Copernican Revolution

• Copernican Revolution, shift in

the field of astronomy from a
geocentric understanding of the
universe, centered around Earth,
to a heliocentric understanding,
centered around the Sun, as
articulated by the Polish
astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
in the 16th century.
 Geocentrism
• Claudius Ptolemy-philosopher
and astronomer, stated the
planets, as well as the sun and
the moon, moved in a circular
motion around the Earth. The
sun and the moon’s revolution
explained the existence of day
and nights. He believed that the
earth was at the center, a
concept known as geocentrism.
• Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the
English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that
all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's
ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
• The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in
Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by
which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable
physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better
adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring.
• Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated
theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide
variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology,
genetics and developmental biology.
• The theory has two main points, "All life on Earth is connected and
related to each other," and this diversity of life is a product of
"modifications of populations by natural selection, where some traits
were favored in and environment over others.
• Darwin – evolution through natural selection
• Members of each species vary greatly in their structure physiology,
and behavior, and that the heritable traits that are associated with
high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely ones to be
passed on to future generations.
• Fitness, in the Darwinian sense, is the ability of an organism to survive
and contribute its genes to the next generation.
• Social behavior play an obvious role in evolution.
• Ex: the ability to find food, avoid predation, or defend one’s young
obviously increase an animal’s ability to pass on its genes to future
generations
 Freudian Revolution
• Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was
the founding father of psychoanalysis,
a method for treating mental illness
and also a theory which explains
human behavior.

• Freud believed that events in our

childhood have a great influence on
our adult lives, shaping our
personality. For example, anxiety
originating from traumatic
experiences in a person's past is
hidden from consciousness, and may
cause problems during adulthood (in
the form of neuroses).
The Unconscious Mind
The Psyche