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Module in Earth and Life

Science
For Senior High School (Grade 11)
(Core Subject)

By: Mylene B. Cagalpin

Subject Teacher
 Introduction

This module and activity sheet is designed for those grade 11 students
taking Earth and Life Science. It provides lessons and activities that makes
student easily understand the combination of Earth science and Life science
as a core subject.

This module is divided into two parts or units. Part 1 which is Earth Science
as the study of earth. It has eight lessons which presents the origin of the
universe, the formation of the solar system, our Earth, movement of Earth’s
crust, materials of the earth and etc.

Part 2 which is Life science that discusses bioenergetics, perpetuation of

life, how plants survive, evolution and interaction and interdependence in
ecosystem.

Each module begins with a learning objectives which are based on their
learning competencies that may be seen in senior high school curriculum
guide.

I hope that this module will help you learn this lesson especially in this time
that we are now having a new normal education.
 Unit 1: Earth Science

Module 1

Origin of the Universe

At the end of the module, the learners will able to:

a. state different theories on the origin of the universe

b. prove that the universe is expanding

c. formulate their own theory about the origin of the universe

ACTIVITY

Watch the video entitled “The Origins of the Universe 101” made by National
Geographic. (5 minutes)

Questions: Answer the following questions correctly.

1. Do you believe that the universe began when Big Bang happens?

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2. Are you familiar with the Big Bang Theory?

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3. Do you know other theories about the origins of the universe? Give some.

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Reading: Origin of the Universe (Theories)

Cosmology is the study of universe, including its properties, structure, and evolution. The
universe began 10-15 billion years ago, when a primordial explosion called the Big Bang
occurred,
According to Big Bang Theory, all of the energy and matter of the universe were compressed
into a hot and dense state. About 13.7 billion years our universe began as a cataclysmic
explosion, which continued to expand, cool, and evolve to its current state. Temperature
decreased sufficiently to allow clumps of matter to collect. These materials formed the first
nebulae, which evolved into the first stars and galaxies. Our sun and planetary system were
formed 5 billion years later.
Creationist Theory states that God, the Supreme Being created the whole universe out of
nothing. The proof can be read in the Holy Bible stipulating that God created the heavens and
the earth including man.
Oscillating Universe Theory was proposed by a Russian-born US cosmologist George
Gamow who helped explained the Big Bang Theory. He said that the expansion of the universe
will eventually come to a halt then it collapses up to the time that the universe will return to its
original form and another Big Bang will occur. This process will happen as a cycle.
Steady State Theory states that the universe has always been the same since the beginning
and will remaining in its present state until eternity. It further claims that new galaxies appear as
a result of the drifting apart of other galaxies.
Our Expanding Universe
The universe or sometimes called cosmos is still expanding in a Doppler red shift in the
light we receive. The red shift also called cosmological red shift shows an increasing distance
between us and other galaxies in the universe.
The fundamental difference between the Big Bang and ordinary explosion is that with the Big
Bang there was no space for the explosion to go into –space itself is exploding.
The universe does not “exists” in space or in time; rather both space and time exists within the
universe. Without the universe there would be no space and time.

Challenge Yourself!!!!

A. Directions: Identify what is described in each statement. Write your answer on the blank
before each number.
_____1. The study of the entire universe.
_____2. The widely accepted theory about the origin of the universe.
_____3. This theory states that the universe has always been the same and will continue to be
the same forever.
_____4. This theory states that the universe expanded from a small ball and is still expanding.
_____5. The other term for universe.
B. Answer the following;
1. How did the universe start based on the Creationist theory?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Why is the Big Bang Theory the most accepted theory about the origin of the universe?
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3. How can you probe that the universe is expanding?

