PRACTICE TEST 05

LISTENING 1: Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Employment Agency: Possible Jobs
First Job
Administrative assistant in a company that produces 1…………….. (North London)
Responsibilities
● data entry
● go to 2……………. and take notes
● general admin
● management of 3……………..
Requirements
● good computer skills including spreadsheets
● good interpersonal skills
● attention to 4……………..
Experience
● need a minimum of 5…………… of experience of teleconferencing
Second Job
Warehouse assistant in South London
Responsibilities
● stock management
● managing 6…………….
Requirements
● ability to work with numbers
● good computer skills
● very organised and 7……………
● good communication skills
● used to working in a 8…………….
● able to cope with items that are 9……………..
Need experience of
● driving in London
● warehouse work
● 10…………… service

LISTENING 2: Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
What Hazel should analyse about items in newspapers:
● what 21……………… the item is on
● the 22……………… of the item, including the headline
● any 23…………….. accompanying the item
● the 24……………… of the item, e.g. what’s made prominent
● the writer’s main 25………………
● the 26……………… the writer may make about the reader

LISTENING 3: Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Minster Park
11. The park was originally established
A. as an amenity provided by the city council.
B. as land belonging to a private house.
C. as a shared area set up by the local community.
12. Why is there a statue of Diane Gosforth in the park?
A. She was a resident who helped to lead a campaign.
B. She was a council member responsible for giving the public access.
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C. She was a senior worker at the park for many years.
13. During the First World War, the park was mainly used for
A. exercises by troops. B. growing vegetables. C. public meetings.
14. When did the physical transformation of the park begin?
A. 2013 B. 2015 C. 2016
LEXICO AND GRAMMAR
Ex1: Choose the best answer
26. The announcement was met by an ________ of support from the country music community.
A. outbursting B. outplaying C. outpouring D. outpointing
27. Rose is still on holiday, so you ________ her working at her office.
A. wouldn’t have seen B. needn’t have seen C. can’t have seen D. shouldn’t have seen
28. I was finally able to________a passing motorist to help with our stalled car.
A. flag down B. bear down C. carry down D. run down
29. I'm very tired, ________ travelling all day yesterday and having a disturbed night.
A. what if B. whatnot C. whatevs D. what with
30. Profits this year are $2.5 million ________ $4 million last year.
A. as follows B. as regards C. as against D. as seen
31. Why not________the meeting for Monday morning?
A. schedule B. to schedule C. scheduling D. scheduled
32. They sold 1 million cards in the first year of business – ________feat, given the problems many businesses
are facing.
A. no dice B. no mean C. no end D. no biggie
33. ________the rest of the family, she now saw where he got his temper from.
A. To have been met B. Having met C. To have met D. Having been met
34. It is a transitory work which lays the________for themes and styles found in the theater sixty years later.
A. initiative B. ideology C. groundwork D. breakthrough
35. Many of the company’s workers went on strike yesterday, leaving thousands of customers ________.
A. in the rough B. in the bag C. in the dock D. in the lurch
36. There________to have been thousands of new companies founded last year.
A. are reported B. have reported C. is reported D. has reported
37. There are already plans to make the £26,000 ________ into a hit single and show the ad in cinemas.
A. jingle B. twister C. jargon D. cliché
38. He wrote volumes of poetry which he illustrated himself under a(n)________name.
A. presumed B. subsumed C. assumed D. consumed
39. These days, radical change often comes ________ of the judiciary.
A. through the motions B. through the agency C. through the courts D. through the floor
40. Three auditors were accused of__________the men charged with fraud.
A. coming and going B. cutting and running C. huffing and buffingD. aiding and abetting
41. In ________, the top 30 listed companies tend to get more money back from the government than they pay
in tax.
A. faceplate B. associate C. aggregate D. copperplate
42. Even in normal traffic, 20 minutes to get to the airport is________.
A. cutting it fine B. cutting to the chase C. cutting your losses D. cutting no ice
43. Sometimes she would give him money________ and he would help her with chores.
A. on the bias B. on the sly C. on the cusp D. on the cheap
44. The famous movie star has to have several people________ the whole time.
A. dancing attendance on her B. leading her a merry old dance
C. darkening her door D. landing on her feet
45. I really need a job and I was hoping you might ________for me with your boss.
A. put on the long finger B. put in a good word C. put out feelers D. put out to pasture
Ex 2: Word formation

