Concrete Structures I

Master in Civil Engineering

2019 / 2020

Concrete Structures I
Class 9/26: Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Eduardo S. Júlio

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 Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

As referred to in the first class, the behaviour of reinforced concrete is

nonlinear, and should be considered since the beginning of cracking,
which occurs for relatively reduced load levels.

Three relevant distinct phases were identified:

fendilhação
1.  before cracking, M < Mcr

2.  between (concrete) cracking and (steel) yielding, Mcr < M < My

3.  from yielding to failure, My < M < Mu Úncia

Irna

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Next, for vertical loads only, it is analysed how and when the nonlinear
behaviour of structural concrete can/should be taken into account in design,
namely in the definition of the distribution of internal forces.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

1m

Actions: D.W. = 5 kN/m2, R.P.L. = 2 kN/m2, L.L. = 5 kN/m2

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

There are only 3 possible loading-cases (combinations of actions) for U.L.S.:

sobrecarga

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

µ
To which correspond the following bending moment diagrams:

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 REDISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ESFORÇOS
Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Leading to the following bending moment envelope:
emvezde 0
Considerarmosestepositivo
lunhente máximo

felástica

If design is based on the latter, reinforcement will be computed for the

maximum elastic bending moments occurring at the middle support and at
the mid-spans cross-sections for different combination of actions.
testa éequilibrada Se
temos de que a
garantir
diminuímos em baixo e via versa_
aumentamos em cima
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 Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

O
NovaDISTRIBUÇAÕ EQUILIBRADA o
If redistribution is considered, i.e., assuming plastic behaviour, significant
savings in reinforcement will be reached. Adopting, e.g., a bending moment
of pl2/10 at the support, one gets:
Reduzo momento
µ negativo

A
nestecano colocou a menor armadura no meio e assim
Ou sepa
houve uma diminuição doseu momento e coloca te um pouco de ar adm vão
This corresponds to a redistribution (from the support to the span) of 20%, que
which is acceptable (code requirements needing to be checked). Cera
a um ligeiroaumento dosmomentos nas
laterais de forma a equilibrar
Deve se assegurar que a seção em A permite a rotação
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 Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

In addition to reinforcement savings, moment redistribution can also lead to

(i) improved ductility, and (ii) easier reinforcement detailing in the
support region.
p

Li Li+1 D
DMF
MEL
eoetgi.fi
ssefaro4a sS oa
O
MELR = δ MEL

Distribuição elástica
equilibrada nosprageafajire
auto
self-balanced !
ΔM = MEL - δ MEL = MEL(1 - δ) − autoequilibrado

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 Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

It should be mentioned that, although generally less interesting, it is also

possible to redistribute internal forces from the span to the support.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

To explain redistribution and the plastic deformation capacity, an incremental

analysis can be adopted:

If the provided reinforcement for the maximum bending moment cross-

section is lower than required, and the load is incrementally increased,
yielding will occur before the total load is applied. And for the remaining
load, a plastic hinge will take place in this cross-section.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

According to codes, limitations to redistribution are usually presented :

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 A REDISTRIBUIÇÃO DEPENDEDA PosiçãoDALN
Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

da Lu e
Dudide
relacionada com G o posição
As shown in the following figure (for current concrete and class B or class C
steel), redistribution depends on the neutral axis2N
depth which, as seen
before, is an indirect measure of ductility, or of the available plastic
deformation capacity.
t
δ do
lá
Capacidade texto
derotação veroaudio partes

1.0

e
0ft

hybrid
fear
0.208 0.448 xu/d !
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posição da
 CN
Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

In the next figure it is illustrated how redistribution is implemented, being

equivalent to the addition of a self-balanced bending moment diagram.

MEL
(-) (-)

(+) (+) (+)

(+)

ΔM
look = 10 MELR
(-) (-)

(+) (+) (+)

!
eu lo 10
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 Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Attention must be paid when interrupting the upper reinforcement to take

into account load-cases 2 and 3. The envelope considering the three load-
µ
cases is the following:

verificar que8 é aceitável

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 1 ae dsm n negalas
Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

For instance, for load-case 2, one gets:

The interruption in the span where the live load is not considered needs
special attention. This loading situation usually implies that the
reinforcement cannot be interrupted at ¼ of the span needing to be
extended a little more.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Pf
There is a wide range of possibilities. For instance, in a built-in beam, a
redistribution of δ=0.75 corresponds to change the bending moments at both
supports and mid-span, respectively pl2/12 and pl2/24, to the value of pl2/16.
δ

um üÊ 4
1.0

0.208 0.448 xu/d !

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pior

te
FE.IE
ir
p
µ.PH
Mr
p
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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures a

Contusão
Assuming linear elastic behaviour of materials in hyperstatic
structures leads to reinforcement overestimates, since this approach does
not take advantage of the plastic capacity of RC sections and, in addition,
different combinations of actions need to be considered.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Still regarding nonlinearity, even for service situations, variations in the

bending moment occur due to stiffness losses caused by cracking. For
instance, in a continuous beam, a variation of circa 10% between the
support and the mid-span can take place. But, by simplification, the elastic
distribution is assumed in design.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

For imposed deformations, e.g. due to temperature changes or differential

settlements at supports, the stiffness loss associated to nonlinear behaviour
(mostly cracking and creep), leads to a clear reduction of internal forces
compared to the corresponding elastic values, even for service conditions.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

An alternative to the ‘linear elastic analysis with (limited) redistribution’

is the ´non-linear / plastic analysis’. In this scope, the rotation capacity of
beams zones is of utmost importance. According to EC 2:

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

O
Réu armaduras
entram
e

em cedência

c
Rotação G fiz do

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

Capacidade
de
rotação
loista

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

To calculate the ultimate load of an existing structure, the principles of the

Plasticity Theory are particularly useful. In these cases, the load capacity
and ductility characteristics are assessed based on the material properties
and amount of reinforcement.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

The maximum load can be estimated as shown next:

pRd = ?

L L

DMF -
MRd
(-)

(+)
+
2 MRd
pRd L /8 !

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 koo z
Concrete Structures I

Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

It is assumed that, in failure, it is mobilized in each span the maximum load

capacity of both support and mid-span cross-sections. By static equilibrium
one gets an estimate:
F.IM O
t
or more accurately:

x x
Rai e não BY
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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

It will be necessary to check if the redistribution after the elastic diagram is

acceptable in terms of available ductility.

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Nonlinear behaviour of concrete structures

For vertical loads, safety regarding S.L.S. must be checked considering an

elastic distribution of internal forces.

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