CH 7 Solution

7
PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES BY

OVERCURRENT RELAYS
1. Using standard IDMT relays, calculate the relay settings of the relays R 1, R2 and R3
for the system shown in figure 7.1. Plug setting and TMS of relay R 4 is 100% of C.T.
secondary rating and 0.1, respectively.
Figure 7.1:
The plug-settings:
P.S. of relay R3 > P.S. of R4 (1.3/1.05)
> (1.3/1.05) 600 (in primary terms)
> 742.86 amp (in primary terms)
> 123.8% of C.T. rating
P.S. of R3 is selected as 125% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 123.8% available
is 125%.
P.S. of R2 is selected as 175% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 154.76%
available is 175%.
> (1.3/1.05) 1050 (in primary terms)
> 1300 amp (in primary terms)
is 175%.
The Time Settings:
Relay R3 is to be graded with relay R 4. For this purpose fault will have to be
considered at busbar D. This is because the fault current magnitude for a fault after
relaying point R4 is less than that for a fault at busbar D by only an insignificant
amount (e.g. 0.1% or less).
With fault current 6400 A (at busbar D),
P.S.M. of R4 = 6400/600
= 10.67
2 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND
SWITCHGEAR
Time of operation of the relay can be found out more conveniently using the formula
(a mathematical approximation) as follows:
Time of operation of relay R4 =
=
= 0.29 sec
Required time of operation of relay R3 will be 0.54 second considering time margin of
0.25 second.
P.S.M. of R3 for the fault current 6400 amp = 8.53
Therefore TMS of R3 is selected as 0.2 which is immediate higher value to 0.1676 in

a multiple of 0.05.
For deciding TMS of R2 fault will have to be considered at bus C.
= 0.584 sec
Required time of operation of relay R2 will be 0.834 second considering time margin
of 0.25 second.

a multiple of 0.05.
For deciding TMS of R1 fault will have to be considered at bus B.

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES BY OVERCURRENT RELAYS 3
= 0.78 sec
Required time of operation of relay R1 will be 1.03 second considering time margin of
0.25 second.
Therefore TMS of R1 is selected as 0.3 which is immediate higher value to 0.287 in a

multiple of 0.05.
The results are tabulated as follows:
Relay Setting Relays
R4 R3 R2 R1
P.S. (% of 1 amp) 100 125 175 175
TMS 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3
2. The radial feeder is shown in figure 7.2. The C.T. ratio and maximum and minimum
fault currents at various substations A, B, C, D and E are indicated in table and full
load currents of feeders are indicated in figure 7.2. Determine the plug-settings and
time-settings of standard IDMT relays used for this feeder protection. TMS of R 4 is
set at 0.1. Allow for 10% overload.
Figure 7.2:
Table 7.1:
Fault at substation A B C D E
Maximum fault current in amp 12000 8000 4000 2000 1500
(Three phase fault)
Minimum fault current in amp 10000 5000 3000 1100 600
(L-L fault)
Solution:
The plug-settings:
Here plug settings of all the relays is found out by taking into account the maximum
possible value of current passing through each feeder section. With respect to the
above circuit, the maximum values of currents (considering 10% of overload) passing
through primaries of C.T.s CT1, CT2, CT3 and CT4 are 2860, 990, 385, 165 amp,
respectively.
The plug setting of relay R4 can be given by (165/200)×100 = 82.5%.
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SWITCHGEAR
is 100%.
is 100%. It is lower than minimum value of fault current at bus E. So relay R 3 will
operate satisfactorily for minimum value of fault current upto bus E as per the
requirements.
The plug setting of relay R2 can be given by (990/1000)×100 = 99%.
P.S. of R2 is selected as 100% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 99% available is
100%. It is lower than minimum value of fault current at bus D. So relay R 2 will
operate satisfactorily for minimum value of fault current upto bus D as per the
requirements.
is 100%. It is same as the value of fault current at bus C. So relay R 1 may not operate
satisfactorily for minimum value of fault current upto bus C as per the requirements.
So to operate relay R1 for minimum value of fault current at bus C, its P.S. is selected
as 75% in conjunction with undervoltage unit.
Time settings:
TMS of relay R4 is given as 0.1. Relay R3 is graded with relay R4 to find out its TMS.
Maximum fault current of bus D is used for it. With respect to this condition, time of
operation of relay R4 can be calculated as follows:
Time of operation of relay R4 = × TMS of relay R4
= × 0.1
= 0.3 sec
∴Required time of operation of relay R3 (considering time margin of 0.25 sec between
two relays) will be equal to 0.3 + 0.25 = 0.55 sec. With respect to this condition, TMS
of relay R3 can be calculated as follows:
∴0.55 = × TMS of relay R3

∴TMS of relay R3 = 0.128
∴TMS of relay R3 is selected as 0.15.
Now, relay R2 is graded with relay R3 to find out its TMS. Maximum fault current of
bus C is used for it. With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay R 3 can
be calculated as follows:

