MODULE 1.

1
Theories in the Origin of the Universe
Objectives
The students are expected to:
a. describe the structure and composition of the Universe;
b. illustrate different theories on the origin of the universe
c. explain the pieces of evidence of the Big bang theory as the most accepted theory of the
universe
d. identify the large scale and small scale properties of the solar system
e. illustrate the different theories on the origin of the solar system.

Let’s unlock the words!

Terms Definition
Baryonic matter "ordinary" matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprise atoms,
planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies
Dark matter a matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
Dark Energy a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.
Protostar an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
Main Sequence Stars a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars.
Thermonuclear stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure
reaction resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces
Light years the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure the astronomical
distance

Let`s feed you’re your mind. Read this!

Structure, Composition, and Age
 The universe is at least 13.8 billion years old and the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5-4.6 billion of years
old. ". The solar system as part of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way is but one of the billions of
Galaxies in the Universe. The Earth as part of the solar is also known as "the third rock from the Sun

 The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all matter and energy in it. It is
made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons:
atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter that has
gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of anti-gravity).

 Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements. These elements are brought us
from stars as the building block of galaxies that are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies.
Instabilities within the clouds eventually result in gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and
transformation into a protostar as the hot core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions set in.

 Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/fused. Most stars such
as the Sun belong to the so-called “main sequence stars” where inside it core hydrogen atoms are
fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms. Massive main sequence stars burn up
their hydrogen faster than smaller stars. Red giant stars are capable of turning helium into heavy
elements such as carbon. Both stars may collapse that explode to give faith to other formations of
heavier elements in the process known as nucleosynthesis. The remaining dust and gas may end up as
they are or as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the
accompanying the planetary system.
Activity 1
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________

"Masters of the Universe"

A. Directions: As you go around the room, find someone
who can tell you the answer to ONE of the
questions/statements listed below regarding components
of the universe. You fill in the answer in the column then
they write their name. Continue this process until your
sheet is complete. Each person can only give one answer.

1. YOU ASK!
2. THEY ANSWER!
3. YOU WRITE!
4. THEY SIGN THEIR NAME!

Find Someone Who…………………

Question/Statement Answer Who???
1. What is the definition
of the Universe?

2. What is the definition

of an asteroid?

3. What is the definition

of a planet?

4. Where is the center

of the universe?

5. What is the
definition of the
moon?
6. What makes these
values significant?
13.8 billion of y/o
4.5-4.6 billions of y/o
7. What is a galaxy?

8. What galaxy do we
belong?

9. What is the
difference between
meteors to meteorites?

10. What are comets?

 B. Directions: Construct a pie graph to show the matter composition of the universe. Indicate in the graph the specific
percentage that corresponds to each specific matter in the universe as mentioned from the lecture above.

C. Directions: Use the figure diagram below to and write the symbols of elements that are formed during
the life cycle of star.

Large red giant are hot enough

to turn ______ into heavy
element like ____________
Supernova triggered by
nuclear reaction that leads to
heavy elements like_______,
_________ & _______________

_____________________________________ __________________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Activity 2
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________

Theories in the Origin of the Universe

-a symbolic narrative of the begin-
ning of the world as understood by
culture
Non-Scientific Theory
-Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle (proponent)
-universe is unchanging in time and
Theories on the uniform in space. Postulated that
origin of the Steady State Theory the universe is infinitely old
Universe

-Alexander Friedman and Georges

Big Bang Theory Lamaitre (proponent)
Digging the features on the Origin of Universe - the universe expanded from a tiny,
A. Directions: Use the diagram above to complete the table by dense and hot mass to its present
checking the columns in each feature that fits under each theory. size and much cooler state.
Features Big Bang Theory Steady-State Theory
Its has no beginning
It began with a compressed hot dense state
It doesn`t change with time
No prediction of the cosmic microwave background
The expansion rate is speeding up
The matter is constantly created as the universe
expanded

Matter dilutes as the Universe expands

*Aside from those mentioned above, other theories contribute to where the universe originated.

