also Declension of nouns):
after скучть, стрелть по
139
in -$/-' 77– 9, 84
Prepositions:
introductory comments 416
adverbial 421–2
buffer vowel 418–19
causal 462–5
cf. temporal conjunctions
498 – 9
concessive meanings 472
delimiting short-form adjs.
191–2
denoting extent 467–70
denoting the object of feelings
465 – 6
distributive meanings 473–4
from nouns and verbs 422
governing the accusative
474 –7
governing the dative 479–81
governing the genitive 477–9
governing the instrumental
481–2
governing the prepositional
482–3
primaries 416–17
purposive 470–2
repetition of 418
скучть, стрелть по 139
562 Subject Index
spatial 422–47
stress in primaries 419–21
temporal 447–62
with compound negatives
157, 158, 159, 160 –1
with compound verbs of
motion 358–9
with дрiг др$га 167
with pronouns in кbе- 165
Present tense:
aspect in 268, 295–7
with -то 409
Pronouns (see also Indefinite,
Possessive Pronouns):
adverbs derived from 400–1
все мы/он! 156
вы 138
case after verbs of shooting/
yearning 139, 466
declension of personal
pronouns 134 –5
demonstratives with же 514
initial н- 135, 142
linked by c 136, 139, 141, 482
мы 136, 137
nom. with *то 136
omission of personal pronouns
136–7
он cf. тот 152
он, он, он, он! 138 –9
other parts of speech as 166–7
personal/possessive 135–6, 141
position of 525, 532
смый with перед 458
ты 137–8, 329
что за meaning какй 145, 476
я 136–7
Pronunciation:
differentiation of meaning by
hard/soft consonants 9
effect of soft consonant on
preceding vowel 10–11
of double consonants 13
of ег 134, 142
of hard/soft consonants 7–9
of stressed vowels 4–5
of -ся/-сь 10
of unstressed o 5–6
of unstressed vowels 5–6
of voiced/unvoiced
consonants 11–12
unpronounced consonants 13
-чн-/что, чтbбы 13
Punctuation:
introductory comments: 20
colon 25–6, 28
comma 21–5, 230 –1, 378 – 80,
392 –3
conjunctions with/without
commas 484, 493
dash 27– 8, 29
direct speech 28–9
exclamation mark 20–1
full stop 20
question mark 20–1
replacement of colon by dash 28
replacement of comma by dash
27– 8
semicolon 26–7
suspension points
(многотчие) 29
Quantitative nouns 237
Quantity: expressed by instr. 123
Reciprocal pronoun: дрiг др$га
167
Reduction of vowels 5–6
Reflexive possessive pronoun
(свой) 142–4
Reflexive pronoun (себ):
cf. -ся/-сь 140
declension and usage 139–41
with сам 155

Reflexive verbs:
conjugation of 320
denoting intense/purposeful
action 325
denoting joint action 280
denoting reciprocity 323–4
denoting thoroughness 325–6
expressing feeling/attitude 325
expressing impersonal
meanings 120–1
expressing passive 323, 331, 377
expressing potential 326
impf. gerund 387
intransitives 322
passive reflexive cf. impf.
passive part. 381–2
pf. gerund 389
present active part. of 366
reflexive in impf. only 282–3
semi-reflexives 321
true reflexives 321
Relative clauses:
cf. adj. clauses 24
cf. long-form parts. 380
replaced by parts. 378
separated by commas 24
Relative pronouns 146–9
Reported speech:
position of ли 509
tense 297
Route: expressed by instr. 123
Secondary imperfectives:
based on monosyllabic verbs
279–80
from prefixed first-conjugation
verbs 276–7
from second-conjugation
verbs 277–8
gerunds from 388
in -евать 243
in frequentative constructions
299
Subject Index 563
passive parts. from 370
replacing impfs. in -нуть, 263
vowel mutation in 277
Singulatives 71
Spatial expressions: -у/-ю
111
Spelling rules:
basic 15–16
in adj. declension 169
in compound verbs of motion
360
in conjugation 241, 252
in declension of nouns 68
in f. nouns 88
in m. nouns 74
in nouns in -це, -ще 87
in prefixes 284
in soft-sign f. nouns 92
Splitting a word at the end of a
line 19–20
Stress:
general 14–15
большй/бльший 14, 195
вы- 285, 371
in augmentatives 132–3
in comparative adjs. in -ее 196
in conjugation 250–1, 254–5
in declension of cardinal
numerals 208–10
in declension of nouns 68
in declension of сам, смый
154 –5
in declension of soft-sign f.
nouns 93– 4
in diminutives 128–31
in first conjugation 246–8,
250 –1
in first declension 74, 76,
77– 9, 79 – 82, 83 – 6, 87–8
in forming aspect 268, 276,
277, 281
in imperatives 260
in impf. gerunds 387
564 Subject Index
in impf. passive parts. 369
in m. nouns after 2–4, 214–16
in m. pl. nouns 79 – 81
in n. adj. short form, cf. adverb
396
in numerals 11–19, 50 – 80, 208
in ordinals 229
in participial adjs. 384
in past active part. 368
in pf. passive part. 370–1,
372–3, 375 –7
in prepositions 419–21
in present active part. 366
in second conjugation 254–5
in second declension 88–9,
90–2
in short-form adjs. 186–7
кругм/кр$гом 398
моем$/по-мему 401
нкого, нчего 159 – 61
птью 238
secondary stress 14
Stump compounds 63
Subject: position of 524–7, 531–2
Subjunctive:
of desire 335–6
of hypothesis 338–40
of purposeful endeavour 337
purpose clauses 337–8
with -нибудь 163
Suffixes: noun suffixes 34–53,
64–5
Superlative:
в"сший/н!зший 204
in -ейший/-айший 204 –5
in наи-, пре- 205 – 6
л$чший/х$дший, стрший/
млдший 195, 203
with наиблее 205
with смый 202 –3
Surnames:
declension of 96–7
with нкий 166
Syllables:
division of 18–19
Tense:
logical future 499, 502, 504
with давн 405
with -то/-нибудь 161– 4, 409
Time:
parts of day, seasons 123
prepositions of 447–62
soft adjs. denoting 171
telling the time 232–5
Titles:
animate acc. in 69, 70
prep. in -e 78
‘To be’ 257–9
Transliteration 1–2
Transitive/intransitive verbs 322,
325
Verbal nouns:
suffixed 35 – 9, 43 –52
with при 462
with с цлью 472
Verbs:
dat. after 119–20
gen. after 115–18
instr. after 124–5
of perception with как
402 –3
position of 524–7, 532
Verbs of motion:
Simple verbs:
conjugation of 346
idiomatic uses of 357–8
идт!, ход!ть/хать, здить
347 – 8
идт!/ход!ть по 444 – 6
imperatives of 346–7
infinitive after 320
multidirectionals 350–2
не пошёл/не ход!л 356