SCITECH
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
- Science is as old as the world itself
- There is no individual that can exactly
identify when and where science began.
- From the genesis of time, science has
existed
- It is always interwoven with the society
DEFINITION OF SCIENCE
- Science as an idea- It includes
ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and
physical world.
- Science as an intellectual activity-
It encompasses a systematic and
practical study of the natural and
physical world. This process of study
involves systematic observation and
experimentation.
- Science as a body of knowledge- It
is a subject or a discipline, a field of
study, or a body of knowledge that
deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world.
This is what we refer to as school
science.
- Science as a personal and social
activity- This explains that science is
both knowledge and activities done
by human beings to develop better
TOPIC 3
understanding of the world around
them. It is a means to improve life
and to survive in life. It is interwoven
with people’s lives.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
- The period of enlightenment when
the developments in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed
the views of society aboutnature.
- It explained the emergence or birth
of modern science as a result of
these developments.
- It was the golden age for people committed
to scholarly life in science
- It is very significant in thedevelopment
of human beings, transformation of the
society,and in the formulation of
scientific ideas.
- It improved the conduct of
scientific investigations,
experiments, andobservations.
- It transformed the natural world and the
world of ideas.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
- It is the period where paradigm shifts
occurred.
- It is where the scientific
beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by
the people where challenged
and opposed.
 SCITECH TOPIC 3

WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

- In the 6th century, Ptolemy

introduced the geocentric model
which described the absolute
perception of the universe with the
Earth as its center which was
thought to be true by most of the
people at that time.

Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science

Discoveries,and Technology

CREATIVITY SCEINTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS

PASSION TO SCIENCE
CURIOSITY KNOW DISCOVERIES

PASSION TO TECHNOLOGY
CRITICAL DISCOVER
THINKING

DIFFERENT TYPES OF REVOLUTION

• THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

• FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• INFORMATION REVOLUTION

• MESOAMERICAN

• MIDDLE EAST

• AFRICAN

• ASIAN REVOLUTION
 SCITECH TOPIC 3

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

HAS TWO MAIN POINTS:
- The shift from geocentric to heliocentric
slowly happened through the contribution so
different persons. 1.) All life on Earth is
-Tycho Brahe’s careful observation
of the star, Cassiopeia connected and related to
-Johannes Kepler’s said that all planets each other.
move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the
center 2.) This diversity of life came about
-Galileo Galilie’s developed his own because of the modifications in
telescope and observed Venus
-Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation populations that were driven by
natural selection.
It influences conceptual changes in
cosmology, religion, physics, and philosophy.

It changes the belief of the people about the
placement of the Earth.
THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
- He is known for his evolution by
natural selection and was formulated
in his book “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859.
- The theory describes
organisms change over time as a
result of changes in heritabl physical
Or behavioral traits.
-The changes that allow
organism to better adapt to its
environment can help it survive and
have more offspring.
THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE
- Turning point in Darwin’s Life
- Trip started on 27th of December 1831
and lasted for five years.
- Trip conducted under the supervision
of Captain fitz Roy
- Lots of observation made by Darwin
during During the trip
- - Collected several evidence to
how support the observation.
- During his travels on the
Beagle, Darwin collected
specimens of South
an Americanplants and
animals
- He observed that fossils
resembled living species from
the same region, and living
species resembled other
species from nearby regions
SCITECH TOPIC 3

Darwin observation during the trip • PSYCHOANALYSIS is defined as

a set of psychological theories and
• Adaptation of Plants in the natural
therapeutictechniques that have their
environment.
origin in the work and theories of
• Birth and survival of different species. Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic
theory states that the unconscious
• Fossils of different species that got
forces act to determine personality
extinct.
and behavior.
• Fossils of species that have similarity
to the existing species
• Personality is defined as our
characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
The Galapagos islands
• Landed on Galapagos islands on
September 15 1835.
• Important Fauna for Darwin’s study:
Iguanas, Giant Tortoise and finches.
• Different islands of Galapagos with
tortoise variable in looks and weight.
• Iguanas on different islands had
variable appearance.
• The beak of finches and their feeding
habit differ in islands of Galapagos.