= × 0.15
= 0.45 sec

Now, relay R1 is graded with relay R2 to find out its TMS. Maximum fault current of
bus B is used for it. With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay R 2 can
= × 0.15
= 0.498 sec
two relays) will be equal to 0.498 + 0.25 = 0.748 sec. With respect to this condition,
TMS of relay R1 can be calculated as follows:

3. A portion of power system network is shown in figure 7.3, in which fault occurs at
point X. The fault currents are tabulated in table 7.2.
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SWITCHGEAR
Figure 7.3:
Table 7.2:
Fault with respect to Fault currents in kA for
Generation L-L Fault L-L-L-g Fault
Minimum Generation 5.0 7.5
Maximum Generation 6.5 10.0
The setting range of instantaneous overcurrent relay R is 400-2000% of 1 amp.
Suggest the setting as percentage of 1 amp.
Solution:
Instantaneous overcurrent relay should be set to operate for L-L-L-g fault (with
maximum generation) at 80% of line-section to be protected (in this case this location
is at X). Relay R is to be set, hence, for a primary current of 10 kA.
∴Instantaneous high-set setting of relay R = 10000/1000 = 10 amp or 1000% of 1
amp.
4. Transmission line of figure 7.4 takes maximum full load current of 600 amp. Fault
current with minimum generation is 500 amp. Suggest the settings of relay 51 and 27
with respect to figures 7.4 and 7.5. Also state the status of all the contacts shown in
figure 7.5, when the line takes full load current of 600 amp with no fault.
Figure 7.4:
Figure 7.5:
Solution:
As per the rules of setting of overcurrent relays, relay should operate satisfactorily for
fault current with minimum generation upto the specified limit (zone of protection).
Also, relay should allow maximum load current to pass through the transmission line.
Therefore, as per these rules, plug setting of relay is set with respect to 500 amp (fault
current with minimum generation). As well as, relay should allow full load current of
600 amp.
So that, to satisfy these conditions, overcurrent unit of the relay should be set at 500
amp with its contact connected in series with the contact of undervoltage unit, which
should be set at 70% of rated voltage (as shown in figure 7.5).
∴P.S. of overcurrent unit of the relay = 500 amp (in terms of primary side)
= 1 amp (in terms of secondary side)
= 100% of 1 amp
and, setting of undervoltage unit of the relay = 70% of rated voltage
= 0.7×110 V (in terms of secondary side)
= 77 V
When the line takes full load current of 600 amp with no fault, in figure 7.5,
51-1 will close
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SWITCHGEAR
27-1 will remain open
86 is deenergized
86-1 will be open
52-a will be closed
52-TC is not energized
5. Figure 7.6 shows a portion of a power system. Relays R 1, R2 and R3 are standard
IDMT relays. Each relay group is wired for a three overcurrent and one earth fault
protection scheme. Setting range for overcurrent relays is 50-200% of 1 amp in seven
equal steps and that for earth fault relays is 20-80% of 1 amp in seven equal steps.
The plug setting of earth-fault relays R1, R2 and R3 are set at 20% each. Time settings
of overcurrent and earth fault relays at relaying point R3 are set at 0.2 each. Excitation
current of each C.T. is 0.03 amp. The fault currents are tabulated below:
Fault at Fault currents in ampere
L-L-L Fault L-L Fault L-g Fault
Bus A 1930 1670 1100
Bus B 1600 1390 900
Bus C 1370 1190 800
Bus D 1200 1040 720
Determine the settings of overcurrent and earth fault relays R1, R2 and R3.
Figure 7.6:
Solution:
Plug settings of overcurrent relays:
Plug settings of all overcurrent relays can be calculated with respect to the maximum
value of current passing through it in normal conditions. In this radial feeder network,
total power supplied by means of 150 MVA transformer is supplied to two 50 MVA
feeders, two 10 MVA feeders and the remaining power (30 MVA) is supplied to
busbar D. Therefore P.S. of relay R3 will have to be calculated with respect to the
power of 30 MVA flowing through the primary side of CT3.
∴P.S. of relay R3 =
= 131.2 (in primary terms)
= 65.6% of C.T. rating
P.S. of R3 is selected as 75% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 65.6% available is
75%.
Now, the total current passing through the primary side of CT 2 is equal to the current
passing through the primary side of CT3 plus current passing through two 10 MVA
feeders.
∴P.S. of relay R2 = 131.2 +

50%.
passing through the primary side of CT2 plus current passing through two 50 MVA
feeders.
∴P.S. of relay R1 = 218.68 +

75%.
Time settings of overcurrent relays:
TMS of relay R3 is given as 0.2. Relay R2 is to be graded with relay R3 to find out its
TMS. Maximum fault current (L-L-L fault) of bus C is used for it. With respect to
this condition, time of operation of relay R3 can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.2
= 0.624 sec

