HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

Industrial
Revolution
s

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

(STS)
Lovelyn B. Balbedina, MS
Kuhn’s Paradigm
OVERVIEW
Paradigm Shift in History:
Industrial Revolution 1.0
 Historical Antecedents Industrial Revolution 2.0

History of STS in the Industrial Revolution 3.0 Philippines

Industrial Revolution 4.0

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OBJECTIVES
▪ Discuss the interactions between
S&T and society throughout the
history.
▪ Discuss how scientific and
technological developments affect
society and the environment.

▪ Identify paradigm shifts in history.

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN
HISTORY OF
SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Kuhn’s Idea of Paradigm
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Kuhn’s
Cycle
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Thomas Kuhn
• American physicist, historian and philosopher of
Science
• According to Kuhn, being critical in science is an
illusion
• He studied the development of science and saw
pattern and order in its discovery
• Formulated the Kuhn Cycle
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Paradigm
• Science is always critical in their perception,
concepts, ideas, theories etc. (Real Science)

• Critical scientists always try to prove their

discoveries wrong

• Ppseudoscience always protect their discoveries

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Kuhn’s Phases of Science
1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE
- Beginning of every concepts and ideas
- No shared concept of science
- Scientists do different things/impossible to work together -
This phase only happens in every phase of history of science
discoveries
- “Dominance of theory” and “Anomaly”

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Kuhn’s
Cycle

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Kuhn’s Phases of Science

1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE
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Kuhn’s Phases of Science

2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
- This phase is where concepts or paradigm are taken for
granted
- Scientists are non-critical
- Phase where scientific discoveries are in concrete
paradigm (standard)
- Points: Scientists are confident and not critical
Progress in science
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Kuhn’s
Cycle
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Kuhn’s Phases of Science

2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
Education

Biotechnology

Industries

Medical Technology
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Kuhn’s Phases of Science
3. CRISIS PHASE
- This phase happens there are lots of anomalies in the
discoveries
- Scientists will start doubting their theories
- Scientists became more radical and critical
- Results: Old paradigm - accept existing result until new
discovery arise
New paradigm - will lead to “Scientific
Revolution”
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 Kuhn’s
Cycle

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Kuhn’s Phases of Science

3. CRISIS PHASE
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Kuhn’s Phases of Science

4. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHASE
- Dominant discovery will emerge
- Begins when serious candidate for a new paradigm
emerge - It is an undergoing revolutionary change
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Kuhn’s
Cycle
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HISTORY OF
WORLD
DEVELOPMENTHist
orical Antecedents

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 - 13th to 17th Century PERIOD century
- New age of profound - Industrial - Invention of usable
discovery of S&T, art Revolution steel, electricity,&
and literature, and petroleum which led
human perception - 18th to 19th Century to2nd industrial
AN MEDIEVAL revolution in 1865 to
- There is no clear
CIENT - History of Europe - - Clock definition to the 1900
- Sumerian era - Middle ages - Microscope beginning and end of - Birth of railways and
the industrial steamships
5000 years ago - - 5th to 15th Century - - Alchemy revolution
Watermill Printing press - - Astronomy - Lightbulb
- Locomotive motor -
- Cartography - Hourglass - Telephone
Dynamite
Coliseum - Gun powder - Typewriter
- Windmill
- Paper (Papyrus) - Medieval house I 19TH CENTRURY - - Sewing machine -
RENAISSANCE NDUSTRIAL Civil war defined the 19th phonograph
PERIOD

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Before Industrial
Revolution
Way of Life

Agri
culture Others

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 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTIO
N 1.0
Age of Mechanical Equipment,
Water and Steam Engines

First Industrial Revolution

• First industrial revolution is the time when people realize the
importance of mechanization

• Before the industrial revolution, the way people produce

products are through labored-power. They realized to turn labor
 into mass production using mechanical equipment.