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46. It is difficult to draft a law that makes sense today and ensure that it is not __________by technology
tomorrow. DISTANCE
47. Spirit points are added after the conclusion of the winter season and points are deducted for ejections and
other__________conducts. SPORTS
48. It is easy enough to say that the papers are vastly__________, that people have to be dropped or there has to
be voluntary retirement. MAN
49. His mother rehearsed his lines with him and by the time the play opened he was __________. WORD
50. The emergency government brought in a special law to prevent hoarding and __________. PROFIT
51. Even if sections of the public would look __________, we must be able to guide the social habits of the
country. ASK
52. __________ is the power of mind over matter - if you convince yourself that you are cured, you will be.
SUGGEST
53. This was not only__________security, it was a chance to play with the big numbers and see what
happened. COPPER
54. I never negotiated a corporate prenuptial agreement and never received a golden__________. HAND
55. At the start of every new collection my imagination goes into__________. DRIVE
READING
Ex 1:
The real value of pets
Now the growing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet owneship has
confirmed what pet owners have always instituitively known: that pets are not just loving companions but
actually 56._________us good. Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring
humans, particularly when ill, lonely or in distress. Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is
57._________that we don’t always get from our human nearest and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding of psychology 58._________many of us to view very close repationships
with pets with suspicion. Children couples in particular give 59._________to speculation, but a consultant in
animal behavior says, “There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute 60._________ a child.” And while
many adults feel foolish if 61._________ talking to their pets, they have no need to. The expert say you cannot
have a close relationship with a pet without 62._________ it as a person and that talking to a pet is not
unhealthy simply a way of establishing rapport.
The wobbling helplessness of a young puppy or a fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us
and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the 63._________of instilling a sense of
responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and 64._________. But animals don’t have to be
soft and cuddly to 65._________out the best in us. A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle
ferrets – “If handled correctly, they respond with friendship; if incorrectly, they bite.
Ex 2:
Four stages of planetary development
The planet Earth has passed through four-stages of planetary development. All terrestrial planets pass
through these same stages to some degree, but some planets evolved further or were affected in different ways.
The Four Stages
The first stage of planetary evolution is differentiation, the separation of material according to density.
Earth now has a dense core and a lower-density crust, and that structure must have originated very early in its
history. Differentiation would have occurred easily if Earth were molten when it was young. Two sources of
energy could have heated Earth. First, heat of formation was released by in-falling material. A meteorite hitting
Earth at high velocity converts most of its energy of motion into heat, and the impacts of a large number of
meteorites would have released tremendous heat. If Earth formed rapidly, this heat would have
accumulated much more rapidly than it could leak away, and Earth was probably molten when it
formed. A second source of heat requires more time to develop. The decay of radioactive elements trapped in
the Earth releases heat gradually; but, as soon as Earth formed, that heat began to accumulate and helped melt
Earth. That would have helped the planet differentiate.
While Earth was still in a molten state, meteorites could leave no trace, but in the second stage in
planetary evolution, cratering, the young Earth was battered by meteorites that pulverized the newly forming
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crust. The largest meteorites blasted out crater basins hundreds of kilometers in diameter. As the solar nebula
cleared, the amount of debris decreased, and after the late heavy bombardment, the level of cratering fell to its
present low level. Although meteorites still occasionally strike Earth and dig craters, cratering is no longer the
dominant influence on Earth's geology. As you compare other worlds with Earth, you will discover traces of
this intense period of cratering, on every old surface in the solar system.
The third stage, flooding, no doubt began while cratering was still intense. The fracturing of the crust
and the heating produced by radioactive decay allowed molten rock just below the crust to well up through
fissures and flood the deeper basins. You will find such flooded basins with solidified lava flows on other
worlds, such as the moon, but all traces of this early lava flooding have been destroyed by later geological
activity in Earth's crust. On Earth, flooding continued as the atmosphere cooled and water fell as rain, filling the
deepest basins to produce the first oceans. [A] Notice that on Earth flooding involves both lava and water, a
circumstance that we will not find on most worlds. [B]
The fourth stage, slow surface evolution, has continued for the last 3.5 billion years or more. [C] Earth’s
surface is constantly changing as sections of crust slide over each other, push up mountains, and shift
continents. [D] Almost all traces of the first billion years of Earth’s geology have been destroyed by the active
crust and erosion.
Earth as a Planet
All terrestrial planets pass through these four stages, but some have emphasized one stage over another,
and some planets have failed to progress fully through the four stages. Earth is a good standard for comparative
planetology because every major process on any rocky world in our solar system is represented in some form
on Earth.
Nevertheless, Earth is peculiar in two ways. First, it has large amounts of liquid water on its surface.
Fully 75 percent of its surface is covered by this liquid; no other planet in our solar system is known to have
such extensive liquid water on its surface. Water not only fills the oceans but also evaporates into the
atmosphere, forms clouds, and then falls as rain. Water falling on the continents flows downhill to form rivers
that flow back to the sea, and in so doing, the water produces intense erosion. You will not see such intense
erosion on most worlds. Liquid water is, in fact, a rare material on most planets. Your home planet is special in
a second way. Some of the matter on the surface of this world is alive, and a small part of that living matter is
aware. No one is sure how the presence of living matter has affected the evolution of Earth, but this process
seems to be totally missing from other worlds in our solar system. Furthermore, the thinking part of life on
Earth, humankind, is actively altering our planet.
66. Why does the author mention the ‘Earth’ in paragraph 1?
A. To explain the stages in planetary development for the Earth in detail
B. To contrast the evolution of the Earth with that of other planets
C. To demonstrate that the Earth passed through similar stages to those of most planets
D. To give an example of exploration of the terrestrial planets
67. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage?
A. The Earth may have been liquid because the heat collected faster than it dissipated if the formation took
place quickly.
B. Because of-the rapid formation of the Earth, the crust took a long time to cool before it became a solid.
C. The liquid core of the Earth was created when the planet first formed because the heat was so high and there
was little cooling.
D. The cooling caused the Earth to form much more quickly as it met with the intense heat of the new planet.
68. The word ‘pulverized’ in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. melted into liquid B. broken into small parts C. frozen very hard D. washed very clean
69. What can be inferred about radioactive matter?
A. It floods the planet’s crust. B. It generates intense heat.
C. It is an important stage. D. It is revealed by later activity.
70. According to paragraph 4, how were the oceans formed?
A. Ice gouged out depressions in the Earth. B. Rain filled the craters made by meteorites.
C. Earthquakes shifted the continents. D. Molten rock and lava flooded the basins.
71. According to the passage, which stage occurs after cratering?
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A. Flooding B. Slow surface evolution C. Differentiation D. Erosion
72. What is the author’s opinion of life on other planets?
A. She does not know whether life is present on other planets.
B. She does not express an opinion about life on other planets.
C. She is certain that no life exists on any planet except Earth.
D. She thinks that there is probably life on other planets.
73. Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. ‘At the
same time, moving air and water erode the surface and wear away geological features.’
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
74. The word ‘process’ in the passage is closest in meaning to________.
A. regulation B. improvement C. procedure D. definition
75. All of the following are reasons why the Earth is a good model of planetary development for purposes of
comparison with other planets EXCEPT_________.
A. The Earth has gone through all four stages of planetary evolution.
B. Life on Earth has affected the evolution in a number of important ways.
C. All of the fundamental processes on terrestrial planets have occurred on Earth.
D. There is evidence of extensive cratering both on Earth and on all other planets
Ex 3:
List of Headings

i. Gender bias in televised sport

ii. More money-making opportunities
iii. Mixed views on TV’s role in sports
iv. Tickets to top matches too expensive
v. A common misperception
vi. Personal stories become the focus
vii. Sports people become stars
viii. Rules changed to please viewers
ix. Lower-level teams lose out
x. Skill levels improve
xi. TV appeal influences sports’ success