Other theories in theOrigin of the Universe

Inflation theory- extremely rapid

(exponential) expansion of the universe

Pulsating Theory - universe expands and

contracts all over again

Multiverse Hypothesis - there is other

universe aside from existing universe

B. Directions: Answer the following questions as directed.

1. Cite two limitations of one of the theories above and use these view for a debate set in the class.
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Despite the explanations and views provided above, which theory do you find it appealing and why?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________ ________________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Activity 3
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________

A. Directions: Big bang is indeed the most accepted theory in the origin of the universe. The diagram below
shows the different evidenced of this theory. Use the principle of Doppler Effect and analyze the figure below
to complete the relationships among wavelength, source of sound and frequency. Fill in the necessary words
to make the statement sensible.
Exploring the Big Bang Theory

Red Shift
- interpretation that
galaxies are moving away from
each other, hence as evidence
for an expanding universe and
an example of doppler effect
in light waves (Edwin Hubble)
Cosmic Microwave
Background
aftermath gas, dust and energy
from the initial explosion that is
found in every part of our
universe
- Abundance of Elements
- mixture of hydrogen and
helium created at the beginning
of the universe

EVIDENCE OF BIG BANG THEORY

The Doppler Red Shift Effect

1. Wavelength gets _________ as source approaches 2. Wavelength gets ______as source moves away
Frequency ____ ____, pitch increases Frequency _______, pitch decreases

DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT

3. Draw how the shifting of wavelength if the siren (ambulance) moves away from the observer.

4. Draw how the shifting of wavelength if the siren (ambulance) moves towards the observer.

B. Directions: Describe and explain the motion of these galaxies in as much detail as you can by looking at
their spectra compared to a stationary source.

Galaxy A Galaxy B Galaxy C

____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

C. Directions: Use the Hubble data to

give the relationship of the velocity of
the galaxy and its distance from us.

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
____________________________________ ________________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Reference

https://www.teacherph.com/earth-life-science-teaching-guide/
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/overview/
https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/origin-solar-system
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/FreeDownload/Components-of-the-UniverseFind-Someone-
Who-Worksheet-KEY-951818
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/aqa-gcse-physics-red-shift-11326791#
Answer Key
Answer Key
Activity 1
A. Directions: Complete the table by checking the columns in each feature that fits under Big bang theory and
Steady-state theory.
Features Big Bang Theory Steady-State Theory
Its has no beginning
It began with a compressed hot dense state
It doesn`t change with time
No prediction of the cosmic microwave background
The expansion rate is speeding up
The matter is constantly created as the universe
expanded

Matter dilutes as the Universe expands

A theory that is uniform in space

B. Directions: Answer the following questions as directed.

1. Cite two limitations of one of the theories above and use these views for a debate set in the class.
LIMITATIONS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY
1. It does not explain the formation of galaxies, stars, etc.
2. Can`t explain the very early universe
3. It doesn't answer where the universe came from or what came before it.

Activity 2
A. Directions: Use the principle of Doppler effect and analyze the figure below to complete the relationships
among wavelength, source of sound and frequency. Fill in the necessary words to make the statement
sensible.
1. Wavelength gets __shorter__ as 2. Wavelength gets ___longer_____ as
source approaches source moves away
Frequency _increases__, pitch Frequency __decreases_______, pitch
increases decreases
3-4

Relationship:

B. Directions: Use the Hubble data to give the relationship of the velocity of the galaxy and its distance from us.

All galaxies are moving away from us, they are all red-shifted. The further away they are the
faster they are moving. This shows us that th
e universe is expanding
Module 1. 2
Theories in the Origin of the Solar Systems
Objectives
The students are expected to:

a. identify the large scale and small scale properties of the solar system

b. illustrate the different theories on the origin of the solar system.

Lecture
Age of Solar System is at 4.6 billion years old
based on radioactive dating of meteorites.

 Large Scale Features of the Solar System Small scale features of the Solar System

- Mass of the Solar System is concentrated at - Most planets rotate prograde

the center (Sun) - Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials

- Planets are held by angular momentum with with high melting points

an elliptical orbit - The outer four planets are called "gas giants

- All planets revolve around the sun

- All planets are at regular intervals from Sun

 The concept map below shows the different theories on the origin of the solar system with a short description of
each theory.

