INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Scientific revolutions
How can science be defined?

• Science as an idea.
- includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.

• Science as an intellectual activity.

- involves systematic observation and experimentation.
- encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and
physical world.
Scientific revolutions
How can science be defined?

• Science as a body of knowledge.

- a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world.
- refer to as school of science.

• Science as a personal and social activity.

- explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human
beings to develop better understanding of the world.
- a means to improve life and to survive in life.
Scientific revolutions
• Claimed to have started in 16th to 18th century in Europe.

Why in Europe?
Probable Answers:
Invention of the printing machine;
The blooming intellectual activities done in various places of
learning; and
The growing number of scholars in various fields of human
interests.
What is scientific revolution?
Period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of:
– Mathematics
– Physics
– Astronomy
– Biology
– Chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.

 Explained the emergence or the birth of modern science.

Influences to scientific revolution

• Development of human
beings
• Transformation of
society
• Formulation of scientific
ideas
Among the Three Influences,
In which part do you think did
scientific revolution start?
Some Intellectuals
and Their
Revolutionary
Ideas
 Variables that influence the Development of
Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and Technology

SCIENTISTS SCIENCE
IDEAS
Creativity
Passion to
know SCIENCE
Curiosity
DISCOVERIES
Critical Passion to
Thinking discover TECHNOLOGY
• The sun was the center of the universe
(heliocentric)
NICOLAUS
• His ideas were an example of thought
experiment
COPERNICUS
• In 1514, he published the Commentariolus
 a summary of his ideas where he introduced the
heliocentric model.

• Formalized his model in the publication of

his treatise, the De Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium (The Revolution of
Celestial Spheres) in 1543 which aims to
expound and promote the heliocentric
system.
• The sun to be the center piece of the De Revolutionibus Orbium
universe. Coelestium (On the
• Planetary Motion Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres)
– The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the
orbit of the Earth.
– The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay
outside the Earth’s orbit.

Reaction of the Society

• The works of Copernicus was judge to be
heretic and became unacceptable idea to
be taught to Catholics.
• Catholic Church banned the Copernican
Model.
• A British naturalist who proposed the theory
of biological evolution by natural selection.
• Origin of Species
– The idea that species change over time, give rise to
CHARLES DARWIN
new species, and share a common ancestor.

Summary of Darwin’s Theory

 Individuals in nature differ from one
another.
 Because more organisms are produce than
can survive, each species must struggle for
resources.
 Each organism is unique, each has
advantages and disadvantages in the
struggle for existence.
 Individuals best suited for the
environment survive and reproduce most
successful.
 Species change over time. CHARLES DARWIN
 Species alive today descended with
modification from species that lived in the
past.
 All organisms on earth are united into a
single family tree of life by common
descent.
 Evidence of Evolution
• The Fossil Record
• Geographic Distribution of Living
Things
• Homologous Body Structures
• Similarities in Early Development
 Misconceptions about Evolution
Ted Ed

Evolution does not tell us about how life first

appeared on Earth
Individuals do not evolve. Only populations
can evolve.
Not all changes are “good”
Changes that can happen to a person in their
lifetime do not always get passed on to their
children
Evolution is not a ladder working towards a
better species
• Psychoanalysis
o A method of investigating the mind and SIGMUND FREUD
especially the unconscious mind;
o Believes that human behavior is a result
the 3 components of psyche:
id
ego
superego
o A new self-standing discipline based on
the knowledge gained from the
application of the investigation method
and clinical experiments.
 The conscious mind contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes
of which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our mental
processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our
memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at
any time and brought into our awareness.
The preconscious consists of anything that could
potentially be brought into the conscious mind.
The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that
outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are
unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to
Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even
though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The unconscious can include
repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions.
Nature of People
• Psychic determinism and unconscious mental processes
• To achieve balance people need a deep understanding of the forces
that motivate them
• Psychic energy systems are the id, ego, superego
• Behavior determined by energy, unconscious motives and by
instinctual and biological drives
The End