76. Paragraph B ____ 77. Paragraph C ____ 78. Paragraph D ____

79. Paragraph E ____ 80. Paragraph F ____ 81. Paragraph G ____
82. Paragraph H ____
Television and Sport
when the medium becomes the stadium
A. The relationship between television and sports is not widely thought of as problematic. For many
people, television is a simple medium through which sports can be played, replayed, slowed down, and of
course conveniently transmitted live to homes across the planet. What is often overlooked, however, is how
television networks have reshaped the very foundations of an industry that they claim only to document. Major
television stations immediately seized the revenue-generating prospects of televising sports and this has
changed everything, from how they are played to who has a chance to watch them.
B. Before television, for example, live matches could only be viewed in person. For the majority of
fans, who were unable to afford tickets to the top-flight matches, or to travel the long distances required to see
them, the only option was to attend a local game instead, where the stakes were much lower. As a result,
thriving social networks and sporting communities formed around the efforts of teams in the third and fourth
divisions and below. With the advent of live TV, however, premier matches suddenly became affordable and
accessible to hundreds of millions of new viewers. This shift in viewing patterns vacuumed out the support base
of local clubs, many of which ultimately folded.
C. For those on the more prosperous side of this shift in viewing behaviour, however, the financial
rewards are substantial. Television assisted in derailing long-held concerns in many sports about whether
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athletes should remain amateurs or ‘go pro’, and replaced this system with a new paradigm where nearly all
athletes are free to pursue stardom and to make money from their sporting prowess. For the last few decades,
top-level sports men and women have signed lucrative endorsement deals and sponsorship contracts, turning
many into multi-millionaires and also allowing them to focus full-time on what really drives them. That they
can do all this without harming their prospects at the Olympic Games and other major competitions is a
significant benefit for these athletes.
D. The effects of television extend further, however, and in many instances have led to changes in
sporting codes themselves. Prior to televised coverage of the Winter Olympics, for example, figure skating
involved a component in which skaters drew ‘figures’ in the ice, which were later evaluated for the precision of
their shapes. This component translated poorly to the small screen, as viewers found the whole procedure,
including the judging of minute scratches on ice, to be monotonous and dull. Ultimately, figures were scrapped
in favour of a short programme featuring more telegenic twists and jumps. Other sports are awash with similar
regulatory shifts – passing the ball back to the goalkeeper was banned in football after gameplay at the 1990
World Cup was deemed overly defensive by television viewers.
E. In addition to insinuating changes into sporting regulation, television also tends to favour some
individual sports over others. Some events, such as the Tour de France, appear to benefit: on television it can be
viewed in its entirety, whereas on-site enthusiasts will only witness a tiny part of the spectacle. Wrestling,
perhaps due to an image problem that repelled younger (and highly prized) television viewers, was scheduled
for removal from the 2020 Olympic Games despite being a founding sport and a fixture of the Olympics since
708 BC. Only after a fervent outcry from supporters was that decision overturned.
G. Another change in the sporting landscape that television has triggered is the framing of sports not
merely in terms of the level of skill and athleticism involved, but as personal narratives of triumph, shame and
redemption on the part of individual competitors. This is made easier and more convincing through the power
of close-up camera shots, profiles and commentary shown during extended build-ups to live events. It also
attracts television audiences – particularly women – who may be less interested in the intricacies of the sport
than they are in broader ‘human interest’ stories. As a result, many viewers are now more familiar with the
private agonies of famous athletes than with their record scores or matchday tactics.
H. Does all this suggest the influence of television on sports has been overwhelmingly negative? The
answer will almost certainly depend on who among the various stakeholders is asked. For all those who have
lost out – lower-league teams, athletes whose sports lack a certain visual appeal – there are numerous others
who have benefitted enormously from the partnership between television and sports, and whose livelihoods
now depend on it.
For questions 83-86 from : Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage? Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
83. Television networks were slow to recognise opportunities to make money from televised sport.
84. The average sports fan travelled a long way to watch matches before live television broadcasts.
85. Television has reduced the significance of an athlete’s amateur status.
86. The best athletes are now more interested in financial success rather than sporting achievement.
For questions from 87-88: Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Effect of television on individual sports
 Ice skating – viewers find ‘figures’ boring so they are replaced with a 87 __________.
 Back-passing banned in football.
 Tour de France great for TV, but wrestling initially dropped from Olympic Games due to
88 __________.
SENTENCE REWRITING
1. He watched videos all day. Entire
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I don’t think she likes doing other people’s work for them. Objects
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 ______________________________________________________________________
3. I didn’t agree with the idea. Favor
______________________________________________________________________
4. Teaching doesn’t suit her. Cut
______________________________________________________________________
5. I never thought of going by train. Occur
______________________________________________________________________
6. He is very likely to come. Probability
______________________________________________________________________
7. The cause of the explosion is still unknown. Caused
______________________________________________________________________
8. The train is 5 minutes late in leaving. Due
______________________________________________________________________
9. The rain was coming down in torrent. Dogs
______________________________________________________________________
10. Organic vegetables are said to be health. Wonders
______________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE TEST 06
LISTENING: You will listen to a person talking about their time at school. For questions 24-30, choose
the best answer (A, В or C).
24. The author’s family
A went to the same school. B did not enjoy their school years. C had poor academic performance.
25. The other boys at the school
A also hated following the rules. B seemed to be okay with it. C enjoyed staying there.
26. The author’s illness during the first term
A did not get proper treatment from the nurse.
B turned out to be not as serious as he had thought.
C was so bad that he nearly died.
27. During his stay at the hospital the author
A was irritated by nurses’ attitude. B was worried about other patients. C was too shy to talk to the nurses.
28. Because of the illness the author
A had to skip one year of school. B had to have classes in the library. C had enough private time.
29. When leaving school, the headmaster expected the author to
A feel sorry about finishing school.
B realise how good the time at school had been.
C be happy about leaving school.
30. The author now
A understands headmaster’s point of view.
B has the same feelings about his time at school.
C feels uncertain about how he feels about his time at school.
LEXICO AND GRAMMAR
Ex1: Choose the best answer
26.Many people are feeling the _______ now that there is an economic recession.
A. strain B. prod C. pinch D. pain
27. The fact that his alibi didn’t check out was _______ evidence.
A. discriminating B. incriminating C. invigorating D. undulating
28. Although the company seems very successful and popular, it has ______ actual money. Everything is built
off loans and debts.
A. less or no B. little or no C. many or not D. not any or little
29. The man accused of robbery asked that he _______ on bail until the court hearing.
A. will be released B. is to released C. be released D. was releasing himself
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30. The government’s environmental policy has ________ criticism.
A. led up to B. come in for C. clung on to D. gone on for
31. The city of Shanghai is a _______ of modern-day ChinA.
A. microclimate B. microcopy C. microcosm D. microscope
32. “Did you attend the economic planning lecture?”
“Yes, and unfortunately it wasn’t ________ I’d expected”
A. as nearly boring as B. nearly as boring as C. nearly boring as D. so boring as
33. It was _______ that Henry would fail his final exams because he hadn’t even opened up his books all
semester.
A. indelible B. inevitable C. inconceivable D. incomprehensible
34. Sandra must be very _______ to be able to ignore all of her colleagues’s rude remarks.
A. single-minded B. two-faced C. short-sighted D. thick-skinned
35. We've made some great improvements over the past three months, but we're still not out of the _______
A. jungle B. bush C. dark D. woods
36. Many homeless people have been ______ for years with little prospect of finding proper housing.
A. down the drain B. down and dirty C. down and out D. down in the dumps
37. The accountant ______ the company out of millions of dollars before he was caught.
A. swindled B. spun C. dwindled D. saddled
38. The political candidate always tries to ______ any difficult questions when talking to the press.
A. butter up B. fend off C. fawn over D. drive back
39. Money was short and people survived by ______and saving.
A. scrimping B. scavenging C. scouring D. scrounging
40. Jane was terribly nervous before the interview but she managed to pull herself ______ and act confidently.
A. through B. over C. together D. off
41. Round and round ___________.
A. went the wheels of the engine B. the wheels of the engine went
C. did the wheels of the engine go D. going the wheels of the engine
42. The delight in treasure finding doesn’t always ________acquiring tremendous amounts of valuables.
A. dwell on B. poke around C. lay about D. hinge upon
43. The luxurious office accentuated the manager's position ________. It enhanced his power and his sense of
his own worth. And it made other people feel small.
A. on the pecking pole B. in the nibbling line
C. at the nipping post D. in the pecking order
44. _________ chair the meeting.
A. John was decided to B. There was decided that John should
C. It was decided that John D. John had been decided to
45. The pollution problems in the town have been ______ by mass tourism in the summer months.
A. exacerbated B. developed C. augmented D. contributed
Ex 2: Word formation
46. A _______ celebrity featured in an advertising campaign can increase product sales. CHARISMA
47. The new computer lab is open-plan and furnished in a _______ style with basic pieces in white. MINIMISE
48. The American landscape is being ________ by malls and fast-food restaurants. GENE
49. _______ tools, machines and even structures could redefine how humans live and work. MORPH
50. The complexity of the ecosystem will best be understood through a _______ approach. DISCIPLINE
51. The way that advertisers and the marketers play on people’s insecurities is thoroughly _______ .
MANIPULATE
52. A number of cosmetic manufacturers complained about the requirement for product comparison tests to
validate claims of ______. ALLERGY
53. The ensuring _______ caused the meeting to be rescheduled DEMONISE
54. It is an ________ fact that vaccination is not the one-stop solution to the Covid-19 pandemic. AXIOM
55. Surely, it’s _______ for the company to claim its product has health benefits when it doesn’t FRAUD
READING
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Ex 1:
THE BENEFITS OF SLEEPING ON THE JOB

