HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

Industrial
Revolutions

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

(STS)
Lovelyn B. Balbedina, MS
OVERVIEW
Paradigm Shift in History: Industrial Revolution 1.0
Kuhn’s Paradigm

Historical Antecedents Industrial Revolution 2.0

History of STS in the Industrial Revolution 3.0

Philippines

Industrial Revolution 4.0

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OBJECTIVES
▪ Discuss the interactions between
S&T and society throughout the
history.

▪ Discuss how scientific and

technological developments affect
society and the environment.

▪ Identify paradigm shifts in history.

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 PARADIGM SHIFT IN
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
& TECHNOLOGY
Kuhn’s Idea of Paradigm

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 sciencewoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KSNewRev-1024x883.jpg

Kuhn’s
Cycle

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 Thomas Kuhn
• American physicist, historian and philosopher of
Science
• According to Kuhn, being critical in science is an
illusion
• He studied the development of science and saw
pattern and order in its discovery
• Formulated the Kuhn Cycle
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 Paradigm
• Science is always critical in their perception,
concepts, ideas, theories etc. (Real Science)

• Critical scientists always try to prove their

discoveries wrong

• Pseudoscience always protect their discoveries

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE
- Beginning of every concepts and ideas
- No shared concept of science
- Scientists do different things/impossible to work together
- This phase only happens in every phase of history of science
discoveries
- “Dominance of theory” and “Anomaly”

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 sciencewoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KSNewRev-1024x883.jpg

Kuhn’s
Cycle

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE

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sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PeriodicTableWallpaper2017.png

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
- This phase is where concepts or paradigm are taken for
granted
- Scientists are non-critical
- Phase where scientific discoveries are in concrete paradigm
(standard)
- Points: Scientists are confident and not critical
Progress in science

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 sciencewoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KSNewRev-1024x883.jpg

Kuhn’s
Cycle

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
Education

Biotechnology

Industries

Medical Technology
sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PeriodicTableWallpaper2017.png

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
3. CRISIS PHASE
- This phase happens there are lots of anomalies in the
discoveries
- Scientists will start doubting their theories
- Scientists became more radical and critical
- Results: Old paradigm - accept existing result until new
discovery arise
New paradigm - will lead to “Scientific
Revolution”
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 sciencewoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KSNewRev-1024x883.jpg

Kuhn’s
Cycle

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
3. CRISIS PHASE
slideplayer.com

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
4. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHASE
- Dominant discovery will emerge
- Begins when serious candidate for a new paradigm emerge
- It is an undergoing revolutionary change

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 sciencewoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/KSNewRev-1024x883.jpg

Kuhn’s
Cycle

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 HISTORY OF
WORLD
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Antecedents

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 ANCIENT RENAISSANCE 19TH CENTURY
- Sumerian era PERIOD - Civil war defined the
- 13th to 17th Century 19th century
- 5000 years ago
- New age of - Invention of usable
- Watermill steel, electricity, &
profound discovery
- Cartography MEDIEVAL of S&T, art and INDUSTRIAL petroleum which
nd
led to 2 industrial
- History of Europe literature, and PERIOD
- Coliseum human perception revolution in 1865
- Middle ages - Industrial to 1900
- Paper (Papyrus) - Clock Revolution
- 5th to 15th Century - Birth of railways and
- Microscope - 18th to 19th Century steamships
- Printing press
- Alchemy - There is no clear - Lightbulb
- Hourglass definition to the
- Astronomy beginning and end - Telephone
- Gun powder
of the industrial - Typewriter
- Medieval house revolution
- Sewing machine
- Locomotive motor
- phonograph
- Dynamite
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Before Industrial Revolution
Way of Life

Agriculture Others

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INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1.0
Age of Mechanical Equipment,
Water and Steam Engines
 First Industrial Revolution
• First industrial revolution is the time when people realize the
importance of mechanization

• Before the industrial revolution, the way people produce

products are through labored-power. They realized to turn labor
into mass production using mechanical equipment.

