Y = mx + C

INTRODUCTION
 A function f is a linear function if and only if f ( x) can be written in the form
f ( x)  mx  c , where m and c are constant and m  0 .

 Let y  f ( x) , then y  mx  c , is an equation of a straight line with slope m and y-

intercept c.

y = mx + c
slope y-intercept

 Thus, the graph of a linear function is a straight line.

y
y=mx+c

Example 1:
Determine whether the functions given is a linear function or not. If it is, then identify the
slope (m) and the y-intercept (c).

a) y = -3x + 4 -------------------
b) 2y = 4x3 – 6 ------------------
c) y = x½ ------------------------
d) 4y = 24x + 16 ---------------
e) y = (x2 – 81) -----------------
(x-9)
2.1Slope of a line (m)

 The slope determine whether the line is skewed to the left (m is negative) or to the
right (m is positive)
 To calculate the slope of a line connected by two points namely (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) :

Slope (m) = y2 - y1
OR
x2 - x1

Slope(m) = - y-intercept
x-intercept

 Types of slope :

a) Positive slope b) Negative slope

- Skewed to the right - skewed to the left
- eg : y = 2x - eg : y = -2x

c) Horizontal line d) Vertical Line

-m=0 -m=
- eg : y = 3 - eg : x = 3
 Example 2:
Find the slope of the straight line connected by these two points

a) A( 5,4) andB(-1,2)

b) P(11,-3) andQ(-3,7)

c) R(k, 2k2) and S(3, 6k)

d) T(-5, 4) andU(3,4)

e) L(3.5, 0) and M(3.5, 4.5)

f) Y(0, -9) and Z(1.5, 0)

2.2 Equation of lines

There are 4 ways to form an equation of straight line:

a) Given : Slope(m) and y-intercept (c):

y = mx + c

Example 3:
If the slope of a straight line L is 2 and the y-intercept is 5,
Form the equation that define the straight line.

m = 2 and c =5
Equation:

b) Given : Slope (m) and a point (x1,y1) on the line :

y – y1 = m (x – x1)
Example 4:
Find the equation of the straight line with the slope m and pass through the point P :
i) m = 4, P(-3, 2)

Equation :

Exercise:
ii) m = -5, P(-2,1)

iii) m = 1/3, P(4,-2)

c) Given : 2 points on the line : (x1,y1) dan (x2, y2)
- Start by calculating the slope of the line using the formula:

Slope (m) = y2 – y1
x2 – x1

- Then pick a point, and replace the x coordinate and y coordinate as well as the
slope(m) in the formula :

y – y1 = m (x – x1)

Example 5:
Find the equation that pass through the given points.
A( 4, 3) dan B(-2, 0)

x1 y1 x2 y2

Slope =

m =

Equation :

Exercise: Find the equation that pass through the given points. ,

i. P(4,8) and Q(0,-3)

ii. R(1,0) and S(5,8)

d) Given : x-intercept and y-intercept : (a,0) and (0,b)

x + y=1
a b

x-intercept y-intercept

Example 6:
Find the straight line equation that intercept the x-axis at (3,0) and y-axis at (0,4)

Equation :

Exercise: Find the straight line equation that intercept

i) x-intercept = 1 and y-intercept = -3

2
2.3 Sketching the graph of linear function

The graph of a linear function is in a form of a straight line. Thus, we need only
determine two different points on graph in order to sketch it. To make it easier, we
could find the y-intercept and the x-intercept.

Steps:
1. Find the y-intercept (0,c) : replace x=0 to the equation to find the y coordinate
(c).
2. Find the x-intercept (b,0) : replace y=0 to the equation to find the x
coordinate(b).
3. Draw the x and y-axis.
4. Tick the points (x and y-intercept) and draw a line that connects the two point.
5. Label the graph.

Example:
Sketch the graph of 2 x  3 y  6  0

(0,2)

(-3,0)

Exercise:

Sketch the graph of

1. y  4x  6
2. y 1
3. x  5
4. x  2y 3  0
2.4 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines
Suppose that we have two straight lines : L1 and L2
L1 : y = m1x + a
L2 : y = m2x + b , therefore

a) Two straight lines L1 and L2 are parallel if L1 and L2 have the same slope,
m1  m2 .

m1 = m2
y
L1 with m1 slope

L2 with m2 slope

b) Two straight lines L1 and L2 are intersect if L1 and L2 have different slope. And, the two
lines with slopes m1 and m2 are perpendicular to each other if and only if

m1 x m2 = -1
Moreover, a horizontal line and a vertical line are perpendicular to each other.

y
L1 with m1 slope

L2 with m2 slope

Example 7:
Determine whether the two lines given are parallel or not.

a) y = 2x + 4 and y = -2x + 4
b) 2y = 16x + 8 and y = 8x
c) 4y = -3x + 24 and 3y = -4x + 2
 Example 8:
Determine whether the two lines given are perpendicular or not.
.

a) y = 2x + 4 and y = - x + 8
2

b) 2y = -8x + 3 and 4y = 8x + 9

c) 3y = 9x + 1 and y = -x
3

Example 9:

Find the straight line equation that pass thrugh (1,2) and paralle to the y =2x + 3 line.

Example 10:
Find the straight line that pass through (-3, 4) and perpendicualr to the
y = 3x – 5 line.