Numerous factors dictate the optimal amount of hours an individual should sleep each night, though, for the
average working adult eight hours is the most oft-quoted figure. In recent times, getting a good night's sleep has
been steadily slipping down people's lists of priorities. So (56) ______ so, in fact, that one in three British
people now suffer from some form of sleep deprivation. But in Japan, where the average adult gets just seven
hours and five minutes of sleep (57)______night, workers don't have to struggle through the day with heavy
eyelids. Instead, they can have a short nap! The practice is called inemuri, which literally means 'to be asleep
while present', and is an acceptable feature of Japanese work environments. In fact, (58) ______ from being
embarrassed about falling asleep at work, the Japanese are actually quite proud of nodding (59) ______ on the
job. Inemuri is viewed as an indication that a worker is working too strenuously and the practice is (60) ______
respected that some Japanese workers even pretend to be asleep at their desks! Inemuri does have an unwritten
code of practice, though. You must sit (61)______ in your chair while you are napping, you shouldn't nap in
front of a superior, and you shouldn't nap for more than around twenty minutes a day. On the (62)______,
many experts believe the West has much to learn from Japan's enlightened attitudes towards sleeping at work -
both from the point of (63) ______ of health and productivity levels at work. For instance, recent research
suggests that American companies lose 520 hours of productivity per employee per year (64)______ failing to
manage their energy levels properly. By taking power naps, research suggests, workers can recharge their
energy levels. Nevertheless, it (65) ______ to be seen whether sleeping on the job ever becomes culturally
acceptable outside of Asia.
In the immediate post-war years, the city of Birmingham scheduled some 50,000 small working class
cottages as slums (1) ______ for demolition. Today that process is nearly complete. Yet it is clear that, quite
apart from any question of race, an environmental problem (2) ______. The expectation built into the planning
policies of 1945 was that in the foreseeable future the city would be a better place to live in. But now that slum
clearance has run its (3) ______, there seems to be universal agreement that the total environment where the
slums (4) ______ stood is more depressing than ever.
For the past ten years the slum clearance areas have looked like bomb sites. The buildings and places
which survive (5) ______ so on islands in a sea of rubble and ash. When the slums were there they supported
an organic community life and each building, each activity, fitted in as part of the (6) ______. But now that
they have been destroyed, nothing meaningful appears to remain, or (7) ______ those activities which do go on
do not seem to have any meaningful relation to the place. They happen there because it is an empty stage which
no one is using anymore.
Typical of the inner-city in this sense is the Birmingham City Football Ground. Standing in unsplendid
(8) ______ on what is now wasteland on the edge of Small Heath, it brings into the area a stage army on twenty
or so Saturdays a year who come and cheer and then go away again with little concern any more for the place
where they have done their cheering. Even they, however, have revolted recently. ‘The ground’ says the leader
of the revolt, ‘is a slum’, thus putting his (9) ______ on the fact that the demolition of houses creates rather
than (10) ______ problems of the inner-city.

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, became famous for his theories on child
development. A child prodigy, he became interested in the scientific study of nature at an early age. He
(1)__________________ a special fascination for biology, having some of his work published before
graduating from high school. When, aged 10, his observations (2)________________ to questions that could be
answered only by access to the university library, Piaget wrote and published some notes on the sighting of an
albino sparrow in the hope that this would persuade the librarian to stop (3)________________ him like a
child. It worked. Piaget was launched on a path that led to his doctorate in zoology and a lifelong conviction
that the way to understand anything is to know how it evolves.
Piaget went on to spend much of his professional life listening to and watching children, and poring over
reports of researchers who were doing the same. He found, to (4)________________ it succinctly, that children
don’t think like adults. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk,
Piaget began to suspect that (5)________________ their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought
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processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Albert Einstein, the renowned physicist,
deemed (6)________________ a discovery ‘so simple that only a genius could have thought of it’.
Piaget’s insight opened a new window (7)________________ the inner workings of the mind. Several new
fields of science, among them developmental psychology and cognitive theory, came into being as a result of
his research. Although (8)________________ an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about
children that provided the foundation for today’s education reform movements. One might say that Piaget was
the first to take children’s thinking seriously. Others who shared this respect for children may have fought
harder for immediate change in schools, but Piaget’s influence on education (9)________________ deeper and
more pervasive.
Piaget has been revered by generations of teachers inspired by the belief that children are not empty vessels
to be filled with knowledge, as traditional academic thinking had it, (10)________________ active builders of
knowledge - little scientists who are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world. And while
he may not be as famous as Sigmund Freud, Piaget’s contribution to psychology may be longer lasting. As
computers and the Internet give children greater autonomy to explore ever larger digital worlds, the ideas he
pioneered become ever more relevant.
Ex 2:
Science plays a crucial role in identifying problems related to how natural systems function and deteriorate,
particularly when they are affected by an external factor. In turn, scientific findings shape the policies
introduced to protect such systems where necessary. Experts are frequently called upon by politicians to
provide evidence which can be used to make scientifically sound, or at least scientifically justifiable policy
decisions.
Issues arise as there are frequent disagreements between experts over the way data is gathered and interpreted.
An example of the former is the first scientific evidence of a hole in the ozone layer by the British Antarctic
Survey. (A) The findings were at first greeted by the scientific community with scepticism, as the British
Antarctic Survey was not yet an established scientific community. (B) Moreover, it was generally believed that
satellites would have picked up such ozone losses if they were indeed occurring. (C) It was not until the
methodology of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center was reviewed that it became apparent that data had been
overlooked. (D)
With regards to the latter, controversy between scientists may arise where data analysis appears to support one
policy over another. In 1991, the World Resource Institute (WRI) published estimates of net emissions and
sinks of greenhouse gases for a number of countries, including India. The report provoked criticisms among
Indian scientists who argued that the figures had failed to take some significant factors into account, leading to
overestimated emission values. The WRI was accused of blaming less economically developed countries for
global warming; a stance which, if accepted, could impede industrialisation and sustain, even widen, the wealth
gap.
Problems regarding the scientific method are well documented and it is widely accepted by the scientific
community that, however consistent scientists are in their procedures, the results born under different
circumstances can vary markedly. A number of factors influence research, among them the organisation of a
laboratory, the influence of prevailing theories, financial constraints and the peer review process. Consequently,
scientists tend to believe they are not in a position to bear universal truths but to reveal tendencies.
However, this is countered by two factors. Firstly, certain scientific institutions wish to maintain a degree of
status as ‘bearers of truth’. Further, policy makers uphold this understanding by requesting scientific certainties
in order to legitimise their policy decisions. According to a number of authors who have documented this
process, decision makers do not necessarily try to obtain all the information which is or could be made
available regarding an issue. Rather, they select that information which is necessary to fulfil their goals,
information termed as ‘half-knowledge’. Attempts to underplay transboundary issues such as water provision
and pollution are cases in point. Politicians clearly cannot pretend that certain data do not exist if they are well-
known in scientific communities or national borders, but some discretion is evident, especially where there is
controversy and uncertainty.
It is important to note that policies regarding scientific issues are influenced in no small part by societal factors.
These include the relative importance of certain environmental issues, the degree of trust in the institutions
conducting the research, and not least the social standing of those affected by the issue. In other words,
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environmental problems are in many ways socially constructed according to the prevailing cultural, economic
and political conditions within a society. It has been suggested, for example, that contemporary ‘post-
materialist’ Western societies pay greater attention to ‘quality’ – including environmental quality – than
‘quantity’. This theory does not necessarily assume that people of low-income countries have no interest in
environmental protection, as the example of the Chipko movement in India clearly demonstrates but
demonstrates that the way a resource is valued varies widely among different communities.
Finally, it cannot be denied that the ‘issue of the day’ changes constantly. One issue becomes more or less
urgent than another, based on current events. Concurrently, new issues enter the political agendA. It has been
noted that it often takes a ‘policy entrepreneur’, someone who dedicates time, energy and financial resources to
a certain issue, to raise its profile. Furthermore, whether an issue is taken up by political, environmental or
media groups, depends very much on the degree to which it suits their particular agenda, not to mention budget.
66. With reference to paragraph 1, which of the following pieces of research would NOT be relevant to this
article?
A. the effect of climate change on weather patterns in Africa
B. whether or not low-level radiation increases the risk of cancer
C. how acid rain impacts species within a lake ecosystem
D. a comparison of the species present in two areas of woodland
67. What is the purpose of the example of ozone data given in paragraph 2?
A. to show that NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center used unreliable methods of gathering scientific data
B. to show how data gathering methods and the status of scientists may affect the way data is regarded
C. to prove that it is wrong to dismiss evidence which comes from a non-established source
D. to show how NASA and the British Antarctic Survey disagreed over the correct way to gather ozone data.
68. Where in paragraph 2 does this sentence best fit?
This was because of the way their computers had been programmed to discard any readings which appeared
anomalous.
A. (A) B. (B) C. (C) D. (D)
69. Paragraph 3 gives an example of a dispute over __________.
A. which country was most responsible for producing greenhouse gases
B. the pollution caused by multinational companies in India.
C. how statistics were interpreted and presented.
D. erroneous data which resulted from a poorly-funded experiment.
70. In paragraph 5, ‘this’ refers to __________.
A. the scientific method and its inherent problems.
B. the belief that scientists cannot reveal universal truths.
C. the variation in scientific results under different circumstances.
D. the list of factors which influence scientific research.
71. What is meant by this sentence?
‘Further, policy makers uphold this understanding by requesting scientific certainties in order to legitimise
their policy decisions’.
A. Politicians when seeking evidence for policy-making, do not understand the fact that scientists are unable to act
as ‘bearers of truth’.
B. Politicians consider the scientific research that supports their policies as more legitimate than other research.
C. Scientific institutions encourage politicians to use them for policy-making in order to improve their status.
D. Politicians, when seeking evidence for policy-making, encourage the belief that scientists can produce
incontestable facts.
72. Which sentence best sums up the ideas in paragraph 4?
A. Scientists are aware that their work cannot present incontrovertible facts.
B. If scientists were more consistent, they could create more reliable evidence.
C. Variations in how research is conducted often affect its validity.
D. Scientists spend more time documenting problems than conducting research.
73. Why are ‘transboundary issues such as water provision and pollution’ referred to in paragraph 5?