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Check for Understanding:

If you are to formulate your own theory about the origin of the universe, how would you explain
it?
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________________________________________________________________________

Reflection:
Complete the statement.
I do not believe in any theory about the origin of the universe because_________________
_________________________________________________________________________
I believe in the _______________ theory because ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
 Unit 1: Earth Science

Module 2

Formation of the Solar System

At the end of the module, the learners will able to:

a. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system

b. Explain the current information on the solar system

c. Illustrate the parts of the sun and phases of the moon.

Activity

Do you still remember the planets in the solar system and its other members?
Directions: Name the following members of the solar system.

Questions:

1. How many planets are there in solar system now?

2. Do you have any idea where did the planets come from? Or do you know the origin of solar
system?
3. Do you know the other members of solar system?

Reading: 1. Origin of the Solar System

Solar System is consists of an average star we call the sun and the planet.

Pierre Simon-Marquis de Laplace is a French astronomer who proposed the nebular

hypothesis that the solar system evolved from a slowly rotating gaseous cloud.
Theory of Vortices by Rene Descartes postulated that the space was entirely filled with matter
in various states, whirling about the sun like a vortex.
Nebular Hypothesis is a theory which thin, dim clouds of dust and gas out in the cosmos would
collapse in themselves under the force of gravity.
Leclerc-Buffon Idea conceived the idea that a comet collided with the sun sending matter off to
form the planets.
1.1 Planets of the Solar System
A. The Inner Planets of the Solar System
1. Mercury- is the closest planet to the sun. Because of its closeness,, it takes only 88 earth
days to make one revolution.
2. Venus- It is the brightest planet in the solar system because it is often the first star-like object
to appear after the sun goes down. It is called “evening star” during March and April or “morning
star” during September or October. It takes 243 Earth days to make one revolution.
3. Earth- Ours is the blue planet, with more water surface than land.
4. Mars- it is a little more than half the Earth’s size; its mass is about 1/9 that of the Earth and it
has a core, mantle, and crust as well a thin atmosphere. It takes 2 Earth years to orbit the sun.
It has two small moons, Phobos (inner) and Deimos (outer).
B. Outer Planets of the Solar System
5. Jupiter- is the largest in our solar system.it rotates once in less than 10 hours. Sixteen moons
orbit the Jupiter.
6. Saturn has a mean diameter which is nearly 10 times that of the Earth. It is composed of
hydrogen and helium. It has four major rings and hundreds of ringlets.
7. Uranus has a diameter of 47000 kilometres and a mass that is 14.6 times that of the Earth. It
has at least 17 moons. Uranus axis is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of its orbital plane.
8. Neptune- twin planet of Uranus, because they are similar in size and appear green due to
methane in their atmospheres.
Pluto is not anymore included in the solar system as a planet because of its size and distance
from the sun.
Other Members of the Solar System

a.) asteroids- the large gap between Mars and Jupiter populated by thousands of small rocky
bodies

b.) Meteoroids- is a streaking light which lasts for few seconds. We often see it as a
“shooting star”.

c.) Comets- it is a small body of rock, iron, ice and gases that orbit the sun in elliptical orbits.

Sun is a glowing ball of gas-like material called plasma.

Parts of the Sun

(Photo credits: UCAR center for Science Education)

Photosphere is the visible surface from the sun.

Chromosphere is the region of prominences which is visible during a solar eclipse.
Corona is a crown of light seen during a solar eclipse.
Sunspots are created by strong magnetic fields, typically twice the size of the earth.

Moon is one of the largest in the solar system.

Phases of the Moon

Primary Phases

 New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon and Last Quarter

Intermediate Phases

 Waxing Crescent, waxing Gibbous, Waning Gibbous and Waning Crescent

Activity

A. Directions: Answer the following questions below to solve the puzzle.

B. Draw and label the parts of the sun.

 C. Shade the circles properly to form the different phases of the moon.

Full Moon
Crescent New Moon First Quarter Last Quarter

D. Make your own planetarium

or a solar system made out of
recycled materials.
1. What are the things you considered in making your planetarium?
2. What can you conclude from this activity?
E. If possible, which planet do you want to visit? Why?
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