Relay R1 is graded with relay R2 to find out its TMS. Maximum fault current (L-L-L
fault) of bus B is used for it. With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay
R2 can be calculated as follows:
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SWITCHGEAR
= × 0.25
= 0.93 sec

Time settings of earth fault relays:
P.S. and TMS of relay R 3 is given as 20% and 0.2 respectively. Relay R 2 is graded
with relay R3 to find out its TMS. Earth fault current (L-g fault) of bus C is used for
it.
Earth fault current at busbar C = 800 amp (in terms of primary of CT3)
= 800/200 amp (in terms of secondary of CT3)
= 4 amp (in terms of secondary of CT3)
Earth fault relay R3 is connected in the residual circuit of three line CTs. So the actual
value of earth fault current passing through relay R3 is equal to the earth fault current
reflected on secondary side of CT3 minus total excitation current of all the three CTs.
With respect to this condition, actual value of earth fault current passing through relay
R3 is given as follows:
Earth fault current passing through relay R3 = = 3.91 amp
With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay R 3 can be calculated as
follows:
= × 0.2
= 0.465 sec
two relays) will be equal to 0.465 + 0.25 = 0.715 sec.
Earth fault current at busbar C = 800 amp (in terms of primary of CT2)
= 1.6 amp (in terms of secondary of CT2)
value of earth fault current passing through relay R2 = = 1.51 amp.
With respect to this condition, TMS of relay R2 can be calculated as follows:

Relay R1 is graded with relay R2 to find out its TMS. Earth fault current (L-g fault) of
bus B is used for it.
Earth fault current at busbar B = 900 amp (in terms of primary of CT2)
With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay R 2 can be calculated as
follows:
=
= 0.805 sec
Earth fault current at busbar B = 900 amp (in terms of primary of CT1)
With respect to this condition, TMS of relay R1 can be calculated as follows:

6. Figure 7.7 shows a single line diagram of a portion of a power system network. The
fault currents at the different buses are as follows:
Bus Fault current at minimum Fault current at maximum
generation generation
L-L Fault (amp) L-L-L-g Fault (amp)
A 1200 2000
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SWITCHGEAR
B 900 1500
C 1000 2000
D 500 1000
The relays used are IDMT overcurrent relays giving inverse time characteristic and
with high-set instantaneous overcurrent unit. Percentage overreach of instantaneous
high-set units of relays is 10%. Considering 10% overload margin, determine the plug
settings and T.M.S. and pick-up of high-set units of relays R1, R2 and R3.
Figure 7.7:
Solution:
Plug settings of IDMT relays:
P.S. of relay R3 will have to be calculated with respect to the maximum load current
(considering overload of 10%) passing through primary side of CT3.
∴P.S. of relay R3 = 100 × 1.1
= 110 amp (in terms of primary side)
= 55% of C.T. rating
75%.
passing through the primary side of CT3 plus current supplied to 80 and 60 amp
feeders. Considering 10% overload for the total current passing through CT 2 and P.S.
P.S. of relay R2 = [(100+80+60)×(66/132)] × 1.1
= (120) × 1.1
= 132 (in primary terms)
= 66% of C.T. rating
75%. Relay R2 will operate satisfactorily for P.S. at 75% for fault at busbar D because
the value of fault current is higher than the P.S. of relay R2.
passing through the primary side of CT2 plus that supplied to 40 and 30 MVA
substations. Considering 10% overload for the total current passing through CT 1, P.S.
P.S. of relay R1 =
is 100%. But relay R1 will have to protect the system for minimum value of fault
current for fault upto busbar C, i.e. 1000 amp. 1000 amp when reflected to primary of
132/66 kV transformer, it is 500 amp. So if relay R1 is set at 100% of C.T. rating (500
amp in primary terms) then it may not provide sufficient protection for fault current
of 500 amp because it is its threshold limit. So to operate relay R1 satisfactorily for
500 amp its P.S. is selected as one step lower than 100%, i.e. 75% of C.T. rating.
Plug settings of instantaneous relays:
The relay setting can be done by following formula.
Setting of high-set instantaneous unit

Where A = % overreach of the instantaneous overcurrent relay
and B = Three phase symmetrical fault current at the end of a feeder section (in C.T.
secondary amp)
In this example, % overreach (A) is given as 10%.
To find out setting of relay R 3, three phase symmetrical fault current at busbar D
(1000 amp) is used. Therefore the value of B is found out by transferring 1000 amp
on secondary side of CT3 as follows:
B = 1000/200 = 5 amp
∴Setting of high-set instantaneous unit of relay R3 =
=
= 5.55 amp
= 555%
Setting of R3 is selected as 600% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 555%
available is 600%.
To find out setting of relay R2, three phase symmetrical fault current at busbar C
on primary side of 50 MVA transformer and then on secondary side of CT 2 as
follows:
B= = 5 amp
=
= 5.55 amp
= 555%
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SWITCHGEAR
available is 600%.
To find out setting of relay R1, three phase symmetrical fault current at busbar B
on secondary side of CT1 as follows:
B = 1500/500 = 3 amp
=
= 3.33 amp
= 333%
available is 400%.
Time settings:
TMS of relay R3 is assumed as 0.1. Relay R2 is graded with relay R3 to find out its
TMS. Maximum fault current of bus C is used for it. With respect to this condition,
time of operation of relay R3 can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.1
= 0.267 sec

