SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
1st Semester of S.Y. 2023-2024
Reviewer by: Delle Florence Kingco
Intellectual Revolutions
- refer to Greek speculation
about the "nature" in the period
before Socrates (roughly 600 to
400 BCE).
"pre Socratic" or
"non-theological" or "first
philosophy". – more on
physics and logic
- showed how society was
transformed by science and
technology
Geocentrism/Geocentric Model
• a superseded description of the
Universe with Earth at the center.
• Under the geocentric model, the
Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.
Claudius Ptolemy
- Famous Greek philosopher and
astronomer.
- Stated that the planets, the sun and
the moon moved in a circular
motion around the earth
● existence of days and nights
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Nicholas Copernicus
- A Polish mathematician and
astronomer.
- developed his model of a
Sun-centered universe.
- explained the daily and yearly
motion of the sun and stars in the
universe
- Revolutionary astronomer
Heliocentrism/Heliocentric Model
- The center of the solar system is not
the Earth but actually the sun
- Started the birth of modern
astronomy/scientific revolution/
transformation of society’s thoughts
and beliefs.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
(one of the most controversial intellectual
revolutions of its time)
Charles Darwin
- An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist.
- all life is related and has descended
from a common ancestor: the birds
and the bananas, the fishes and the
flowers – all related.
- Published his book, On the Origin of
Species.
- complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over
time.
THEORY REVOLUTION
- Populations pass through a process
of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive.
- Organisms have the abilitY to adapt
to their environment and would
gradually changed into something
that would be more competitive to
survive - evolution.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud
- was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human
behavior.
Freud’s Theory
- emphasized the influence of the
unconscious mind on behavior.
- Freud believed that the human mind
was composed of three conflicting
elements: the id, the ego, and the
superego.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY from 18th century to 19th
century
Science, Technology and Growth of Industry
THREE PERIODS of the Growth of Industry
● Latent Era
● Revolutionary Era
● Capitalism Era
LATENT ERA (1690-1760)
- The initial impetus of the Scientific
Revolution seemed to falter and die
away towards the middle of the 18th
century.
- The temporary pause might due to
the following reasons:
● The prestige of Isaac Newton
and the very finished and
character of his work
“Principia , 1687” surpassed
his contemporaries by a very
large distance.
● Social and economic factors
such as new generations of
merchants who were not yet
conscious of the possibilities
and potential of science.
Isaac Newton
- During this era, the new science and
the capitalist method were still
largely separated.
- Ideology of rational progress on
science and philosophy of 18th
century sought to apply the method
of science to all intellectual and
social activities.
- There was a development in
agricultural practices. And there
were goals such as improvement in
mining and transportation methods
and new method of making iron.
REVOLUTIONARY ERA (1760-1830)
- This era covers years as decisive in
science as well as in politics.
- It includes the revolution in Britain
and the political revolution in
America and France.
- This era was crucial for humanity a
decisive turn was taken in many
conquest and mastery of nature in
the substitution of multiple
mechanisms. The new government
of France after French revolution
occupied themselves in improving
science.
● First task – Reform of weights
and measures and
establishment of the metric
system in 1799.
● Second task-The creation of
modern scientific education.
- Science had been incorporated into
universities in France, England and
Germany.
GASPARD MONGE
- In France, Ecole Polytechnique gave
models for the scientific teaching
 and research institution of the future.
Some students of the new educational
institutions and their contributions to
science:
1. Joseph Louis Gay Lussac
2. Augustin-Jean Fresnel and Coulomb
3. Etienne – Louis Malus
4. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Napolenic Wars
- Napoleonic wars had indirectly
beneficial to science.
- Napoleon took personal charge of
the administration of science he took
whole scientific expedition with him
to Egypt and attended scientific
meetings.
- The Napoleonic war did not extent
into the field of science but serve to
promote scientist of different
countries.
- The number of scientific societies
multiplied rapidly as scientific
specialization grew.
Napoleon Bonaparte
- took personal charge of the
administration of science he took
whole scientific expedition with him
to Egypt.
John Kay
- In 1733, Kay invented flying shuttle to
increase speed of weaving.
