Airport Collaborative

Decision Making (A-CDM)

 Airport Collaborative
Decision Making

is the concept which aims at improving Air

Traffic Flow and Capacity Management
(ATFCM) at airports by reducing delays,
improving the predictability of events and
optimising the utilisation of resources
 AIRPORT CDM PARTNERS

NMOC

Ground Handlers
When we talk about Airport CDM
Partners, who do we mean?
Aircraft Operators

ATC
Airport Operator

Other services
(Police, Customs etc) AIS MET GA
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 A-CDM Concepts

■ Information Sharing
■ Milestone Approach
■ Variable Taxi Time
■ Pre-departure Sequencing
■ Adverse Conditions
■ Collaborative Management of Flight Updates
 Information Sharing
Examples:

Does everyone have the same estimated landing time (ELDT)?

•
If a flight is late arriving then normally the same airframe will be
late departing.

If ATC know which order they will push back flights (TSATs =
Target Start-Up Approval Time ) then this can be shared with other
partners

An accurate Target Take Off Time (TTOT) can be provided if you

know the pushback time and variable taxi time (VTT). Today the
NMOC rely only on the FPL EOBT (varies by +-15minutes) and a
default taxi time (varies according to traffic levels)

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 To summarise
• No individual partner has the complete picture
• Different partners may have different
interpretations for even simple terms like time
• Decisions based on missing, inaccurate or late
arriving information lead to a reduction of
efficiency
• Insufficient or unreliable information results in a
loss of operational efficiency
• Acting on shared information is Airport CDM

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 Information Sharing

• Principle
•Foundation for Airport CDM
•The Right information  At the Right Time To the Right People

• Requirement
•One Common Airport Information Platform
•Procedures and actions for each significant event (milestone)
during the different phases of the flight

• Benefits
•Brings partners together  Promotes trust
•Common situational awareness  efficient use of resources
•Improved predictability  maximises operational efficiency

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Heathrow
_______HMI ________
(Prototype)

ASMGCS
Display

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 Example of Information Sharing at Heathrow
Partners can see the Ground Radar via Internet

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 Red EOBT/TOBT
notifies AOs
of late flight

Alarms indicate
Airport slot
and type errors
CTOT discrepancies
are also highlighted

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 How does it all fit together?
Arrival Management Departure Management
Collaborative Decision Making
Taxi Taxi
Taxi Time -
Airport Surveillance data
input VTT (variable
Top Of Descent In-Block Off-Block taxi time) update

Take-Off
Take-Off

Arrival Process CDM Process Departure Process

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Turn round process: The milestone approach

INBOUND
Flight is scheduled/FPL is filed
Estimated Landing Time (FUM) OUTBOUND
Aircraft departed from previous Gate Open
station Start Boarding
Aircraft 20mn off End Boarding
Actual Landing Time (ALDT) Gate Closed
Aircraft In Block Time (AIBT) Doors Closed
Doors Open Start Up Request
Start Disembarking Push Back Request
End Disembarking Push Back Clearance
End of Services Aircraft Off Block Time (AOBT)
Taxi Request
Taxi Clearance
Actual Take Off Time (ATOT)
 The Milestones - Key Definitions
• TOBT (Target Of Block Time)
The time that an aircraft operator / handling agent
estimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed,
boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available,
ready to start up / push back immediately upon reception
of clearance from the TWR.

• TSAT (Target Start Approval Time)

The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT,
CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can
expect to receive start-up / pushback approval (when
start-up and pushback are issued together)
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MILESTONE APPROACH - (BAW123 EGLL EOBT 19:50)

M1 M2 M3 M4

NMOC

16:50hrs (EOBT 17:50hrs 18:00hrs 18:40hrs

-3hrs) EOBT -2hrs -Take Off Local
ATC Flight Update of from Radar
Plan flight info + Outstation Update
activation CTOT (ATOT –
-Check of FPL = 2030 Munich. Update
and Airport Slot FUM gives ELDT,TO
first ELDT) BT, ..

