INTRODUCTION

Mr. Jamil Allen G. Fortaleza

FACULTY, NU-FAIRVIEW
• Bachelor of Science in Biology
• Intern, BRSL, NSRI, University of the Philippines Diliman
• Intern, HWC, Our Lady of Fatima University
• President, MGT League of Youth Organization
• Authored and Co-Authored Multidisciplinary Researches
• Member of Various Organization (Local and International)
• Most Outstanding Intern, HWC, Our Lady of Fatima University
 OTHER INFORMATION

NU-FAIRVIEW ACCOUNT
• Jgfortaleza@nu-fairview.edu.ph 

PERSONAL EMAIL
• Fortaleza.jamil06@gmail.com

CELLPHONE NUMBER
• 09610133558

MESSENGER ACCOUNT
• Jamil Allen Fortaleza
RULES AND REGULATION
1. DO NOT MESSAGE ME BEYOND OFFICE/CLASS HOURS.
2. I DO NOT NEGOTIATE FOR FAILED GRADES.
3. MOST OF THE ACTIVITIES AND ASSIGNMENT WILL BE BASED ON CRITERIA/RUBRICS.
4. LATE SUBMISSION WILL HAVE A CORRESPONDING DEDUCTIONS.
5. IF YOU HAVE DIFFICULTIES IN UNDERSTANDING THE TOPIC, YOU CAN RAISE YOUR HAND
DURING THE DISCUSSION.
6. ALWAYS PREPARED FOR ORAL RECITATIONS.
7. BE A FRIEND TO EVERYONE IN CLASSROOM.
8. ANY FORM OF BULLYING IS STRICLY PROHIBITED.
9. ASK FOR HELP IF NEEDED.
10. REWARD AND RECOGNITION IS GIVEN WHEN DUE.
FAILURE IS
AN ART OF
LEARNING.
EARTH SCIENCE
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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• Describe the historical development of theories that

_____________________________________________________________

_ _ _explain
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _the
_ _ _origin
_ _ _ _ _ _ of
_ _ _the
_ _ _ _universe.
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_ _•_Compare
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the
_ _ _ _different
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _hypotheses
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _explaining
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _the
_ _ _origin
_ _ _ _ _ _ of
_____

_ _ _the
_ _ _ _Solar
_ _ _ _ _System
_________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
 Unit 1: The Earth: Its Origin and Structure

The Universe and

Solar System
Ancient Astronomy
 ANCIENT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Book of Genesis
Described how God separated light from
darkness, created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars,
and every living creature in a span of six days.

Hindu text Rigveda

Describes the universe as an oscillating universe
in which “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda,
containing the whole universe expands out of a
single concentrated point called Bindu.
 ANCIENT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Greek Philosophers
ANAXAGORAS: Believed in a primordial
universe and explained that the original state of
the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its
ingredients . He also determine the relative
position of sun, Earth , and Moon.

Greek Philosophers
Leucippus and Democritus: Believed in an
atomic universe. The universe was composed of
very small, indivisible, and indestructible atoms.
 ANCIENT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Greek Philosophers
Aristotle: He made the conclusion that the Earth
is spherical because it always casts a curved
shadow when it eclipses the moon.

Greek Philosophers
Ptolemy: Proposed a geocentric universe
where Earth stayed motionless in the
heavens and everything is revolving around
it.
 ANCIENT THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Greek Philosophers
Hipparchus: Determined the location of 850 stars
which he divided into six groups according to their
brightness.
• He measured the length of the year to within
minutes of the modern value.
• Developed a method to predict lunar eclipse.

Greek Philosophers
Aristarchus: Introduced the concept of
Heliocentrism or Heliocentric principle.
Modern Astronomy
 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Johannes Kepler
Derive the three basic laws of planetary motion.
• Law of Ellipses: The orbit of each planet about the
Sun is a ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci of
the ellipse.
• Law of Equal Areas: The line joining the Sun and
the planet sweeps over equal areas in equal times
as the planet travels around the orbit
• Law of Harmony: The square of the period of
revolution of a planet around the Sun is
proportional to the cube of the average distance of
the planet from the Sun.
 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Galileo Galilei
• Greatest contribution was his first description
of the moving objects.
• He invented Refracting telescope-It provides
view by looking through a lens or series of
lens that focus on one eyepiece.