[1750 in England]
- By the 1750 in England the textile
industry came to deal with cotton
imported from India. The market for
textile determined the outbreak of
the industrial revolution in particularly
favorable offered by Britain.
- The market for textile machinery,
textile processing and industrial
products stimulated the chemical
and iron industries.
James Hargreaves
- Spinning Jenny
- In 1764, Hargreaves introduced the
spinning jenny, which increased the
amount of cotton yarn that could be
spun.
Richard Arkwright
- Water Frame
- In 1769, Richard Arkwright
introduced the water frame, which
produced stronger warp yarn.
Samuel Crompton
- Spinning Mule
- A decade later in 1779, Samuel
Crompton combined the jenny and
the water frame into one machine
called the mule.
Edmund Cartwright
- Power loom
- In 1785, Cartwright invented the
power loom. The industry spread to
the weaving side with this power
loom to include wool and linen.
- The ever increasing supply demand
of coal provided changes in mining
and transportations.
- The main innovation in transportation
of 19th century was railroad.
- The agricultural development was a
mixture of empirical breeding, crop
rotation and mechanization.
CAPITALISM ERA (1830-1895)
- The contribution of science to
technological advancement in the
18th century was basically modest.
- The most important exception is the
case of steammengine which
originated as an attempt to solve
 themtechnological problem of
draining water from tin andmcoal
mines.
- The 19th century marked a crucial
turning point in science-technology
relationship.
- In the second half of century
products in most industries would not
come into being without the
knowledge coming from the
scientific activities.
- The industries involved were the so
called - Science-based Industries.
- These included the most prominent
coal-tar dye manufacture and the
electrical power generation and its
machinery.
- In the middle of the 19th century
chemistry was far advanced in its
technological applications
especially in Germany.
- This marked the birth of the industrial
research laboratory where the
direction of research was
determined by the specific needs of
the firm.
- Prior scientific discoveries were
adapted to practical problems and
commercial requirements.
- The construction of public power
system starting in 1880 made useof
current dynamo a direct application
of Faraday’s discovery in 1831.
- The exploitation of this discovery was
an answer to Thomas Edison desire
to replace gas lightning with
independently controlled residential
electrical lightning system using his
successful invention of incandescent
electric light bulb.
Michael Faraday
- Farday’s Dynamo
Thomas Edison
- Incandescent Light Bulb
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NATION-BUILDING
Chapter 1: Science, Technology, and
Nation-Building
PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES
(SCIENCE)
- Scientific knowledge is observed in
the way they plant their crops that
provide them food, in taking care of
animals to help them in their daily
tasks, and for food.
- They interpret the movements of
heavenly bodies to predict seasons
and climates, and organizing days
into months and year.
- They use science in preparing the soil
for agricultural purposes and like any
other ancient cultures,
- They discovered the medicinal uses
of plants.
TECHNOLOGY
- Used by people in building houses,
irrigations, and developing tools that
they can use in everyday life.
- They developed tools for planting,
hunting, cooking, and fishing, for
fighting their enemies during war or
tribal conflicts;
- For transportation, both on land and
on waterways
- Also they developed in creating
musical instruments
SPANIARDS
- They established schools for boys
and girls and introduced the
concept of subjects and disciplines.
 - School of science and technology is
the beginning of formal science and
technology in the country.
SCIENCE
- Focuses on understanding different
concepts related to the human
body, plants, animals, and heavenly
bodies.
TECHNOLOGY
- Focused on using and developing
house tools used in everyday life.
THE GALLEON TRADE
- The so-called Manila Galleon ("Nao
de China" or "Nao de Acapulco")
brought porcelain, silk, ivory, spices,
and myriad other exotic goods from
China to Mexico in exchange for
New World silver.
SAMPAN
THE GALLEON TRADE
China - silk, porcelain, gemstones, ivory,
jade, gold, other Chinese goods
Japan - silverware, silk, other Japanese.
goods
Spice Islands (Moluccas) - nutmeg, cloves,
mace, pepper and other spices
Other parts of Southeast Asia
Thailand - porcelain
Vietnam - textiles, sandalwood, ivory,
pepper and other spices
India and Persia - Jewels, carpets, "
damasks, spices, other goods
Philippines - hardwoods, textiles, bird's nests,
spices, pearls, mangoes, tamarind Po
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
> NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE
PHILIPPINES (NCRP)
- promotes and supports fundamental
or basic research for the continuing
total improvement of the research
capability of individual scientists or
group of scientists.