Relay R1 is graded with relay R2 to find out its TMS. Maximum fault current of bus B
is used for it. With respect to this condition, time of operation of relay R 2 can be
calculated as follows:
= × 0.15
= 0.45 sec

7. Figure 7.8 shows a single line diagram of a radial feeder. Draw a detailed a.c. circuit
(three-phase diagram) of the same. If the earth fault relay R 3 is set with P.S. of 10%
of 1 amp and TMS 0.1, find its time of operation for an earth fault immediately after
relaying point R3. Relevant data is follows:
i) The sequence impedances of 66/11 kV, 30 MVA, DY-1 transformer are: Z1=1
ohm, Z2=1 ohm and Z0=5 ohm.
ii) Neutral impedance, Zn=10 ohm.
Solution:
Earth fault current If =
=
= 514.93 amp (in primary terms)
= 0.858 amp (in secondary terms)
Earth fault relay is connected in the residual circuit of three line C.T.s. So the
resultant earth fault current passing through the relay is equal to the actual value of
current reflected on secondary side of C.T.s minus excitation currents of all the three
C.T.s. So with respect to this condition, assuming excitation current of each C.T. to
be 0.03 amp, the resultant current passing through relay is equal to 0.858 - 3×0.03 =
0.768 amp.
∴Time of operation of relay R3 =
=
= 0.338 sec
8. Figure 7.9 shows a portion of a power system wherein IDMT overcurrent relays
giving standard IDMT characteristics are used. If TMS of R 4 is set at 0.2, determine
the plug settings and TMS of other relays of the system. Also calculate the setting of
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SWITCHGEAR
high-set instantaneous unit inbuilt with relay R2. Bracketed values show the fault
MVA at locations shown in figure 7.9.
Solution:
P.S. of relay R4 will have to be calculated with respect to the rated full load current
passing on the secondary side of 50 MVA transformer.
= 437.38 amp (in terms of primary side)
is 100%.
P.S. of relay R3 > (1.3/1.05)×P.S. of R4 (66/132)
> (1.3/1.05) 500 (66/132) (in primary terms)
is 100%.
P.S. of IDMT unit of relay R 2 will have to be calculated with respect to the rated full
load current passing through the primary side of 50 MVA transformer plus current
passing through 132 kV 30 MW transmission line.
∴P.S. of IDMT unit of relay R2 = +

Also,
P.S. of relay R2 > (1.3/1.05)×P.S. of R3
> 99.04% of 500 amp (C.T. rating)

is 100%.
Setting of high-set unit of relay R2 will have to be calculated with respect to the value
of fault current for fault level of 350 MVA at a distance of 40 km from location of
relay R2.
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SWITCHGEAR
∴Setting of high-set unit of relay R2 =

Setting of R2 is selected as 400% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 306.17%
available is 400%.
P.S. of relay R1 > (1.3/1.05)×P.S. of R2
is 125%.
The Time Settings:
TMS of relay R4 is given as 0.2. Relay R3 is to be graded with relay R4. For this
purpose fault will have to be considered at busbar C.
Fault current at 200 MVA fault level = = 1749.5 amp

=
= 1.103 sec
of 0.25 second.
P.S.M. of R3 for fault current of 1749.5 amp = = 2.187

multiple of 0.05.
considered at busbar B. This is because the fault current magnitude for a fault after
relaying point R3 is less than that for a fault at busbar B by only an insignificant

=
= 1.163 sec
of 0.25 second.

multiple of 0.05.
considered at busbar A. This is because the fault current magnitude for a fault after
relaying point R2 is less than that for a fault at busbar A by only an insignificant

=
= 0.936 sec
of 0.25 second.
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SWITCHGEAR

a multiple of 0.05.
9. Figure 7.10 shows a single line diagram of part of the power system. Required details
are:
Induction Motor: 11 kV, 0.85 p.f., 3-phase, 2000 h.p., efficiency = 90%, overload
withstand = 110% of rated current.
Circuit Breaker Breaking Capacity in MVA
1&2 2000
3&4 1500
5 40
Determine the settings (plug settings and TMS) of IDMT overcurrent relays R1, R2,
R3, R4 and R5 (setting range = 50-200% of C.T. secondary rating) given that TMS of
R4 and R5 are set at 0.2 and 0.3 respectively and the high set instantaneous setting of
relays R5 and R3 are set at 1000% and 2000% of C.T. secondary rating, respectively.
Figure 7.10:
Solution:
Plug settings:
Rated current of induction motor = = 100.86 amp