Sir Isaac Newton

• Conceptualized the force of gravity.
• He invented reflecting telescope that
provides view by focusing light through a
concave mirror.
 MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Nicolaus Copernicus
He adapted the theory of heliocentrism. He
demonstrate that the motions of celestial objects
can be explained without putting the Earth in the
center.

Tycho Brahe
He express the idea of stellar parallax that if the
earth does revolve along an orbit around the
Sun, the position of the stars near to it, when
observed from extreme point in Earth’s orbit six
months apart should shift with respect to the
more distant stars.
WHAT IS/ARE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANCIENT VIEW OF
THE UNIVERSE AND MODERN VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE TO
YOUR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE?
Universe is described as an enormous empty space that holds small
particle to the biggest galaxy .

Scientists believe that about 13.7 billion years ago a big explosion
happened that set the universe into motion in which known as Big
Bang Explosion.
The Origin of The
Solar System

Solar System
• Is defined as a group of planets, moons,
asteroids, and comets.
Solar Nebular Theory
• Is the model constrained in the formation of
solar system which includes motions of the
planets, compositions, and ages of the sun,
planets, and meteoroids.
Theories of the Origin of the
Solar System
If the universe formed from a single infinitely small point
that underwent inflation and expansion, how did the Solar
System form?
 NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS FISSION THEORY
• States that hydrogen and other gases • According to George Darwin, he stated that the
swirled around and condensed into our sun burst open and planets and moons shot out
sun and its planets. a high speed and went to their respective
places.
 CAPTURE THEORY ACCRETION THEORY
• Planets and moon were flying around, • A pile of space dust and rock chunks pushed
and some were captured by our sun and together into our planet, and another pile pushed
began circling. itself into our moon. Then, the moon got close
enough and began encircling the Earth.
 Planetary collision Theory
• Our world collided with small planet, and
the explosion threw off rocks which
became the moon, and then it began
orbiting us.
Stellar Collision Theory
• Our planets, moons, and suns, spurns off
from the collision between starts.
 GAS CLOUD THEORY
• Gas cloud were captured by our sun but
instead of being drawn into it, they began
whirling and pushing themselves into
planets and moons.
 Astronomy
• It is a natural science of celestial body, such as stars,
galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and
nebulae, processes, the physics, chemistry, and
evolution of such objects and all phenomena that
originate outside the atmosphere of the Earth.
 Branches of Astronomy
ASTROPHYSICS
Is a branch of astronomy that studies the
physical nature of stars and other celestial
bodies.
CELESTIAL MECHANICS
Deals with the calculation of the motion of
celestial objects such as planets.
Branches of Astronomy
COSMOLOGY
Deals with the study of the origin and
development of the universe.
 Types of Planets
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Are composed of rocks, metals, with high
densities, slow in rotation, with weak magnetic
field and absences of rings: Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars.
JOVIAN PLANETS
Are composed of gases and with low densities
but fast in rotation. These planets have many
moons and often even rings of ice or dust:
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
 SUN
 Sun is the center of the
solar system.
 It is nearly perfect sphere
of hot plasma.
 Sun has the ability to
radiate its own light and
energy due to nuclear
fusion reaction inside its
core.
 Regions of the Sun
PROMINENCE
Photosphere
Thin layer of the sun and with special features
of prominence and flare.
10, 000 °C

CORE
The energy is generated by
Chromosphere thermonuclear reactions creating
Thin layer of the sun and with special
extreme temperatures deep within
features of prominence and flare.
the Sun’s core.
7,800 °C
28.2 million °C

CORONA
The outermost layer and source of solar wind.3.5
FLARE
million °C SUNSPOTS
 Asteroid Belt
• Refers to the group of rocks
that appears to have never
joined from the planet.
• According to astronomers,
t65here are three asteroids
that hit the Earth every 1
million years.

Asteroids
• A large object in space,
mainly composed of rock,
and metals, with some ice.
• Planet-like
 Meteors
• It refers to interplanetary
rocks smaller than
asteroids.
• Meteoroid burns on the
Earth’s atmosphere and
called meteors.

Comets
• A large object in space,
mainly composed of rock,
and metals, with some ice.
• Planet-like
 ASSIGNMENT
Direction: Make a Concept Map about the Origin of the Universe and
Solar system.
Objective:
• Illustrate the origin of the universe and solar system.

POST-QUESTION:
1.