Construction

Technology 2
ECE10306
CHAPTER 2
SUBSTRUCTURE FOR BUILDINGS

SHYAM AGASTHYA, Senior Lecturer

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
National University of Science and Technology
MUSCAT
 Chapter Content
● Types of Foundation for High Rise Buildings
○ Shallow Foundation
○ Deep Foundation
■ Caisson and its Types
■ Piles
● Displacement Piles
● Non Displacement Piles

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Types of Foundation
● The factors that has to be considered for selecting a type of
foundation for high rise buildings are
○ Soil Conditions
○ Load Transfer Pattern
○ Shape and Size of Building
○ Site Constraints
○ Underground Services
○ Environmental Issues

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Types of Foundation
● There are two types of foundations for high rise buildings
○ Shallow Foundation
■ These foundations transfer the load to the earth at
the base of the column or wall of the substructure
○ Deep Foundations
■ These foundations transfer the load at a point far
below the substructure
○ A detailed comparison is shown in next slide

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Types of Foundation
● Shallow and Deep Foundations

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Types of Foundation
● The general classification of foundation systems is shown
below

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Shallow Foundations
● Shallow foundations are
divided into
○ Spread Footings
○ Mat Foundations

Isolated Footings Strip Footings

● Spread Footings are
further divided into
○ Isolated Footings
○ Strip Footings
○ Combined Footings
Combined Footings
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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Deep Foundations
● Deep foundations are used when
○ adequate soil capacity (safe bearing capacity) is not
available close to the surface
○ loads must be transferred to firm layers substantially
below the ground surface

● The deep foundations are further subdivided into

○ Caissons
○ Piles

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Deep Foundations
● Deep foundations are used when
○ adequate soil capacity (safe bearing capacity) is not
available close to the surface
○ loads must be transferred to firm layers substantially
below the ground surface

● The deep foundations are further subdivided into

○ Caissons
○ Piles

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● A caisson is a shell or box or casing
which when filled with concrete
will form a structure similar to a
cast in situ pile but larger in size

● A caisson is similar to a column

footing (isolated footing) where the
load from a column is spread over
a larger area of soil and the
allowable stress in the soil is not
exceeded

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Caissons are originally
used to construct
foundations in water
where a deep water
tight chamber within
which foundation
work could be carried
out
○ Now caissons are
also used to build
foundations on
land
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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Factors affecting the choice of using caissons are
○ On site where no firm bearing strata exist at a
reasonable depth and the applied loading is uneven
○ When a firm bearing strata exist at a depth where
shallow foundation cannot be constructed
○ When pumping of groundwater is costly or shoring
becomes too difficult to construct spread foundation
○ When heavy loads must be carried thru water logged or
unstable soil
○ When plan area of required construction is small and
water is deep
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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● The following are the types of Caissons
○ Bored Caisson
○ Gow Caisson
○ Socketed Caisson
○ Box Caisson

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Bored Caissons
○ Here a whole of proper
size is bored (drilled to
a depth and a
cylindrical casing or
caisson is set into the
hole
○ Diameters range from
600mm and length
(depth) of 6m

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Gow Caissons
○ Here the largest
cylinder is first sunk by
excavating below the
cutting edge and
driving the cylinder
down
○ After first cylinder is
positioned, the second
with a smaller
diameter is sunk and so
on

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Socketed Caissons
○ Here a caisson is drilled into rock at
the bottom rather than belled
○ Its bearing comes from end bearing
and friction on sides
○ A steel pipe is driven inside caisson
and when bedrock is reached, a
socket is drilled into rock and then it
is reinforced and concreted

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Caissons and its Types
● Box Caissons
○ They have closed bottom designed to be sunk into
prepared foundations below water level
○ They are not to be used where soil erosion occur

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Piles
● Piles are columns inserted in the ground to transmit the
structural loads to a lower level of subsoil

● Piles are classified as

○ End Bearing Piles
■ Shafts of the piles act as columns carrying loads
thru the weak sub soils to a firm hard strata
○ Friction Piles
■ The load is transferred thru the friction between
piles and the soil and the bottom end of pile does
not reach the hard strata

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Piles
● The end bearing and friction piles are shown below

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Piles
● Piles can also be classified based on how it is constructed
○ Displacement Piles
○ Non Displacement Piles
● Displacement piles cause the soil to be displaced radially as
well as vertically as the pile shaft is driven or jacked into the
ground
● In non displacement piles (or replacement piles), soil is
removed and the resulting hole filled with concrete or a
precast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and grouted
in

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Non
Displacement
Piles
● The construction
method of
displacement pile
is shown

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Displacement Piles
● The construction method of non displacement pile is shown

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN
 Types of DPs and NDPs

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Shyam Agasthya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NUST, OMAN