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A. to illustrate situations in which politicians pretend that certain data does not exist
B. to illustrate situations in which incorrect information is given by scientific institutions keen to maintain their
status.
C. to illustrate situations in which politicians are selectiive with regards to what data they gather
D. to illustrate situations in which policy makers request scientists to present them with scientific certainties,
even though none exist.
74. What can be inferred about the Chipko movement?
A. It was an example of how people in low-income countries have little interest in environmental protection.
B. It was an example of how different people within a community valued a resource differently.
C. It was an example of how people in a low-income community showed interest in protecting the environment.
D. It was an example of how people in a low-income community valued quantity over quality.
75. Which of the following arguments is NOT presented in paragraph 7?
A. An issue only get political or media attention if someone with a high profile is supporting it.
B. Politicians are only interested in environmental issues if it benefits them.
C. Issues don’t get public attention unless a particular person advocates it strongly.
D. Issues may be overlooked if there are other significant events happening at the time.
SENTENCE REWRITING
11. It’s brillian film. – I laughed uncontrolably all through the way. Head
_______________________________________________________________________
12. She finds grammar exercies extremely boring. Stiff
_______________________________________________________________________

13. I’ll have to wait before I know whether he’ll keep his promise or not. Remains
________________________________________________________________________
14. He was so worried that his mind couldn’t function normally. Straight
________________________________________________________________________
15. They’ll cause a lot of trouble. Cat
________________________________________________________________________
16. Some people say that there’s hardly any difference between love and hate. Line
________________________________________________________________________
17. She can buy anything she wants – She’s very rich. Rolling
________________________________________________________________________
18. A rise in temperature in the next century seems likely. Chance
________________________________________________________________________
19. You must accept the fact that she has left you. Resign
________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE TEST 07
LEXICO AND GRAMMAR
Ex1: Choose the best answer
1. Remember not to sneeze or cough at the wedding. ______, excuse yourself.
A. For necessary B. In due course C. If need be D. In retrospect
2. He has done things he ought not to have done and ______ undone things he ought to have done
A. leaving B. will leave C. left D. leave
3. In your place, I _______ to others for help. There’s no way of finishing the project yourself.
A. would have turned B. must have turned C. will turn D. would turn
4. ______ circling the globe faster than Jules Verne’s fictional Phileas Fogg.
A. Also known as a pioneer journalist, the exploits of Nellie Bly included
B. The exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer journalist, included
C. A pioneer journalist, Nellie Bly’s exploits also included
D. Included in Nellie Bly’s exploits, who was a pioneer journalist,
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5. Jimmy doesn’t like my cooking, but it doesn’t bother me. _____, I’d say.
A. Everyone to his own B. Each to his own C. Each one his own D. Everyone’s his own
6. My sister _____ and then finally admitted she'd worn my shoes.
A. waxed and waned B. ranted and raved C. hemmed and hawed D. racked and ruined
7. The two groups were ______ into signing the agreement, despite their objections.
A. shanghaied B. beijinged C. wuhaned D. hongkonged
8. Congressman Saunders fired the opening ______ during a heated debate on capital punishment.
A. cannonade B. barrage C. salvo D. burst
9. Drug abuse _______ a major threat to the _______ of our society.
A. poses/fabric B. strikes/fabric C. hits/cotton D. strikes/thread
10. Large quantities of condensed milk, put up in _____ sealed tins, are sold for use in mining camps.
A. hermetically B. eccentrically C. enigmatically D. esoterically
11. Under the administration of the crooked sheriff, corruption was _______ on the police force.
A. profuse B. steadfast C. staunch D. rampant
12. He started a small delicatessen, and within weeks he was making money ________.
A. hand over fist B. hand over mouth C. neck over shoulder D. arm over leg
13. They were really excited to the project, but now they seem to have gone off the ________.
A. mill B. rails C. steam D. boil
14. She gave him a long, ________ kiss before saying goodbye.
A. transient B. persistent C. lingering D. protracted
15. The train service has been a _____ since they introduced the new schedules.
A. shambles B. rumpus C. chaos D. fracas
16. The designer refuses to gild the _____, preferring simple lines of his creations.
A. lily B. rose C. daisy D. daffodil
17. The organization had to _____ its emergency fund in response to the unexpected catastrophe.
A. set aside B. fall upon C. dip into D. take up
18. Before a judge takes a decision, he has to take all the evidence into ______.
A. consideration B. speculation C. deliberation D. exemplification
19. The country is an economic ______ with chronic unemployment and pervasive crime.
A. lost cause B. basket case C. false dawn D. dark horse
20. The job creation scheme is still in its ______.
A. childhood B. babyhood C. initiation D. infancy
Ex 2: Choose the best answer
1. Blake may seem bossy, but it's Lisa that really ________ in that relationship.
A. fills their boots B. puts a sock C. gets their knickers D. wears the trousers
2. It is no surprise that this story has ________ in our office after Daisy was told about it.
A given a buzz B ridden high C done the rounds D rung the bell
3. The immigrants from this country will not be given the right of ________ in Britain when the new
legislation comes into force.
A abode B abbess C baptism D lodging
4. After winning the lottery, they moved into a more ___________ house in a high-class residential area and
had a more comfortable life.
A. well-attended B. well-built C. well-appointed D. well-disposed
5. The President has gotten used to being _________ by his political opponents whenever a new policy is
proposed.
A blasted off B ripped off C zonked out D sniped at
6. I can’t see why the teacher compliments Harry so much, his performance is basically nothing to _______
home about!
A write B call C go D tell
7. We are required to _________ empirical data and evidence from reliable sources to support our argument.
A. adduce B. attest C. elicit D. accost
8. Since John is the bee’s _______in terms of English, it is no wonder so many friends ask him for support in
this subject.
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 A. wings B. knees C. antenna D. spiracle
9. Fingerprints are the most ______ types of evidence used in criminal cases because it’s one of the
most reliable forms of identification.
A. culpable B. incriminating C. liable D.offending