Many of these Filipino scientists are products
of good school science. It means they were
taught and inspired by great teachers. Their
interests in science started to manifest
during their childhood years. Their
naturalenvironment ignited their curiosity to
learn about the natural and physical
environment. Schools and the laboratories
where they studied and worked nurtured
this
1. Social Sciences, Humanities,
Education, International Policies and
Governance
 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial
Research, Earth and Space,
Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and
Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and
Forestry
SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND
GOVERNANCE
- Integrating ASEAN awareness in
basic education without adding to
the curriculum
- Emphasizing teaching in the Mother
Tongue
- Developing school infrastructure and
providing for ICT broadband
- Local food security
PHYSICS, ENGINIEERING AND INDUSTRIAL
RESEARCH, EARTH AND SPAACE, SCIENCES,
AND MATHEMATICS
- Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
Employment
- Outright grants for peer monitoring
- Review of RA. 9184 -Government
Procurement Reform Act
- Harnessing science and technology
as an independent mover of
development
MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, ADN
PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES
- Ensuring compliance of
drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
implementation of the Food and
Drug Administration .
- Creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of
pharmaceutical services and care.
- Empowering foods and drug
agencies to conduct
evidence-based research as pool of
information.
- Allocating two percent of the GDP
to research.
- Legislating a law supporting human
genome projects.
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURE, AND
FORESTRY
- Protecting and conserving
biodiversity by full implementation of
existing laws.
- Use of biosafety and standard model
by ASEAN countries.
- Promoting indigenous knowledge
systems and indigenous people’s
conservation.
- Formulation of common food and
safety standards.
As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in
science and technology is shaped or influenced by several
variables; policies need to be aligned to national goals,
consider international commitments based on legal
frameworks, and respond to various social needs, issues, and
problems. Policies are guides to direct all efforts to a goal of
developing a scientifically advanced country.
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
1. RAMON CABANOS BARBA
Was named a National Scientist of the
Philippines in 2014 he is the outstanding
research on tissue culture in Philippine
(Tissue culture or (TC) is the cultivation of
plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially
formulated nutrient media. Under
the right conditions, an entire plant can
be regenerated from a single cell.
2. JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
for his works on observing the
 characteristics of Antarctica by using
satellite images.
3. JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR
known internationally in the field of
electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering.
4. LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ
Lourdes J. Cruz is a Filipino biochemist
whose research has contributed to the
understanding of the biochemistry of
toxic peptides from the venom of
fishhunting Conus marine snails.
Throughout the Philippines, she is known
as the Sea Snail Venom Specialist.
5. FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT
For his research on herbal medicine.
RAFAEL DINEROS GUERRERO III for his
research on tilapia culture.
6. ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR.
for inventing the meconium drugs
testinge.
7. LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA
For doing research on plant
biotechnology.
8. MARI-JO PANGANIBA N RUIZ
for being an outstanding educator and
graph theoris
9. GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN
for his research in the field of
communications technology.
THESE FILIPINO SCIENTISTS WHO ARE
RECOGNIZED IN ABROAD
1. CAESAR A. SALOMA
Dr. Cesar A. Saloma is recognized for his
outstanding researches and
accomplishments in the field of
instrumentation physics that have
resulted in the development of new
techniques and methods of measuring
physical signals, signal sampling and
reconstruction.
2. EDGARDO GOMEZ
Dr. Edgardo Gomez is recognized for his
contributions in marine ecosystems, coral
reef ecology and conservation,
reestablishment of giant clam stocks,
and marine science capability
enhancement.
3. WILLIAM PADOLINA
Dr. William G. Padolina is recognized for
his significant contributions in the field of
natural products chemistry, coconut
chemistry, biotechnology and in
management of research and
development.
4. ANGEL ALCALA
Alcala is known for his fieldwork to build
sanctuaries and to promote biodiversity
in the aquatic ecosystems of the
Philippines.