Considering overload withstand capacity to be 110% of rated current, maximum
allowable current passing through the motor will be equal to 100.86 × 1.1 = 110.94
amp. P.S. of relay R5 is to be decided based on this value of motor current.
∴Plug setting of relay R5 = 110.94/150 = 0.74 amp = 74% of 1 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R5 is selected as 75% or (150 × 0.75) = 112.5 amp on primary
side of C.T. The plug setting of R3 will have to be higher than that of R5.
∴P.S. of relay R3 > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of R5 × (11/66)
> (1.3/1.05) × 112.5 × (11/66)
> 23.2 amp
> 116.07% of 20 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R3 is selected as 125% or (20 × 1.25) = 25 amp on primary side
of C.T.
Relay R4 will have to carry rated current of two 40 MVA transformers.
∴Plug setting of relay R4 = = 699.8 amp = 70% of 1000 amp

∴Plug setting of relay R4 is selected as 75% or (1000 × 75) = 750 amp on primary side
of C.T.
Relay R2 backs up relays R3 and R4 both. But as the plug setting (in terms of primary
current) of R4 is very high as compared to that of R 3, relay R4 will be taken into
consideration for finding P.S. of relay R2.
∴P.S. of relay R2 > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of R4
> (1.3/1.05) × 750
> 928.57 amp
> 92.85% of 1000 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R2 is selected as 100% or (1000 × 100) = 1000 amp on primary
side of C.T.
It is very clear from the figure 7.10 that relay R1 backs up relay R2.
∴P.S. of relay R1 > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of R2
> (1.3/1.05) × 1000
> 1238 amp
> 123.8% of 1000 amp
side of C.T.
Time settings:
For grading relay R3 with R5, breaking capacity of breaker 5 is considered.
Breaking capacity of breaker 5 = = 2099.5 amp

∴Fault current for fault just after relaying point R5 will be 2099.5 amp. This is 1399%
of 150 amp. It is higher than 1000% (setting of instantaneous high-set unit of R 5). So
relay R5 will operate instantaneously (practically after 1 cycle or 20 ms) for this fault
current.
If relay R5 fails to operate then relay R3 will provide back-up after a predetermined
time delay (0.25 sec). Required time of operation of relay R3 (considering time
margin of 0.25 sec between two relays) will be equal to 0.02 + 0.25 = 0.27 sec.
Fault current passing through relay R3 for fault just after relaying point R5 will be
equal to = 17.49 amp or 1749% of 1 amp. It is less than the high-set

setting of relay R3. So high-set unit of relay R 3 will not operate for this fault current
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SWITCHGEAR
but IDMT unit of it will operate after some time delay according to its characteristic.
The TMS setting of IDMT unit of relay R3 is given as follows:
Time of operation of R3 = × TMS of R3
0.27 = × TMS of R3
PSM of R3 = = 14
∴0.27 = × TMS of R3
∴TMS of R3 = 0.103
∴TMS of R3 is selected as 0.15.
To find out TMS of relay R2, time of operation of relays R3 and R4 are considered
(higher time of operation out of two relays R3 and R4 is taken into consideration).
Fault current for fault just after relay R 3 will be the same as breaking capacity of
breaker 3.
∴Breaking capacity of breakers 3 & 4 = = 13121.6 amp.

∴Fault current passing through relay R3 = 13121.6/25 = 524.86 amp. This is 2624%
of 1 amp. Hence high-set unit of R3 will operate as 2624% is higher than 2000%. So
relay R3 will operate instantaneously (practically after 1 cycle or 20 ms) for this fault
current.
Fault current for fault just after relay R 4 will be the same as breaking capacity of
breaker 4, i.e. 13121.6 amp.
= × 0.2
= 0.483 sec
two relays) will be equal to 0.483 + 0.25 = 0.733 sec. Now,
∴0.733 = × TMS of R2
∴TMS of R2 = 0.27
Now, for grading relay R1 with R2, breaking capacity of breaker 2 is considered.
Breaking capacity of breakers 1 & 2 = = 17495.5 amp

