HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

Industrial
Revolutions

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

(STS)
 Overview
1. Paradigm Shift in History of Science and
Technology: Kuhn’s Cycle
2. Historical Antecedents of the World
3. Industrial Revolution 1.0
4. Industrial Revolution 2.0
5. Industrial Revolution 3.0
6. Industrial Revolution 4.0
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OBJECTIVES
 Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout the
history.

 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect

society and the environment.

 Identify paradigm shifts in history.

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 PARADIGM SHIFT IN
HISTORY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Kuhn’s Idea of Paradigm

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Kuhn’s Cycle Thomas Kuhn

•American physicist, historian
and philosopher of Science
•According to Kuhn, being critical
in science is an illusion
• He studied the development of
science and saw pattern and
order in its discovery
• Formulated the Kuhn Cycle
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 Paradigm
• Science is always critical in their perception,
concepts, ideas, theories etc. (Real Science)

• Critical scientists always try to prove their

discoveries wrong

• Pseudoscience always protect their discoveries

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE
- Beginning of every concepts and ideas
- No shared concept of science
- Scientists do different things/impossible to work together
- This phase only happens in every phase of history of science
discoveries
- “Dominance of theory” and “Anomaly”
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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE
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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
- This phase is where concepts or paradigm are taken for granted
- Scientists are non-critical
- Phase where scientific discoveries are in concrete paradigm
(standard)
- Points: Scientists are confident and not critical
Progress in science

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE
Education

Biotechnology

Industries

Medical Technology
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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
3. CRISIS PHASE
- This phase happens there are lots of anomalies in the discoveries
- Scientists will start doubting their theories
- Scientists became more radical and critical
- Results: Old paradigm - accept existing result until new discovery
arise
New paradigm - will lead to “Scientific Revolution”

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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
3. CRISIS PHASE
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 Kuhn’s Phases of Science
4. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHASE
- Dominant discovery will emerge
- Begins when serious candidate for a new paradigm emerge
- It is an undergoing revolutionary change

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 HISTORY OF
WORLD
DEVELOPMENT

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 Historical Antecedents

- Civil war defined

the 19th century
Ancient Renaissance Period - Invention of usable
- Sumerian era - 13th to 17th Century steel, electricity, &
Medieval Period - New age of Industrial Revolution petroleum which
- 5000 m.y.a.
- History of Europe profound discovery led to 2nd industrial
- 18th to 19th Century
- Watermill of S&T, art and revolution in 1865
- Middle ages - There is no clear
literature, and to 1900
- Cartography human perception definition to the
- 5th to 15th Century - Birth of railways
beginning and end of
- Coliseum - Printing press - Clock the industrial and steamships
- Paper (Papyrus) revolution - Lightbulb
- Hourglass - Microscope
- Locomotive motor - Telephone
- Gun powder - Alchemy - Dynamite - Typewriter
- Medieval house - Astronomy - Windmill - Sewing machine
- phonograph
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Before Industrial Revolution
Way of Life

Agriculture Others
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INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1.0
Age of Mechanical Equipment,
Water and Steam Engines
 First Industrial Revolution
• First industrial revolution is the time when people realize the
importance of mechanization

• Before the industrial revolution, the way people produce

products are through labored-power. They realized to turn labor
into mass production using mechanical equipment.

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 First Industrial Revolution
GREAT BRITAIN
• In 1700s industrial revolution begun in this country
• They started the agriculture revolution which increase food
production by employing technological advancement
• Because of this, food production increase and there are more people
fed at lower price with less labor
• Start of manufacturing of foods and cotton instead of wool
• Rise of “cottage industry” or decentralized manufacturing facility
• Born of the industrialists, capitalists, and entrepreneurs
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 First Industrial Revolution
Keys to Britain’s Industrialization:
1. Access to raw materials or natural resources (ex. Coal and Ores)
2. Transportation of materials (rivers and trains)
3. Availability of capital
4. System of banking and credit
5. Entrepreneurial spirit
6. The British empire (colonialism)
7. Government that support the business
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 People Behind Industrial Revolution 1.0

Thomas James Watt James Henry Cort

Newcomen Horsepower Hargreaves Iron Puddling
Steam as a form of Steam Engine Spinning Machine Use puddling iron
energy “Spinning Jenny” instead of rod
iron

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STEAM AS A FORM OF
ENERGY
Steam Engine Pros and Cons
Thomas Newcomen  Mechanical instrument that  Mass production that
reduces the human effort by provides goods and products
 English inventor who created using water and steam as in a large quantity
an atmospheric or steam power source
 Limits labor force
engine  The mechanisms are run by
 Creates easy transportation
 His invention is sometimes coal fuel as source of heat
called the “Newcomen  Birth of steel and more
 The engine contains boiler, a
Engine” industrialization
piston run by an atmospheric
pressure which creates  Creates social division; middle
partial vacuum and worker class
 Slow depletion of
natural resources
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HORSEPOWER AND Horsepower Pros and
STEAM ENGINE  He modify the work Cons
of  This rotational machine gives
James Watt Newcomen’s steam engine by rise to practically all type of
adding condenser to it to be industrial technologies
 Scottish chemist and able to produce cost effective
engineer steam engine Example: tire, hydraulics, screw
etc.
 His design of steam engine run  He invented the rotary motion
by a rotational machine pump instead of stationery  The technological
generates a “hore-like power” movement of Newcomen’s advancement are more
thus named engine drawn to using steel and iron
“Horsepower”  Gives birth to a rotary  The mass production creates a
mechanical steam-powered clock-timed set-up for
machine including train workers