Example 11:
Find the straight line equation that pass through (4, -5) and perpendicular to the
y = - x + 7 line
4
2.5Intersection point of two lines

 The intersection point is the point where two or more lines met.
 In determining the intersection point of straight line, there are 3 possibilities:

a) 2 or more straight line intersect (either perpendicularly or not) at ONE point

y

L2

intersection
L1
X
Eg : the y = 2x line and y = -2x line

REMEMBER: two straight lines with different slope wil met/ intersect at ONE point!!

b) 2 or more straight line DO NOT intersect to each other – Parallel

If two lines have the same slope(m1 = m2) – then the two lines are parallel
Therefore, this two lines will not intersect each other.
y
L1

L2

x
Example : y = 2x + 4 line and y = 2x line will not intersect each other

c) 2 or more lines are identical

- therefore each point on the lines are the intersect points.
x

L1 and L2

y
Example : y = 2x + 4 line and 3y = 6x + 12 line
Determining the intersect point of two straight lines
There are two ways of determing the intersect point of two lines
- Substitution Method
- Elimination Method

Example 12:

Substitution Method
Find the intercept points of the given lines :
y = 2x + 4 and 2y = x + 5

Contoh 13:
Elimination Method:
Find the intercept points of the given lines:
3y = 4x + 7 dan 9y = 6x – 15

* p/s: Otherwise, we also can solve this system of equations using method learnt in
Chapter 1. We can use either inverse method or Cramer’s Rule. Let’s try to apply the
method and we should obtain the same answer.
2.6Applications of Linear Function

 In this chapter we will be introduce to two function that takes the linear form:
the demand and supply function.
 In economy, normally the y-axis will takes the value of the price(p) and the x-axis
will take the value of the quantity(q).

a) Demand function:
 Describe the customers behaviors towards the demand for a commodity.
 Whenever the price (p) for a commodity is high, the demanded units or
quantity (q) will be less and vice versa.
 This shows that the price and the quantity have a negative relation – therefore
the demand function has a negative slope.
p

b (a,b)

q
a
At the price of RM b ringgit per unit, the quantity demanded is at a unit

b) Supply function :
 For supply function, whenever the price (p) for a commodity is high, the
demanded units or quantity (q) will increase too and vice versa.
 This shows that the price and the quantity have a positive relation – therefore
the demand function has a positive slope.
p

(c,d)
d

q
c
At the price of RM d ringgit per unit, the quantity demanded is at c unit

ATTENTION: For this course, the demand and supply function will only be considered in
the first quarter of the plane.
There are also situations where the demand and supply function is in a form of
horizontal line (fixed price) or vertical line (fixed quantity).

c) Case 1 : Fixed price

 The price for a commodity is fixed no matter how many units is
demanded/supplied.
 Example 1 :

 Example 2 :

q
b c

d) Case 2 : Fixed Quantity

 The price for a commodity is varied for the same amount or quantity
demanded/supplied.
 Example 1:

200

140

a q

 Example 2:
 Example 14:
When the price of a watch is set to RM100, none of it can be sold. However, if it is free,
50 of its were demanded. Determine the demand function?

Contoh 15:
Every year, 50 generators are bought by TNB no matter how much it costs. Determine
the demand function.

Contoh 16:
When the price of a camera is set to RM25, there are no camera in the stock (to be
sold). If the price is set to RM40, 20 units of camera can be sold. Find the supply
function.

Contoh 17:
Based on the agreement between Telekom Malaysia and FTM, RM500 need to be
paid per month by FTM no matter how many calls are made and the distance of the
calls. Find the supply function.
e) Equilibrium :
 When the demand and supply curves of a product are represented on the
same coordinate plane, the point (m, n) where the curves intersect is called the
point of equilibrium.
 The price n , called the equilibrium price, is the price at which consumers will
purchase the same quantity of the product that producers wish to sell at that
price. In short, m is called the equilibrium quantity.
 Attention : the equilibrium is only consider in the first quarter of the plane.

Equilibrium (m,n) Supply

Demand

x
m

Example 18:
Find the equilibrium point for the given demand and supply function
y = 10 – 2x
y = 3x + 1
2
 Example 19:
Find the equilibrium point for the given demand and supply function
y = 5 – 3x
y = 4x + 12

2.7Total Cost, Revenue, Profit / Loss and Break-Event Point(BEP)

a. Total Cost:
 Total is cost is the amount invested in order to produce products or services.
 There are two types of cost:
- Fixed Cost : The sum of all costs that are independent of the level of
production. Eg: rent, insurance.
This cost must be paid whether or not output is produced.
- Variable Cost : The sum of all costs that are dependent on the level of output
Eg: labor, material

 Total Cost - the sum of variable cost and fixed cost

Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost

b. Total Revenue :
 Total revenue is the money that the manufacturer receives (gross) for selling the
output
 Therefore, the total revenue:

Total Revenue = Price per unit x Quantity sold

c. Profit / Loss :
 Profit is the nett income obtain for selling the output.
 Profit is a measure of different between Total Cost and Total Revenue.
 Profit is obtain if the Total Revenue is more than the Total Cost. Meanwhile Loss
happen when the Total Cost is greater than Total Revenue.
 Profit / Loss:

Profit / Loss = Total Revenue – Total Cost

d. Break-Event point (BEP) :

 Break-event point is the point where the Total Cost and Total Revenue are
intersected. In this case, no profit or loss is obtain.
 Therefore, at the BEP ,

Profit / Loss = 0 OR Total Cost = Total Revenue

Example 19:

Assume that the total cost to produce 10 units of a product is RM40, and total cost
to produce 20 units is RM70. If the total cost (TC) have a linear relation with the
output (q), get the
a. Function that define TC as a linear function of q
b. Total Cost to produce 35 unit of the products.

Example 20:
A company sells a product at the price RM45 per unit. The varaible cost for each
unit of the product is RM33 and the fixed cost is RM450,000.
a) Find the break-event quantity?
b) How many unit of the product should be sells in order to gain profit at least
c) RM150,000?