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 First Industrial Revolution
GREAT BRITAIN
• In 1700s industrial revolution begun in this country
• They started the agriculture revolution which increase food
production by employing technological advancement
• Because of this, food production increase and there are more
people fed at lower price with less labor
• Start of manufacturing of foods and cotton instead of wool
• Rise of “cottage industry” or decentralized manufacturing facility
• Born of the industrialists, capitalists, and entrepreneurs
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 First Industrial Revolution
Keys to Britain’s Industrialization:
1. Access to raw materials or natural resources (ex. Coal and Ores)
2. Transportation of materials (rivers and trains)
3. Availability of capital
4. System of banking and credit
5. Entrepreneurial spirit
6. The British empire (colonialism)
7. Government that support the business

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 People Behind Industrial Revolution 1.0

Thomas James Watt James Henry Cort

Newcomen Horsepower
Hargreaves Iron Puddling
Steam as a form of Steam Engine Spinning Machine Use puddling iron
energy “Spinning Jenny” instead of rod iron

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STEAM AS A FORM OF
ENERGY

Thomas Newcomen Steam Engine Pros and Cons

▪ English inventor who created ▪ Mechanical instrument that ▪ Mass production that
an atmospheric or steam reduces the human effort by provides goods and products
engine using water and steam as in a large quantity
▪ His invention is sometimes power source
▪ Limits labor force
called the “Newcomen ▪ The mechanisms are run by
▪ Creates easy transportation
Engine” coal fuel as source of heat
▪ Birth of steel and more
▪ The engine contains boiler, a
industrialization
piston run by an atmospheric
pressure which creates ▪ Creates social division;
partial vacuum middle and worker class
▪ Slow depletion of natural
resources
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HORSEPOWER AND
STEAM ENGINE

James Watt Horsepower Pros and Cons

▪ Scottish chemist and ▪ He modify the work of ▪ This rotational machine gives
engineer Newcomen’s steam engine rise to practically all type of
▪ His design of steam engine by adding condenser to it to industrial technologies
run by a rotational machine be able to produce cost-
Example: tire, hydraulics, screw
generates a “hore-like effective steam engine
etc.
power” thus named ▪ He invented the rotary
▪ The technological
“Horsepower” motion pump instead of
advancement are more
stationery movement of
drawn to using steel and iron
Newcomen’s engine
▪ The mass production creates
▪ Gives birth to a rotary
a clock-timed set-up for
mechanical steam-powered
workers
machine including train
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SPINNING MACHINE
“SPINNING JENNY”

James Hargreaves Textile Industry Pros and Cons

▪ An English weaver, carpenter
and inventor
▪ He invented the “spinning
jenny” to produce more
threads using spinning wheel
▪ “Jenny” is an old term for an
“engine”
▪ Demand for textile industry ▪ The production of cloth
has pushed Hargreaves to produces more output using
invent the “spinning jenny” the machine
to make wool and cotton
▪ More exchange and trade of
production easier
goods resulted to more
▪ Production of cloth includes capitalism
two processes:
▪ Lesser worker are needed in
(a) spinners made cotton thread production
from raw cotton then
(b) weavers wove the thread
into cloth on looms

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IRON PUDDLING;
IRON VS. ORE

Henry Cort Birth of Metal and Steel Pros and Cons

▪ British inventor and ▪ Puddling method ▪ Cost effective and less
discoverer of puddling (metallurgy) produces high demanding in terms of
process which convert crude grade iron alloy in a crucible human effort
iron (pig iron) into wrought or furnace without the use of
iron coal and in an oxidizing
atmosphere
▪ The thick iron was called
puddled iron

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INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
2.0
Age of Electricity and Mass
Production
 Second Industrial Revolution
• Industrialization of electricity
• Mass manufacturing
• There is an increase in automation
• Mass production of steel (since people realized
the importance of metal)
• Power source was now petroleum and electricity
• Process of internal combustion
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 Second Industrial Revolution

Automation • Military Technologies

• Automated machines
• Electrical power (WWI)
supply • Electricity • Weaponry (American
• Automobile Civil War)
• Steel and metals
• Railroads • World exposition
• Telegraph, Telephone, • Mass production
Radio
Raw Materials Importance

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 People Behind Industrial Revolution 2.0

Karl Benz Henry Ford

Automobile Standardized Car
Mass production

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 Industrial Revolution 2.0

Karl Benz Henry Ford

▪ Karl Friedrich Benz, German engine designer ▪ American industrialist, developer of assembly
and automotive engineer line technique of mass production