10. There is no need to ___________ over the cracks, I know you are having problems, just tell me and I will
help you.
A. carpet B. paper C. lay D. curtain
11. I was scared ____________ when I looked down from the top of the cliff.
A. tight B. stiff C. hard D. solid
12. Since he is not polite, he often makes ______ remarks.
A. immaterial B. impertinent C. impervious D. implausible
13. In a culture where knockoffs are normal, from sportswear to DVDs, it will not be easy to
_________ deep-rooted academic habits.
A. exude B. exclude C. expunge D. extricate
14. I tried to ______myself from the situation but it was impossible.
A. exude B. exclude C. expunge D. extricate
15. Last week’s violence was _______ condemned by foreign governments.
A. grimly B. roundly C. roughly D. bitingly
16. There are _________ words in English having more than one meaning. Pay close attention to this fact.
A. a large many B. quite many C. quite a lot D. a great many
17. In fact, the criminals _________ in because the front door was wide open, and so they just walked in.
A. needn’t have broken B. shouldn’t have break
C. didn’t need to break D. couldn’t have broken
18. Although usually unflappable even in front of a crowd,_________ during the recital.
A. her anxiety overwhelmed Carla completely B. Carla being overwhelmed by anxiety
C. Carla’s anxiety overwhelmed her D. Carla was overwhelmed by anxiety.
19. On the island _________ the only representative of the Indian's handicraft.
A. does it remain B. did it remain C. remains it D. remains
20. Of the Len beauty spots my brother visited _________ left a lasting impression on him.
A. none of which B. not one of them C. and none of them D. which none
Ex 3: Word formation
1. Looking at the number of typos in this article, I am sure you have skipped the………………………stage
again. (READ)
2. A(n) ………………………is the one who turns into wolf during full moon. (WOLF)
3. Andy was ……………………..from the volunteer group due to his poor attitude.
(COMMUNICATE)
4. People in coastal area live mainy on the ……………………….., which allows them to earn a great deal of
money from the sea products (CULTURE)
5. The dog seems rather ……………………….. ; it must not have been fed for days. (SEE)
6. He was …………………… by the darkness and got lost in the forest. (NIGHT)
7. The aridity in that area ………………………… a poor crop. (TOKEN)
8. In the field of ………………………… , standards of practice have been developed for practitioners
in the field. (DIET)
9. The new regulations will be ………………………… for small businesses. (BURDEN)
10. When Emma was widowed in 1879, she decided to leave her home in Koblenz, Germany, to start
………………………… in Glasgow, and settled in the city by 1881. (NEW)

1. He represents not the continuing power of symbolic _____ but its recession into the dead past. (INVEST)
2. The cost of living keeps rising, especially for _____ expenditure such as rent and mortgage payments,
healthcare and childcare. (DISCRETION)
3. Our expansion plans will have to be ______ in the current economic crisis. (BURN)

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4. The judge dismissed his DUI charge but convicted him for improper lane changing and refusing the
_____ test. (BREATHE)
5. ______ is the quickest method of removing potassium from the bloodstream. (FILTER)
6. Within the system, he’s a pitiful nothing, unable to speak without a _____, an affirmative-action phony
doomed to inevitable defeat. (PROMPT)
7. Many voters feel that the governor has not acted in a(n) ______ manner for someone who serves as the
state's chief executive. (FIT)
8. Rob suspected this was perhaps the first real _____ he had had in his life, something that probably his
own father had never done. (DRESS)
9. It is the recognition of identity _____ that has allowed these women to construct a new identity brick by
brick. (CLOSE)
10. These recordings were often of very poor technical quality, many having been made in _____ studios
behind record shops. (MAKE)
READING
Ex1:
WRITING FICTION
Because I am a novelist myself, I am always faintly fussed by the idea of creative writing courses. I
completely accept that you can teach the craft, that you can give instruction on how to structure a book, how to
vary space and tension, how to write dialogue. But what you can’t teach, it seems to me is the right kind of
interpretation of what has been observed. It worries me to think of all those earnest pupils who have diligently
mastered the mechanics, wondering with varying degrees of misery and rag why the finished recipe just hasn’t
somehow worked.
The great writer Samuel Coleridge explained it. He said that there are two kinds of imagination, the
primary and the secondary. We all, he said, possess the primary imagination, we all have the capacity to
perceive, to notice. But what only poets (loosely translated as all truly creative people, I suppose) have - the
secondary imagination is the capacity to select, and then translate and illuminate everything that has been
observed so that it seems to the audience something entirely new, something entirely true, something exciting,
wonderful and terrible.
There is, after all, nothing new to say about the human condition. There is nothing to say that
Shakespeare or Sophocles hasn’t already, inimitably, brilliantly, said. Codes of product, fashions in morality
and ethics, all may come and go. But what the human heart has desired - and feared – down the ages goes on
being very much the same. The novelist’s task is to follow the well-trodden, time-worn path of human hopes
and terrors. Never forget: betrayal may be as old as time, it may happen every nanosecond of every minute
that’s ever been, but the first time it happens to you feels like the first time in the history of the world. A cliché
is a cliché only if it is comfortably taking place in someone else’s life.
This empathy is vital in the writing of fiction. Coleridge’s view of the poet as prophet to the hungry
hordes is, in truth, a bit grand for me. I admire it, but I am not, personally, quite up to it. I am happier seeing the
novelist, sleeves rolled up, in the thick of it alongside the reader, bleeding when pricked, in just the same way
that the reader does. The only capacity I would claim is that I have an instinct to select, from everything I have
noticed in half a century’s beady-eyed people-watching, the telling detail, the apt phrase. I seem to be good at
the rhythms of dialogue. I seem to know how not to overwrite. But that is it really. Except that the older I get,
the more prepared I am to surrender and trust to the power of the unconscious mind. Maybe this is a modest
form of the secondary imagination, maybe not. Whatever it is, it produces a level and intensity of
communication that causes people to buy my books and write to me about them in numbers that I still can’t get
over.
What I do believe, fervently, is that we are all in this boat together – writer, reader, critic. I have a
tattered little quotation that lies on my desk and becomes more valuable to me as time goes on. It comes from
the autobiography of the celebrated nineteenth-century writer Anthony Trollope. He said many remarkable
things in this book, but my own personal favourite is on the subject of the novelist’s central preoccupation.
Trollope is not so much concerned with the landscape of the grand passions as with something else, something