Theories on the Origin of the Solar System

Protoplanet Kant - Laplace

Hypotheses - Encounter
Descarte`s Hypotheses Nebular Theory -
Current
. Hypothesis a rotating gaseous
Vortex Theory
which cloud (solar
postulated JamesJeans` nebula) that cools
Buffon Collision
that the space Theory - sun - star and contracts in
theory - Sun -
was entirely encounter that the middle to form
comet encounter
filled with drawn fromm the the sun and the
that sent matter to
matter in sun matter that rest into a disc that
form planet
various states, would condense to become the
whirling about planets planets
the sun.

Planetesimal Ray Lyttleton’s (1940)

hypothesis - a star sun’s companion star
much bigger than colliding with another
the Sun passing by to form a proto-planet
the Sun and draws that breaks up to form
gaseous filaments Jupiter and Saturn
from both out
which
planetisimals were
formed
Activity 1
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________

Advertising the Solar System

A. Directions: make a solar system

brochure. Brochure must have an
updated information to adverrtise
your Solar System Travel
Company.Paste it on the POCKET
provided below.

Please paste your

brochure here

Rubrics
Organization = 12 pts
Ideas/New updates= 12 pts
Graphics/Design = 6pts

____________________________________ ________________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Activity 2
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________
Illustrating the Theories
A. Directions: Choose one of the theories about the origin of the universe. Create a concept map illustrating the events
that happen n the universe explained by that theory.

_____________ 1. Nebular Theory is independently thought o a rotating gaseous cloud that cools
and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest into a disc that
becomes the planets.
_____________ 2. Buffon`s Theory is a sun-star encounter that would have drawn from the sun
matter that would condense to planets.
_____________ 3. Planetesimal hypothesis involving a star much bigger than the Sun passing by
the Sun and draws gaseous filaments from both out which planetesimals were
formed.
_____________ 4. Descarte`s Vortex Theory postulated that space was filled with the matter in
various states, whirling about the sun.
_____________ 5. Inner planets are held by the angular momentum.

B. Directions: Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false, change the
underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.

____________________________________ _________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
References

https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Drawing-Red-shifts-and-Blue-Shifts-3340114
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6108908/
https://www.britannica.com/video/185386/overview-space-expansion
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26831819/open-lesson-1-time-and-space-worksheet
https://www.templateroller.com/template/284748/origin-and-formation-the-universe-worksheet-integrated-
science-2-tamalpais-union-high-school-district.html#docpage-2
Answer Key
Activity 2

Illustrating the Theories

A. Directions: Use the article below and create a concept map illustrating the events that happen in the
universe explained by this theory. Use keywords or phrases only to fit on the given template (15 pts)

SLOWLY ROTATING
GAS (H & He) AND
DUST
a. MASS OF DUST/ GAS MOVE TO CENTER BECOMES
PROTO-SUN;
b. REST OF THE MATERIALS MOVE OUTWARD TO BE
SOLAR WIND BLASTS 1 PLANETS
HYDROGEN, HELIUM,
AND VOLATILES FROM
VENUS TO BEYOND
MARS TO FORM THE
GAS GIANTS PLANETS. 2

4 3
HIGH-SPEED COLLISIONS COLLISIONS (FRAGMENTS/DUST)
DESTROYS THE MAKING PROTO –PLANETS
A. MANTLE OF MERCURY THAT UNDERGO ACCRETIONS OF
PUTS VENUS IN RETROGRADE LARGE METALS IN ROCKS AND
ROTATION. MINERAL GRAINS
B. EARTH`S MANTLE PRODUCES

_______TRUE_____ 1. Nebular Theory is independently thought of as a rotating gaseous cloud that

_ cools and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest into a disc that
B. Directions: Modified True or False.
becomes Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false, change the
the planets.
underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
____Sun-comet_____ 2. Buffon`s Theory is a sun-star encounter that would have drawn from the sun
matter that would condense to planets.
_______TRUE_____ 3. Planetesimal hypothesis involving a star much bigger than the Sun passing by the
_ Sun and draws gaseous filaments from both out which planetesimals were formed.
________TRUE____ 4. Descarte`s Vortex Theory postulated that space was filled with the matter in
_ various states, whirling about the sun.
_______OUTER 5. Inner planets are held by the angular momentum.
_____PLANET__

Protoplanet
Hypothesis