NATURAL SELECTION is
often described as survival of
the fittest, where fitness
refersto the ability to survive
and reproduce.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• Sigmund Freud’s books became the
hallmark of psychoanalysis
• Freud described that the brain can be
segmented into compartments.
• Freudian revolution may Be viewed
as the discovery of a way of locating
in the mind objective entities which
can be studied like physical things.
•
•
SCITECH TOPIC 3

INFORMATION REVOLUTION

Alan Turing Printing Press

 SCITECH TOPIC 3

Telegraph
• Alan Turing’s machine introduced the idea that thinking and being conscious could
be attributed to nonhuman entities
• The information revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs
• The invention of Gutenberg’s pr inting press in 1455
• The use of typewriter and telegraph.
• Today, these technologies are used widely which became easier with the help of
the internet.

MESOAMERICAN
• Maya Civilization
• Inca Civilization
• Aztec Civilization
SCITECH TOPIC 3

CALENDAR SUN STONE ZODIAC SIGN

MAYA CIVILIZATION
• Advanced astronomy
• The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery
PAINTS made from a mineral called mica.
Mayan hieroglyphics- world’s first civilization writing system
• Developed a 365-Day Calendar by watching the Stars
• Government: Independent city-states ruled by a king/priest.
• Religion: Worshiped multiple gods, through prayer and assorted offerings.
• Economy: Based on agriculture and trade (salt, feathers, jade)
• Arts: Carved jade, Built pyramids.
SCITECH TOPIC 3

INCA CIVILIZATION
• roads paved with stone
• stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
• irrigation system
• The quipu are used by the Incan for book-keeping.
• Calendar with 12 months
• The mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes form in
road and bridge constriction, in cultivation (maize or corn) and textile production.
• Constructed stone temples without using mortars, stones fit together so well that
a knife would not fit between the stones.
• Practiced Cranial Deformation.
• The Inca built a massive road network through mountains and across rivers and
gorges.
• Performed successful skull surgery, uses medicines to make patients unconscious
during surgery.
• Government: Led by a king with the empire divided into units. All towns were
connected to the capital by roads.
• Arts: Worked metal, pottery and cloth
• Economy: Based on trade and self-sufficient farming.
SCITECH TOPIC 3

• Religion: Ancestor worship with human sacrifice on special occasions

AZTEC CIVILIZATION
• The Aztecs had established a great military force.
• The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area of fertile land to grow
crops on the shallow lake beds.
• The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.
• They also used cocoa beans as a currency.
• Mandatory Education
• Aztec calendar
• Invention of the Canoe
• Antipasmodic medication- prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles which could
help during surgery
• Doctors learned to set bones and dentists learned to treat cavities.
• Engineers created bridges to connect the island capital together.
• Government: Had a central emperor with regional rulers who paid tribute to the
emperor.
• Religion: Central to Aztec life. Worshiped multiple gods. Large scale human
sacrifice to the Sun God.
• Economy: Based on agriculture and trade. Goods paid as tributes from conquered
peoples.
• Arts: Built pyramids. Paintings and pottery were usually religious or war based in
theme.
SCITECH TOPIC 3

MIDDLE EAST

Surgery

Water clock Peacock fountain

SCITECH TOPIC 3

Automata Steam turbine

• The Arab applied the Romans priniciples and improve the watermill known as
noria.
• The Middle East is known for their machine designed and improvement for
irrigation, industrial work and war.
• The windmill and watermill are used for crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and
pumping water
• The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water
clocks, water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
• The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explain steam
power and a blueprint of a six piston pump

AFRICAN

Lebombo bone
SCITECH TOPIC 3

• Africa is known for the production of kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia
Kola nuts stimulant mostly found in West Africa and is the basis of the popular cola
drink.
• Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then
throughout the world.
• Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea
(Kaopectate). They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies
and caesarian
SCITECH TOPIC 3

• The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,

desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered
making steels.
• Three types of calendars- lunar, solar, stellar
• Metallurgy
• Mathematics- multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six
month lunar calendar
ASIAN REVOLUTION

• Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced.

• The four Great Inventions of ancient China includes the compass, gunpowder,
papermaking, and printing.
• Other discoveries include alchemy which is a Taoist chemistry
Greatest inventions and contribution of India:
SCITECH TOPIC 3

• Atomism
• Zero
• Trigonometric functions
• Modern decimal system
Greatest inventions and contribution of Philippines:

• Naval navigation
• Ship building
• Textile techniques
• Food processing
Greatest inventions and contribution of Indonesia:

• Fermentation
• Vernacular house building