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First Industrial Revolution

GREAT BRITAIN
• In 1700s industrial revolution begun in this country • They
started the agriculture revolution which increase food production
by employing technological advancement • Because of this, food
production increase and there are more people fed at lower price
with less labor
• Start of manufacturing of foods and cotton instead of wool •
Rise of “cottage industry” or decentralized manufacturing facility
• Born of the industrialists, capitalists, and entrepreneurs
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First Industrial Revolution

Keys to Britain’s Industrialization:
1. Access to raw materials or natural resources (ex. Coal and
Ores) 2. Transportation of materials (rivers and trains)
3. Availability of capital
4. System of banking and credit
5. Entrepreneurial spirit
6. The British empire (colonialism)
7. Government that support the business

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People Behind Industrial Revolution

 1.0

Thomas James Watt James Henry Cort

Newcomen Horsepower Steam
Hargreaves Iron Puddling
Steam as a form of energy Engine Spinning Machine Use puddling iron instead
“Spinning Jenny” of rod iron

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STEAM AS A FORM OF Thomas Newcomen ▪ English inventor who created an

atmospheric or steam engine
ENERGY
▪ His invention is sometimes
called the “Newcomen Engine”
Steam Engine
▪ Mechanical instrument that
reduces the human effort by
using water and steam as
power source
HORSEPOWER AND
STEAM ENGINE
▪ The mechanisms are run by
coal fuel as source of heat
▪ The engine contains boiler, a
piston run by an atmospheric
pressure which creates partial
vacuum
Pros and Cons
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James Watt
▪ Scottish chemist and engineer
▪ His design of steam engine run
▪ Mass production that
provides goods and products in
a large quantity
▪ Limits labor force
▪ Creates easy transportation
▪ Birth of steel and more
industrialization
▪ Creates social division; middle
and worker class
▪ Slow depletion of natural
resources
by a rotational machine
generates a “hore-like power”
thus named “Horsepower”
Horsepower
▪ He modify the work of
Newcomen’s steam engine by
adding condenser to it to be
able to produce cost effective
steam engine
▪ He invented the rotary motion
pump instead of stationery
movement of Newcomen’s
engine
SPINNING MACHINE
“SPINNING JENNY”
James Hargreaves
▪ An English weaver, carpenter
▪ Gives birth to a rotary
mechanical steam-powered
machine including train
Pros and Cons
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and inventor
▪ He invented the “spinning
jenny” to produce more
threads using spinning wheel
▪ “Jenny” is an old term for an
“engine”
▪ This rotational machine gives
rise to practically all type of
industrial technologies
Example: tire, hydraulics, screw
etc.
▪ The technological advancement
are more drawn to using steel
and iron
▪ The mass production creates a
clock-timed set-up for workers
Textile Industry
▪ Demand for textile industry has
pushed Hargreaves to invent
the “spinning jenny” to make
wool and cotton production
easier
▪ Production of cloth includes two ▪ The production of cloth
processes: produces more output using
the machine
(a) spinners made cotton thread
from raw cotton then ▪ More exchange and trade of
goods resulted to more
(b) weavers wove the thread into
capitalism
cloth on looms
Pros and Cons ▪ Lesser worker are needed in
production

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IRON PUDDLING; ▪ British inventor and discoverer Birth of Metal and Steel
of puddling process which
IRON VS. ORE convert crude iron (pig iron) ▪ Puddling method (metallurgy)
into wrought iron produces high grade iron alloy
Henry Cort in a crucible or furnace without
the use of coal and in an
oxidizing atmosphere
▪ The thick iron was called Pros and Cons
puddled iron
▪ Cost effective and less
demanding in terms of human
effort

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 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTIO
N 2.0
Age of Electricity and Mass
Production

Second Industrial Revolution

• Industrialization of electricity
• Mass manufacturing
• There is an increase in automation
• Mass production of steel (since people realized
 the importance of metal)
• Power source was now petroleum and
electricity • Process of internal combustion
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Second Industrial Revolution

• Automated machines
Automation• Military Technologies
• Electrical power • Railroads
supply
Raw Materials • Telegraph, Telephone,
• Steel and metals • Electricity Radio
(WWI)
• Automobile
• Weaponry (American Civil • World exposition
War) • Mass production
Importance

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People Behind Industrial Revolution

2.0
Karl Benz Automobile Henry Ford
Standardized Car Mass production

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Industrial Revolution
Henry Ford
▪ Karl Friedrich Benz, German engine designer and
automotive engineer

▪ Combustion car engine

2.0 Karl Benz
▪ American industrialist, developer of assembly line
technique of mass production
▪ Standardized and specialized mass production

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Challenges
• The development leads to expansion of middle
class line in soceity
• The man are now using that power of
automation to control over other nation • Most of
the metal and steel production, aside from rail
tracks and trains, are destructive in nature
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 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTIO
N 3.0 and
4.0
Age of Information, Digitalization
and Smart Machines