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SPINNING MACHINE
“SPINNING JENNY”
James Hargreaves
 An English weaver, carpenter
and inventor
 He invented the “spinning
jenny” to produce more
threads using spinning wheel
 “Jenny” is an old term for an
“engine”
Textile Industry Pros and
 Demand for textile industry Cons
has pushed Hargreaves to  The production of cloth
invent the “spinning jenny” to produces more output using
make wool and cotton the machine
production easier
 More exchange and trade of
 Production of cloth includes goods resulted to more
two processes: capitalism
(a) spinners made cotton
 Lesser worker are needed in
thread from raw cotton then production
(b) weavers wove the thread
into cloth on looms

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IRON PUDDLING;
IRON VS. ORE

Henry Cort Birth of Metal and Steel Pros and Cons

 British inventor and
discoverer of puddling
process which convert crude
iron (pig iron) into wrought
iron
 Puddling method  Cost effective and less
(metallurgy) produces high demanding in terms of
grade iron alloy in a crucible or human effort
furnace without the use of
coal and in an oxidizing
atmosphere
 The thick iron was called
puddled iron

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INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
2.0
Age of Electricity and Mass
Production
 Second Industrial Revolution
• Industrialization of electricity • Mass
manufacturing • There is an increase in automation
• Mass production of steel (since people realized
the importance of metal)
• Power source was now petroleum and electricity
• Process of internal combustion
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 Second Industrial Revolution

• Automated machines
Automation • Military Technologies
• Electrical power (WWI)
supply • Electricity • Weaponry (American
• Automobile Civil War)
• Steel and metals
• Railroads • World exposition
• Telegraph, Telephone, • Mass production
Radio
Raw Materials Importance

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 People Behind Industrial Revolution 2.0

Karl Benz Henry Ford

Automobile Standardized Car
Mass production

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 Industrial Revolution 2.0

Karl Benz Henry Ford

 Karl Friedrich Benz, German engine designer
 Combustion car engine production
 American industrialist, developer of
assembly and automotive engineer
line technique of mass production
 Standardized and specialized
mass production

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 Challenges
• The development leads to expansion of middle -
class line in society
• The man is now using that power of
automation to control over other nation
• Most of the metal and steel production, aside
from rail tracks and trains, are destructive in
nature.
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 INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
3.0 and 4.0
Age of Information, Digitalization
and Smart Machines

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 Third Industrial Revolution

• We are aiming to harness more renewable energy

• Transportation and logistics are prominent in this revolutionary phase (we
are going more to electric than combustion)
• The focus of this revolution is on electronic system, IT system, and
automation

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution

• Use of cyber-physical system

• The technologies made are in combination with
physical, digital and biological factors
• There are more focus of augmentation, artificial
intelligence and cloud computing

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 Summary

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Automation Digital Smart
Mechanical Machines

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 OUR Industrial Revolution Now?
• Increased standard of living
• Easy way of life
• Your status is being dictated by money and
power
• Continuous environmental degradation
• Currently living in geological era of
ANTHROPOCENE (Holocene Epoch)
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 REFERENCES
 The Industrial Revolution (First, Second, third, and Fourth) History Whiteboard Animation
(Davos). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SfLEiHuzbs
 John Rey Ravago. (21:06:41 UTC). Intellectual revolutions that defined society. Education.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-
thatdefined-society
 Liwayway Memije-Cruz. (03:24:49 UTC). Historical Antecedents of Science Technology
Education. Retrieved https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/historical-antecedents-of- and
science-andtechnology-152541982?qid=b17a5c5f-ac19-482a-b6cd- from
15b4006e5405&v=&b=&from_search=2
 manumelwin. (11:20:19 UTC). Fourth industrial revolution - Manu Melwin Joy. Education.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/manumelwin/fourth-industrial-
revolutionmanu-melwin-joy?qid=a507f88b-ed07-4a11-8aff-
d5efb71befe6&v=&b=&from_search=5
 Naroumontine Thonbury School Bangkok Thailand. (21:35:17 UTC). 1 The first Industrial
Revolution. Education. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/jackhennessygarrity/1the-first-industrial-
revolution?qid=b41ee944-a26c-4edb-8d92c24b147fdbbc&v=&b=&from_search=1
 Ron McFarland. (01:47:14 UTC). The Starting of the Third Industrial Revolution. Business.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/the-starting-of-the-
thirdindustrial-revolution?qid=4cbe923e-abb3-4436-a720-
61f3135de549&v=&b=&from_search=12
 Tom Richey. (11:20:14 UTC). The Second Industrial Revolution. Lifestyle. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tomrichey/the-second-industrial-revolution-
46116514?qid=ded52251-316c-480a-a1fa-f951ff0e6aa6&v=&b=&from_searc

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