∴Fault current for fault just after relaying point R2 will be 17495.5 amp.
= × 0.3
= 0.724 sec
two relays) will be equal to 0.724 + 0.25 = 0.974 sec. The fault current for fault just
after relaying point R2 will be provided by three generators. So fault current passing
through relay R1 will get divided by factor 3.
∴Time of operation of R1 = × TMS of R1
∴0.974 = × TMS of R1
∴TMS of R1 = 0.217
10. Figure 7.11 shows a single line diagram of a radial feeder wherein definite time
overcurrent relays are used for protection. Time of operation of relay R 3 is 0.2 second
for the worst fault. Find out the time of operation of relays R 1 and R2 for the faults in
section I and II respectively.
Solution:
Time of operation of relay R3 is 0.2 second for the worst fault.
∴Time of operation of relay R2 (considering time margin of 0.25 sec between relays
R2 and R3) will be equal to 0.2 + 0.25 = 0.45 sec.
Similarly, time of operation of relay R1 (considering time margin of 0.25 sec between
relays R1 and R2) will be equal to 0.45 + 0.25 = 0.7 sec.
Figure 7.11:
11. Figure 7.12 shows a single line diagram of a portion of a power station. Considering
adequate discrimination margin determine the relay settings of phase overcurrent
relays of IDMT type used therein. Assume that the minimum operating time of relays
beyond PSM equal to 20 is constant at 2.3 seconds at TMS 1.0. The fault level at 6.6
kV bus is 45 kA and that at 415 V bus is 42 kA.
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SWITCHGEAR
Figure 7.12:
Solution:
Plug settings:
Rated current of induction motor = = 426 amp

Considering overload withstand capacity to be 110% of rated current, maximum
allowable current passing through the motor will be equal to 426 × 1.1 = 468.6 amp.
P.S. of relay R4 is to be set on the basis of this value of motor current.
∴Plug setting of relay R4 = 468.6/500 = 0.94 amp = 94% of 1 amp
of C.T. P.S. of relay R 3 is to be decided considering rated secondary current of 2000
kVA transformer.
= 2666.7 amp
= 89% of 3000 amp
side of C.T.
Relay R2 backs up relay R3.
∴P.S. of relay R2 > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of R4 × (433/6600)
> (1.3/1.05) × 3000 × (433/6600)
> 243.6 amp
> 121.8% of 200 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R2 is selected as 125% or (200 × 1.25) = 250 amp on primary
side of C.T.
P.S. of relay R1 is to be calculated on the basis of rated secondary current of 15 MVA
transformer.
= 1237.2 amp
= 82.48% of 1500 amp
side of C.T.
Time settings:
To find out TMS of relay R4, starting current of the motor is considered.
Starting current of the motor = 4.8 × rated current
= 4.8 × 426
= 2044.8 amp
Relay R4 should not operate before 3 sec (motor starting time) for this value of
starting current. Therefore required time of operation of relay R4 should be more than
3 sec for starting current of the motor. With respect to this condition, TMS of relay R 4
can be calculated as follows:
∴3 = × TMS of R4
∴TMS of R4 = 0.61
Relay R3 is to be graded with respect to relay R4 to find out its TMS. Value of fault
current for fault just after relay R4 is 42 kA. Time of operation of relay R 4 for fault
just after relay R4 is given as follows:
= × 0.65
= × 0.65
= 2.3 × 0.65 (time of operation is 2.3 sec for PSM > 20)
= 1.49 sec
∴1.74 = × TMS of R3
∴TMS of R3 = 0.66
∴Time of operation of relay R3 for fault current of 42 kA and TMS of 0.7 can be
calculated as follows:
25
SWITCHGEAR
= × 0.7
= 1.83 sec
∴2.08 = × TMS of R2
∴TMS of R2 = 0.72
Relay R1 is graded with relay R2 to find out TMS of relay R1. Time of operation of
relay R2 for fault just after it can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.75
= 1.725 sec
∴1.975 = × TMS of R1
∴1.975 = 2.3 × TMS of R1 (time of operation is 2.3 sec for PSM > 20)
∴TMS of R1 = 0.858
12. Figure 7.13 shows a single line diagram of a power system. Bracketed values give the
fault levels on the concerned bus. Relays used are IDMT overcurrent relays. Relays
are rated for 1 amp with setting range 50-200% of 1 amp in 7 equal steps each of
25%. Relay R7 is set at TMS of 0.25. Assuming suitable discrimination time,
determine the plug-settings and time-settings of all the relays shown in figure 7.13.
Figure 7.13:
Solution:
Plug settings:
Relays R5 and R6 are required to be directional overcurrent relays.
P.S. of relay R7 is to be calculated on the basis of rated primary current of 100 MVA
transformer. With respect to this condition, P.S. of relay R 7 can be calculated as
follows:
P.S. of relay R7 =
= 437.4 amp
= 87.48% of 500 amp
of C.T. Relay R3 (and R4) provide back-up to relay R7.
∴P.S. of relay R3 (and R4) > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of R7
> (1.3/1.05) × 500
> 619 amp
> 61.9% of 1000 amp
It is quite possible that one of the 132 kV transmission lines may trip due to fault. In
this case, another line will have to take 300 MVA load till the requisite load shedding
is done.
∴P.S. of relay R3 (and R4) =