Third Industrial Revolution

• We are aiming to harness more renewable
energy
• Transportation and logistics are prominent in
 this revolutionary phase (we are going more to
electric than combustion)
• The focus of this revolution is on electronic
system, IT system, and automation

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Fourth Industrial Revolution

• Use of cyber-physical system

• The technologies made are in combination with

 physical, digital and biological factors

• There are more focus of augmentation, artificial

intelligence and cloud computing
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SUMMARY
1.0 2.0 3.0 Digital 4.0
Smart
Mechanical Automation
Machines

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 10/

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History of STS in the Philippines

 • S&T in the country experienced periods of
intense growth and long period of stagnation

• DOST (Department of Science and Technology) is

the agency responsible for the development of
S&T

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History of STS in the Philippines

AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH

Pre-Spanish
- Have medicinal and
therapeutic way through herb
- Banaue rice terraces are
among the sophisticated
engineering of Filipinos - We
have alphabet
(baybayin), measuring system
(moon), and weighing scale
Spanish
- Formal education
- Sanitation
- Colonial Economy (Galleon
Trade)
OUR Industrial Revolution Now?
- Opening of Suez Canal
PERIOD
- Establishment of Bureau of
Government Laboratories in 1901
- In 1905, the Bureau of
Government Laboratories was
replaced with Bureau of Science
- In 1933, it was again
replaced by Bureau of
Science
- The science during this time was
more inclined with agriculture,
food processing, forestry,
medicine, and pharmacy
- In 1958, Pres. Carlos P. Garcia,
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SPANISH ERA
passed the Science Act of 1958
that established National Science
Development.
ERA
- In 1970s, under the regime of
Marcos, the importance of science
grew under the 1973
Philippine Constitution, Article
XV, Section 1 which deals with
supports in
scientific research and
invention
- In 1986, Pres. Aquino, The
National Science and
Technology was replaced with
MODERN ERA
Department of Science and
Technology
- Incubator by Fel Del Mundo -
Karaoke by Roberto Del Rosario
- Erythromycin by Abelardo
Aguilar
- Alco-Diesel, Lan-Gas, and
Superbunker by Rudy Lantano
Sr.
- Feminine Hygiene by
Virgilio Malang
- Single-Chip Graphical User
Interface Accelerator by
Diosdado Banatao
• Increased standard of living
• Easy way of life
• Your status is being dictated by money and
power
• Continuous environmental degradation •
Currently living in an geological era of
ANTHROPOCENE (Holocene Epoch)
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 REFERENCES
▪ The Industrial Revolution (First, Second, third, and Fourth) History Whiteboard
Animation (Davos). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7SfLEiHuzbs
▪ John Rey Ravago. (21:06:41 UTC). Intellectual revolutions that defined society.
Education. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-
defined-society
▪ Liwayway Memije-Cruz. (03:24:49 UTC). Historical Antecedents of Science and
Technology. Education. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/historical-antecedents-of-science-
and- technology-152541982?qid=b17a5c5f-ac19-482a-b6cd-
15b4006e5405&v=&b=&from_search=2
▪ manumelwin. (11:20:19 UTC). Fourth industrial revolution- Manu Melwin Joy.
Education. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/manumelwin/fourth-
industrial-revolution- manu-melwin-joy?qid=a507f88b-ed07-4a11-8aff-
d5efb71befe6&v=&b=&from_search=5
▪ Naroumontine Thonbury School Bangkok Thailand. (21:35:17 UTC). 1 The first
Industrial Revolution. Education. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/jackhennessygarrity/1- the-first-industrial-
revolution?qid=b41ee944-a26c-4edb-8d92-
c24b147fdbbc&v=&b=&from_search=1
▪ Ron McFarland. (01:47:14 UTC). The Starting of the Third Industrial Revolution.
Business. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/the-
starting-of-the-third- industrial-revolution?qid=4cbe923e-abb3-4436-a720-
61f3135de549&v=&b=&from_search=12
▪ Tom Richey. (11:20:14 UTC). The Second Industrial Revolution. Lifestyle. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tomrichey/the-second-industrial-revolution- 46116514?
qid=ded52251-316c-480a-a1fa-f951ff0e6aa6&v=&b=&from_search=5

▪ https://youtu.be/sOGZEZ96ynI
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