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less glamorous perhaps, but just as intense and certainly more universal: ‘My task’, he wrote, ‘is to chronicle
those little daily lacerations upon the spirit.’
I feel a thrill of recognition every time I read that, or even think about it. That is what the writer’s life is
all about for me. The point of it is to emphasise that we are none of us immune to longing, or disappointment
(much under-rated, in my view, as a source for distress), or frustration, or idiotic hope, or bad behaviour. What
fiction does, in this difficult world, is to reassure us that we are not alone, nor we are (most of us) lost causes.
There is a theory that suffering strengthens and elevates us in a way that joy can never somehow do. I’m not so
sure about that. Isn’t it just that we have, on the whole, so much more suffering than joy that we have resolved,
out of our great surviving instinct, to insist that something worthwhile must be made of it? And isn’t fiction a
handrail, of a kind, which we can all grasp while we blunder about in the dark? Isn’t fiction written by people
for people about people? And is there a subject more fascinating or more important?
11. What view does the novelist express about creative writing courses?
A. A few good books emerge from them.
B. It would be inappropriate for her to teach on them.
C. Students are frustrated by the poor teaching on them.
D. Some aspects of writing skills can be successfully taught on them.
12. The novelist implies that a writer’s most valuable asset is ______.
A. an instinct for the unusual
B. a gift for meticulous observation
C. the ability to put a fresh interpretation on the everyday world
D. the ability to highlight sensational aspects of our existence
13. What is stated about writers in the third paragraph?
A. They should not exploit their readers’ fears.
B. They should revisit well-established themes.
C. They should be prepared to exaggerate their personal experience.
D. They should not try to keep pace with changes in literary tastes.
14. The phrase ‘the well-trodden, time-worn path’ refers to themes of writing that are ______.
A. familiar and long-standing B. extraordinary and profound
C. up-to-date and catchy D. simple and soulful
15. The word ‘prophet’ refers to writer as a(n) ______ person.
A. conservative B. receptive C. impartial D. emotional
16. The novelist states that one of her own strengths as a writer lies in ______.
A. her depiction of character B. her construction of plot
C. her command of language D. her knowledge of psychology
17. Why does novelist admire Anthony Trollope?
A. He portrays the fact that everyone suffers in some way.
B. He realises that all writers need a strong sense of place.
C. He understands that everyone craves deep emotion.
D. He is aware that all writers have a particular obsession.
18. The word ‘lacerations’ refers to ______ events.
A. exhilarating B. epoch-making C. pathetic D. trivial
19. The novelist describes fiction as ‘a handrail, of a kind’ because it ______.
A. reflects the negative aspects of emotion B. enables us to deal with failure
C. helps us make sense of complex events D. offers reassurance in an uncertain world
20. Which theme recurs in this text?
A. The need for novelists to avoid complex philosophical questions
B. The need for novelists to develop their writing techniques
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 C. The need for novelists to give an accurate reflection of the spirit of the time
D. The need for novelists to identify closely with readers’ preoccupations
The Vanishing Tourist
One day, there will be no more tourists. There will be adventurers, fieldwork assistants, volunteers and,
of course, travellers. There might still be those who quietly slip away to foreign lands for nothing more than
pure pleasure, but it will be a secretive and frowned upon pursuit. No one will want to own up to being on of
those. It might even be illegal .
Already tourists are discouraged from entering certain areas, and new names are being added to the list
of territories where we should fear to tread. The charitable organisation Tourism Concern identifies seven
countries as having areas that have been adversely affected by tourism. Tourists only wreak havoc. Tourists
only destroy the natural environment. Tourists only emasculate local cultures. Tourists bring nothing with
them but their money. They must be stopped at any price.
Yet less than 40 years ago, tourism was encouraged as an unquestionable good. With the arrival of the
package holiday and charter flights, tourism could at last be enjoyed by the masses. By the 1980s, tourism
was the largest and fastest-growing industry in the world and, by the end of the decade, 20 million Britons a
year went abroad on holiday.
It won’t be easy to wipe out this massive, ever growing tribe. Today there are more than 700m ‘tourist
arrivals’ each year. The World Tourism Organisation forecasts that, by 2020, there will be 1.56 billion
tourists travelling at any one time. The challenge to forcibly curtail more than a billion tourists from going
where they want to go is so immense as to be impossible. You cannot make so many economically
empowered people stop doing something they want to do unless you argue that it is of such extreme damage
to the welfare of the world that only the truly malicious, utterly selfish and totally irresponsible would ever
consider doing it. This is clearly absurd; whatever benefits or otherwise may accrue from tourism, it is not,
despite what a tiny minority say, evil. It can cause harm. It can be morally neutral. And it can, occasionally,
be a force for great good.
So the tourist is being attacked by more subtle methods: by being re-branded in the hope we won’t
recognise it as the unattractive entity it once was. The word ‘tourist’ is being removed from anything that
was once called a holiday in the pamphlet that was once called a holiday brochure. Of course, adventurers,
fieldwork assistants, volunteers and travellers don’t go on holidays. Un-tourists (as I will call them) go on
things called ‘cultural experiences’, ‘expeditions’, ‘projects’, ‘mini-ventures’ and, most tellingly, ‘missions’.
A Coral Cay Conservation Expedition flyer says: ‘The mission of any Coral Cay Conservation Volunteer is
to help sustain livelihoods and alleviate poverty.’
The word mission is apposite. While this re-branding is supposed to present a progressive,
modernistic approach to travel, in fact it is firmly rooted in the Victorian experience. Like Victorian
travellers, the modern day un-tourist insists that the main motive behind their adventure is to help others.
Whereas the mass tourist and the area they visit are condemned as anti-ethical and at loggerheads, the ethos
of the un-tourist and the needs of the area they wander into are presumed to be in tune with each other.
Environmental charity Earthwatch, which organises holidays for ‘volunteers’, assures that they will provide
‘life-changing’ opportunities for you and the environment ... See the world and give it a future.’
Un-tourists are very concerned about holding the moral high ground. Afraid of being tainted by
association, they avoid identifiably tourist structures, such as hotels. They prefer to stay in a tent, a cabin,
local-style houses such as yurts, thatched huts or, a typical example, ‘a traditional Malay wooden stilt
house’.These, they believe, are somehow more in keeping with something they call local culture. Local
culture is very important to the un-tourist, whereas the mass tourist is believed to both shun and obliterate it.
Un-tourism relies upon exclusivity; it is all about preventing other people travelling in order that you
might legitimise your own travels. Pretending you are not doing something that you actually are – going on
holiday – is at the heart of the un-tourist endeavour. Every aspect of the experience has to be disguised. Gone
are the glossy brochures. Instead, the expeditions, projects and adventures are advertised in publications
more likely to resemble magazines with a concern in ecological or cultural issues. The price is usually well
hidden, as if there is a reluctance to admit that this is, in essence, a commercial transaction. There is
something unedifying about having to pay to do good.