▪ Standardized and specialized mass

▪ Combustion car engine production

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 Challenges
• The development leads to expansion of middle
class line in society
• The man are now using that power of
automation to control over other nation
• Most of the metal and steel production, aside
from rail tracks and trains, are destructive in
nature
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INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
3.0 and 4.0
Age of Information, Digitalization
and Smart Machines
 Third Industrial Revolution
• We are aiming to harness more renewable
energy
• Transportation and logistics are prominent in this
revolutionary phase (we are going more to
electric than combustion)
• The focus of this revolution is on electronic
system, IT system, and automation

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Use of cyber-physical system

• The technologies made are in combination with

physical, digital and biological factors

• There are more focus of augmentation, artificial

intelligence and cloud computing
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 SUMMARY
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Smart
Mechanical Automation Digital
Machines

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 History of STS in the Philippines
• S&T in the country experienced periods of
intense growth and long period of stagnation

• DOST (Department of Science and Technology) is

the agency responsible for the development of
S&T

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 History of STS in the Philippines
SPANISH ERA
Pre-Spanish
- Have medicinal and
therapeutic way through
herb
- Banaue rice terraces are
among the sophisticated
engineering of Filipinos
- We have alphabet
(baybayin), measuring system
(moon), and weighing scale
Spanish
- Formal education
- Sanitation
- Colonial Economy (Galleon
Trade)
- Opening of Suez Canal
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AMERICAN
PERIOD
- Establishment of Bureau of
Government Laboratories in
1901
- In 1905, the Bureau of
Government Laboratories
was replaced with Bureau of
Science
- In 1933, it was again
replaced by Bureau of
Science
- The science during this time
was more inclined with
agriculture, food processing,
forestry, medicine, and
pharmacy
- In 1958, Pres. Carlos P.
Garcia, passed the Science
Act of 1958 that established
National Science
Development.
COMMONWEALTH
ERA
- In 1970s, under the regime
of Marcos, the importance of
science grew under the 1973
Philippine Constitution,
Article XV, Section 1 which
deals with supports in
scientific research and
invention
- In 1986, Pres. Aquino, The
National Science and
Technology was replaced with
Department of Science and
Technology
MODERN ERA
- Incubator by Fel Del Mundo
- Karaoke by Roberto Del
Rosario
- Erythromycin by Abelardo
Aguilar
- Alco-Diesel, Lan-Gas, and
Superbunker by Rudy
Lantano Sr.
- Feminine Hygiene by
Virgilio Malang
- Single-Chip Graphical User
Interface Accelerator by
Diosdado Banatao
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 OUR Industrial Revolution Now?
• Increased standard of living
• Easy way of life
• Your status is being dictated by money and
power
• Continuous environmental degradation
• Currently living in an geological era of
ANTHROPOCENE (Holocene Epoch)
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 REFERENCES
▪ The Industrial Revolution (First, Second, third, and Fourth) History Whiteboard Animation
(Davos). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SfLEiHuzbs
▪ John Rey Ravago. (21:06:41 UTC). Intellectual revolutions that defined society. Education.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-
defined-society
▪ Liwayway Memije-Cruz. (03:24:49 UTC). Historical Antecedents of Science and
Technology. Education. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/historical-antecedents-of-science-and-
technology-152541982?qid=b17a5c5f-ac19-482a-b6cd-
15b4006e5405&v=&b=&from_search=2
▪ manumelwin. (11:20:19 UTC). Fourth industrial revolution - Manu Melwin Joy. Education.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/manumelwin/fourth-industrial-revolution-
manu-melwin-joy?qid=a507f88b-ed07-4a11-8aff-d5efb71befe6&v=&b=&from_search=5
▪ Naroumontine Thonbury School Bangkok Thailand. (21:35:17 UTC). 1 The first Industrial
Revolution. Education. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/jackhennessygarrity/1-
the-first-industrial-revolution?qid=b41ee944-a26c-4edb-8d92-
c24b147fdbbc&v=&b=&from_search=1
▪ Ron McFarland. (01:47:14 UTC). The Starting of the Third Industrial Revolution. Business.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/the-starting-of-the-third-
industrial-revolution?qid=4cbe923e-abb3-4436-a720-
61f3135de549&v=&b=&from_search=12
▪ Tom Richey. (11:20:14 UTC). The Second Industrial Revolution. Lifestyle. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tomrichey/the-second-industrial-revolution-
46116514?qid=ded52251-316c-480a-a1fa-f951ff0e6aa6&v=&b=&from_search=5
▪ https://youtu.be/sOGZEZ96ynI

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