INITIATED AIRBORNE FIR

MILESTONE APPROACH - (BAW123 EGLL EOBT 1950)

M5 M6 M7 M8

19:00hrs 19:05hrs 19:10hrs 19:10hrs

-Final -Landing ALDT -In Block - Ground
Approach AIBT Handling starts
Taxi In Time 5 AGHT
Update of the minutes EIBT=
ELDT,TOBT,.. 19:10 MTTT (Minimum
Turn Round Time)
50mins

FINAL LANDED IN-BLOCK

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 MILESTONE APPROACH - (BAW123 EGLL EOBT 1950)

M9 M10 M11 M12

19:30hrs 19:40hrs 19:40hrs 19:58hrs

- Target Off-Block - Target Start up - Boarding - Aircraft
Time TOBT final Time issued starts Ready
update before TSAT (TSAT=2011hrs) ARDT
(target start (Doors
approval time) closed
(TOBT=20:00hrs) ready to
move)

IN-BLOCK SEQUENCED BOARDING READY

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MILESTONE APPROACH - (BAW123 EGLL EOBT 19:50)

M13 M14 M15 M16

20:11hrs 20:12hrs
20:10hrs 20:30hrs
- Start up - Actual
- Start up - Actual Take
approved Off-Block
Clearance Off Time ATOT
ASAT Time AOBT
request (CTOT =
ASRT (ATC give 20:30)
the push (Taxi Out
back Time 18
clearance) minutes)

OFF-BLOCK DEPARTED
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 Variable Taxi Time
Arrival Management Departure Management
Collaborative Decision Making
Taxi Taxi
Taxi Time -
Airport Surveillance data
input VTT (variable
Top Of Descent On-Blocks Off-Blocks taxi time) update

Take-Off
Take-Off

Arrival Process CDM Process Departure Process

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 Parameters Affecting Taxi Time

■ Airport layout and infrastructure

■ Runway(s) in use (including the distance of the taxi
holding positions from the runway)
■ Number of runway crossings required
■ Aircraft parking stand location
■ Meteorological conditions
■ Aircraft type and operator
■ Aircraft weight
■ Push back approval delivery time
■ Remote de-icing / anti-icing
■ Traffic density
■ Local operating procedures
 Methods for Calculating Taxi Times

• Default time (current method = inaccurate)

• Input from operational staff (ATC, stand/gate operators, etc)
• Aircraft type / category
• Based on historical data
• Based on operational conditions
• Based on RWY in use
 Pre-departure Sequence

Today: “first come, first served” >> Non-optimal

 Pre-departure Sequence objectives:

■ Enhance sequence transparency

■ Improve event predictability by creating TSAT and
TTOT predictability
■ Improve punctuality (e.g. slot adherence, Airline
Operator schedule)
 Pre-departure Sequence process:

• Ground operators inform ATC 10mins prior to TSAT/

TOBT
• ATC set priorities
• Time critical flights are given priority (e.g: regulated
flights, gate occupancy, WTC, …)
• Others are delayed a bit
 Adverse Conditions – De-icing
• De-icing operations impact the downstream
milestones
• Specific information needs to be shared
• Significant times have been defined

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 Adverse Conditions – De-icing
On-stand de-icing Remote de-icing

• While the aircraft is • In a dedicated remote

still on stand area

• Part of the turn-round • Included in the taxi-

process out time

 TOBT includes the  EXOT includes the

expected de-icing expected de-icing
time time
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Adverse Conditions – De-icing
Adverse Conditions – De-icing
Collaborative Management of Flight Updates

• Currently, the NMOC has a distorted traffic demand

picture
• Results in unnecessary restrictions applied
• Wasted ATFM slots
• Overload and traffic bunching

Collaborative Management of Flight Updates integrates

Airports into the ATFCM network

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ATFM basic principle

Avoiding congestion
Safety Issue
 ATFM basic principle

Avoiding congestion Sequencing the traffic

Safety Issue

Benefits:
Safer
Fuel savings
Less CO2 emission
 Departure Planning Information (DPI)
FUM ATOT

ELDT
Planning Turn Round Pre-sequence Taxi-Out Take off
EOBT-3h EOBT-2h TOBT-40mn TSAT

E-DPI T-DPIc T-DPIs A-DPI FSA

SOBT TOBT TSAT AOBT ATOT

+ variable taxi-time => TOT

 DPI message

- TITLE DPI
- IFPLID AA14923633
- ARCID CSDNJ
- ADEP EHRD Flight identification
- ADES LFPB
- EOBT 1300
- EOBD 040112
- ETOT 1305
- SOBT 1300
- SID REFSO2C Airport data
- TAXITIME 0012
The European Airport CDM Portal
www.euro-cdm.org

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