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1. What does the passage suggest about tourists in the future?
A. They will try to minimize risks of being recognized as tourists.
B. They will assume various responsibilities and fulfill them.
C. They will travel stealthily and follow fixed modes of behaviour.
D. They will eschew tourism as a way of entertaining themselves.
2. In the second paragraph, what said about tourism is closest to a method of
A. self-correcting B. fault-finding C. castigating D. acclaiming
3. The second paragraph is most probably to disprove
A. tourists’ disregard for local cultures. B. tourism’s benefits to indigenous people.
C. the value of tourism. D. the toll tourists leave on visited areas.
4. The word “emasculate” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. fortify B. vitiate C. homogenize D. reverberate
5. A reason cited by the author for the hardships in stopping tourism is that
A. tourists are not awakened to the lack of morality in their pursuits.
B. financial freedom gives people the right to do things at their pleasure.
C. advocates of stopping tourism are less affluent than mass tourists.
D. arguments against it are unanswerable.
6. What does the writer suggest about tourism?
A. Up to the moment of writing, tourism had always been promoted.
B. It involves nefarious people travelling to quench their insatiable thirst for knowledge.
C. Its benefits have intrigued adventurers and laypersons alike.
D. Tourists may have recourse to so-called purposes to disguise their true motives.
7. Which phrase in the sixth paragraph best reflects the nature of the relationship between un-tourists and
local areas?
A. at loggerheads
B. presumed to be in tune
C. rooted in the Victorian experience
D. supposed to present a progressive, modernistic approach
8. The writer demonstrates a point that un-tourists:
A. are aesthetically attracted by environmentally-friendly types of accommodation while travelling.
B. attach adequate importance to the development and preservation of local cultures.
C. have an inclination to believe that what they do when travelling has beneficial effects.
D. represent a positive trend which correlates with the new approach to halting tourism.
9. It can be implied that efforts made by un-tourists are fundamentally aimed at
A. masking their primary purposes for travelling.
B. demotivizing other people with regard to travelling.
C. masquerading as well-meaning travellers.
D. promoting local cultures in places they visit.
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method used by un-tourists to achieve their goals?
A. associating travel with purposes different from pure pleasure.
B. publicizing their missions in magazines.
C. concealing the prices involved in their travels.
D. shunning places recognizable as accommodation for tourists.

List of Headings

i. Potential production capabilities of vertical farms

ii. Opposition to new ideas about food production
iii. A successful application of vertical farming technology
iv. The potential to provide urgent relief
v. The original inspiration for vertical farming
vi. Various environmental benefits of vertical farming

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 vii. An increasing problem for farmers worldwide
viii. A return to traditional farming methods
ix. A rising demand for food

Skyscraper Farming
With a global food crisis predicted, a group of scientists is advocating an innovative alternative to conventional
farming that could radically transform the way that food is produced .
A_____
Today's environment scientists are in no doubt that the world's resources of fertile sol are rapidly deteriorating,
and that new land for agriculture is becoming ever more sparse Intensive farming urbanisation, desertification
and sea-level rises are all putting growing pressure on the planers agricultural land and therefore on food
supplies. Currently 24 per cent of the worlds 11.5 billion hectares of cultivated land has already undergone
human- induced soil degradation particularly through erosion, according to a recent study by the UK
Government Office for Science.
B_____
The global population is expected to exceed nine billion by 2050 - up a third from today's level and studies
suggest that food production will have to go up by 70 per cent if we are to feed all of those new mouths This
means that scientists will have to develop new ways of growing crops if we are to avoid a humanitarian crisis.
Indeed, UN Food and Agriculture Organization figures suggest that the number of undernourished people is
already growing. And with escalating climate change, crop yields in many areas have been projected to decline
C_____
With this in mind, some scientists and agricultural experts are advocating an innovative alternative to
traditional farming whereby skyscrapers packed with shelf-based systems for growing vegetables on each
storey -known as 'vertical farms' - could hold the key to revolutionising agriculture. Columbia University
professor Dickson Despommier claims that vertical farming could boost crop yields many times over. A single
20-storey vertical farm could theoretically feed 50 000 people, according to Despommier. And if the theory
translates Into realty as proposed. 160 skyscraper-sized vertical farms could feed the entire population of New
York City, while 180 would be needed to feed London, 289 to feed Cairo and 302 to feed Kolkata a.
D_____
It's a compelling vision, and one that has already been put into practice in Asia. Albeit on a smaller scale But
there are problems, such as initial investment and operating costs that are too great' says a spokesman for
Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Nevertheless Tokyo-based mushroom producer Hokuto
Corporation is a model example of how a vertical farm can be profitable. With 28 vertical mushroom farms
operating across the country, it produces some 68,000 tonnes of mushrooms annually. Vertical mushroom fams
have more advantages than ground-level farms,' says Hokuto's Ted Yamanoko. Yamanoko goes on to highlight
the relative cost-effectiveness of his organisation's farming practices together with reduced emissions of
greenhouse gases
E_____
And the impact of vertical farms could extend beyond feeding established urban populations. Despommier sees
them as being capable of helping centres of displaced persons - such as refugee camps - in much the same way
that Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) units are deployed in emergency situations. "Developing an
emergencyresponse system for crop production inside specially constructed modular and highly transportable
greenhouses would allow for humanitarian interventions, at least tor refuges that are forced out of their
countries by political tumor, he says. If you have three or four storeys of food already growing some place, they
could become mobile units that could be picked up by helicopters and dropped into the middle of a crisis zone.
The food would be ready to pick and eat. It could be designed to supply people with all the nutrition they need
to make it through the crisis."
F_____
But it isn't only about increasing food production. Despommier is concerned about the harm which farming has
done to the world's landscape over a relatively short time span, particularly the elimination of hardwood forests.
Farming is only 12,000 years old, 'he points allow US for the first time to feed everyone on earth and still return
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land to its original ecological function.' Natalie Jeremijenko, associate professor at New York University,
agrees. The challenge that we have now is how we can design urban agriculture systems that not only reduce
food miles, but also improve the world's ecosystems,' she says. By significantly reducing the amount of land
required for food production, vertical farms could help to enrich biodiversity. And according to Jeremijenko,
this can, in turn, help to improve the productivity of conventional farms, as the health of agricultural land is
often tied to the health of the surrounding ecosystems. Furthermore, vertical farming could dramatically cut the
utilisation of fossil fuels. And also reduce geopolitical tensions in countries where poor farming conditions
cause conflict and malnutrition.

SENTENCE REWRITING
207. We’ve decided to replace those plastic shower curtains with these rubber ones. (SUBSTITUTE)
→We
208. Somebody has stolen all Miranda’s jewellery. (ROBBED)
→Miranda
209. Nothing ever frightens him. (AFRAID)
→He
210. It’s not my habit to get up quite so early as this. (USED)
→I am
211. Everything went well that morning. (NOTHING)
→
212. A portion of strawberries and cream costs a lot in the café. (CHARGES)
→The café
213. How likely am I to pass the examination, do you think? (CHANCE)
→What
214. He had no idea how difficult the exercise would be until he was half way through it.
→Only
215. Further progress was impossible because of the floods.
→The floods
216. As he rose to speak, the crowd began cheering.
→The cheering

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