= 1312.1597 amp
= 131.21% of 1000 amp
∴Considering higher value current, i.e. transformer secondary current, plug setting of
relay R3 (and R4) is selected as 150% or (1000 × 1.5) = 1500 amp on primary side of
C.T. Relay R3 (and R4) provide back-up to relays (R5 and R6) also. With respect to this
condition, P.S. of relays R5 and R6 can be calculated as follows:
P.S. of relay R5 (and R6) < (1.05/1.3) × P.S. of relays (R3 & R4)
< (1.05/1.3) × 1500
27
SWITCHGEAR
< 1211.53 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R5 (and R6) is selected as 100% or (1000 × 1.0) = 1000 amp on
primary side of C.T.
Relay R1 (and R2) provide back-up to relays R3 (and R4). With respect to this
condition, P.S. of relay R1 (and R2) can be calculated as follows:
P.S. of relay R1 (and R2) > (1.3/1.05) × P.S. of relay R3 (and R4)
> (1.3/1.05) × 1500
> 1857.14 amp
∴Plug setting of relay R1 (and R2) is selected as 200% or (1000 × 2) = 2000 amp on
primary side of C.T.
Time settings:
TMS of relay R7 is given as 0.25. Relay R3 and R4 are graded with relay R7 to find out
their TMS. Fault level on load side 132 kV bus (2200 MVA) is considered for it.
Time of operation of relay R7 for fault just after it can be calculated as follows:
Fault current for fault on 132 kV bus = = 9622.5 amp
= × 0.25
= 0.584 sec
∴Required time of operation of relay R3 (and R4) (considering time margin of 0.25 sec
between two relays) will be equal to 0.584 + 0.25 = 0.834 sec. The fault current will
get divided into two equal parts through relays R3 and R4. With respect to this
condition, TMS of relay R3 (and R4) can be calculated as follows:
Time of operation of relay R3 (and R4) = × TMS of relay R3 (and R4)
∴0.834 = × TMS of relay R3 (and R4)

∴TMS of relay R3 (and R4) = 0.14
∴TMS of relay R3 (and R4) is selected as 0.15.
∴Time of operation of relay R3 (and R4) for the same condition for TMS of 0.15 can
= × 0.15
= 0.889 sec
Relays R5 and R6 are coordinated with relays R3 and R4 to find out their TMS. Fault
level on load side 132 kV bus (2200 MVA) is considered for it. Time of operation of
relays R3 and R4 for fault just before relays R5 and R6 is the same as fault just after
relay R7, i.e. 0.889 sec.
∴Required time of operation of relays R5 and R6 (considering time margin of 0.25 sec
between two relays) will be equal to 0.889 - 0.25 = 0.639 sec. The fault will get
divided into two equal parts through relays R5 and R6. With respect to this condition,
TMS of relays (R5 and R6) can be calculated as follows:

Relays (R1 and R2) are coordinated with relays (R3 and R4) to find out their TMS.
Fault level on generator side 132 kV bus (3000 MVA) is considered for it. Time of
operation of relay R3 (and R4) for 3000 MVA fault level can be calculated as follows:
Fault current for 3000 MVA fault MVA on 132 kV bus = = 13121.6 amp
= × 0.15
= 0.4777 sec
∴Required time of operation of relays (R1 and R2) (considering time margin of 0.25
sec between two relays) will be equal to 0.4777 + 0.25 = 0.7277 sec. The fault will
get divided into two equal parts through relays R1 and R2. With respect to this
condition, TMS of relay R1 (and R2) can be calculated as follows:

13. Figure 7.14 shows a single line diagram of a power system. The breaking capacitors
of breakers are as follows:
Circuit Breakers Breaking Capacity (MVA)
29
SWITCHGEAR
1, 2 5000
3, 4, 5, 6 3000
7, 8 2000
The relays used are directional or non-directional IDMT overcurrent relays. The plug-
settings of the relays are given as follows:
Relays Plug setting (% of C.T. secondary)
R1 100
R2 100
R3 75
R4 125
R5 75
R6 125
R7 100
R8 100
Which are the relays requiring directional feature? Given the TMS of relays R 3 and R5
to be 0.1, determine the TMS of remaining relays shown in figure 7.14.
Figure 7.14:
Solution:
Time settings:
Relays R1 and R2 are non-directional relays; while all other relays (R3 to R8) require
directional feature.
TMS of relay R5 is given as 0.1. Relay R8 is to be graded with relay R5 to find out its
TMS. Fault current for fault just after relay R 5 is considered for it. This fault current
will be supplied by two paths. One path is from generator via relay R 2 to fault point
just before relay R5; while the second path will get completed from generator via
relays R1, R4, R8 and R5 to fault point. Total fault current at fault point can be assumed
to be the same as breaking capacity of breaker 5. Now, from the circuit diagram it is
very much clear that to coordinate relays R5 and R8, fault current passing through the
31
SWITCHGEAR
second path is required to be considered. Now, procedure to find out the value of fault
current passing through the second path is given as follows:

From the figure 7.14 it is clear that the impedance of second path is three times that of
first path. So the value of current passing through that path can be calculated as
13121.6×(1/4) = 3280.4 amp. Time of operation of relay R 5 for this value of fault
current can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.1
= 0.318 sec

Now, relay R4 is to be graded with relay R 8 to find out its TMS. Fault current for fault
just after relay R8 is considered for it. This fault current will be supplied by two paths
equally. One path is from generator via relay R2 and R6 to fault point just before relay
R8; while the second path will get completed from generator via relays R 1, R4 and R8
to fault point. Total fault current at fault point can be assumed to be the same as
breaking capacity of breaker 8. Now, from the circuit diagram it is very much clear
that to coordinate relays R4 and R8, fault current passing through the second path is
only considered. Now, procedure to find out the value of fault current passing through
the second path is given as follows:

From the figure 7.14 it is clear that the impedance of first and second paths is the
same. So the value of current passing through that path can be calculated as
8747.7×(1/2) = 4373.8 amp. Time of operation of relay R 8 for this value of fault
current can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.25
= 0.575 sec

Now, relay R1 is to be graded with relay R 4 to find out its TMS. Fault current for fault
just after relay R4 is considered for it. This fault current will be supplied by two paths.
One path is from generator via relay R2, R6 and R7 to fault point just before relay R4;
while the second path will get completed from generator via relays R 1 and R4 to fault
point. Total fault current at fault point can be assumed to be the same as breaking
capacity of breaker 4. Now, from the circuit diagram it is very much clear that to
coordinate relays R1 and R4, fault current passing through the second path is only
considered. Now, procedure to find out the value of fault current passing through the
second path is given as follows:
Breaking capacity of breaker 4 = 13121.6 amp
From the figure 7.14 it is clear that the impedance of first path is three times that of
the second path. So the value of current passing through second path can be
calculated as 13121.6×(3/4) = 9841.2 amp. Time of operation of relay R 4 for this value
of fault current can be calculated as follows:
= × 0.35
= 0.805 sec

From the symmetry of the circuit, TMS of relays R7, R6 and R2 is same as that of
relays R8, R4 and R1.
33

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7

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES BY

Time of operation of relay R4 =

Time of operation of relay R3 =

Therefore TMS of R3 is selected as 0.2 which is immediate higher value to 0.1676 in

Time of operation of relay R3 =

Time of operation of relay R2 =

Therefore TMS of R2 is selected as 0.25 which is immediate higher value to 0.245 in

Time of operation of relay R2 =

Time of operation of relay R1 =

Therefore TMS of R1 is selected as 0.3 which is immediate higher value to 0.287 in a

Time of operation of relay R4 = × TMS of relay R4

Time of operation of relay R3 = × TMS of relay R3

∴0.55 = × TMS of relay R3

Time of operation of relay R3 = × TMS of relay R3

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

∴0.7 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R1 = × TMS of relay R1

∴0.748 = × TMS of relay R1

∴P.S. of relay R2 = 131.2 +

∴P.S. of relay R1 = 218.68 +

Time of operation of relay R3 = × TMS of relay R3

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

∴0.874 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R1 = × TMS of relay R1

∴1.18 = × TMS of relay R1

Time of operation of relay R3 = × TMS of relay R3

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

∴0.715 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R1 = × TMS of relay R1

∴1.055 = × TMS of relay R1

Setting of high-set instantaneous unit

∴Setting of high-set instantaneous unit of relay R3 =

∴Setting of high-set instantaneous unit of relay R2 =

∴Setting of high-set instantaneous unit of relay R1 =

Time of operation of relay R3 = × TMS of relay R3

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

∴0.517 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R2 = × TMS of relay R2

Time of operation of relay R1 = × TMS of relay R1

∴0.7 = × TMS of relay R1

Earth fault current If =

∴Time of operation of relay R3 =

∴P.S. of IDMT unit of relay R2 = +

P.S. of R2 is selected as 100% of 1 amp as immediate higher step to 99.04% available

∴Setting of high-set unit of relay R2 =

Fault current at 200 MVA fault level = = 1749.5 amp

Time of operation of relay R4 =

P.S.M. of R3 for fault current of 1749.5 amp = = 2.187

Time of operation of relay R3 =

Therefore TMS of R3 is selected as 0.2 which is immediate higher value to 0.153 in a

Fault current at 300 MVA fault level = = 1312.16 amp

Time of operation of relay R3 =

P.S.M. of R2 for fault current of 1312.16 amp = = 2.624

Time of operation of relay R2 =

Therefore TMS of R2 is selected as 0.2 which is immediate higher value to 0.197 in a

Fault current at 500 MVA fault level = = 2186.93 amp

Time of operation of relay R2 =

P.S.M. of R1 for fault current of 2186.93 amp = = 3.5

Time of operation of relay R1 =