“a1. Introduction. 19.2. Classification or {84 Description of common types of tubing between impulse and reaction turbines. 197. In s22—Blade velocity co-eticient- Expres for a single stage impuise ‘urbne— Advant ve 19.9. Turbines efficiene! faint locus” and “Reheat factor”. 19.12. Reheating a 1315, Steam turbine governing and control. 19.16, Treoretcal Questons—Unsolved Examplos 1H nTRODUCTION The steam turbine is a prime-mover in which the seanal energy of the steam is transformed into } inetic and latter in its turn is transformed into the ical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. The shaft, directly or with the help of a reduction connected with the driven mechanism. Distding on the type of the driven mechanism a steam itt may be utilised in most diverse fields of industry, ‘(Rat aeneration and for transport. Transformation of PZsstial energy of steam into the mechanical energy of "Ses of the shaft is brought about by different means raneg ERI cussirication oF STEAM TURBINES yp ATE ate several ways in which the steam turbines 2ptdssiied. The most important and common division Tespect to the action of the steam, a5 : {2) Impulse. ‘t) Reaction, (©) Combination of impulse and reaction. lassification are Se with } According to the number of pressure stages ‘Single stage turbines with one or more velocity e8es usually of small power capacities ; these ines are mostly used for driving centrifugal ‘“aipressors, blowers and other similar machinery. Steam Turbines "3. 19.5. Methods of 1 Pulse turbines — 107 for optimum value ef 1 108 of velocity Compared wo ly Garam Io react urn tiate—Deg 19.10. Types of power in steam tu sam. 19.13. Bleedin Special forms of steam tu 19.3, Advantages of steam turbine over feducing wheel or rotor epead. 19.6 Valoraty Aisa ton te he rain of tae im engines. Ditference ‘ua tlle ate torn tn tia Di Neath spi ar mantra tenia Orca vantages of valor cf reacion (Pay bine practice. 19.11. "State 9. 19.14. Energy losses In steam turbines, bInes. Highlights —Objectts Typo Quastions (t) Muttextage impulse and renction turbines ; they fare made in a wide range of pawer capa varying from small to large. cities 2. According ta 0 dire 1 of steam flow (i) Axial turbines in which steam flows in a direction Parallel to the axis of the turbine. Wii) Radial turbines in which steam flows in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the turbine, ‘one or more low-pressure stages in such turbines are made axial. 43. According to the number of eylinders : i) Single cylinder turbines. (i) Double evlinder turbines (iti) Three cylinder turbines. Gv) Four cylinder turbines Multi-cylinder turbines which have their rotors mounted on oni and the same shaft and coupled to a single generator are known as single shaft turbines : turbines with separate rotor shafts for each cylinder placed parallel ty ‘each other are known as multiaxial turbines. 4. According to the method of governing : (i) Turbines with throttle governing in which fresh steam enters through one or more (depending on. the power developed) simultaneously operated throttle valves i) Turbines with nozzle governing in which fresh steam enters through two or more consecutively pening regulatorsA000) Diarbanes wath toy yon noweraanngs an volte ote tuutnines Huston betnye deat te tls fieot ote calor sleet) feat tae ane, fave an owen titer ten Anata Twestinys, hes nuatbiee ab sult este (ions astaly Foti: Wane Phare wale 89) The hatent heat af ‘esTyauint ote shuns the toon af eononmatton, te completely fst an those tutti: (us Cul tage e010 nnd beatings pepe ny turbans wath one tw vas al mpl resntire U0) Hack pressure tartanes, (be exh which ay aitiltsed for andante nal ta this (ype of turhines & lstive ) tushines with he-eshaust stents of whieh ra peace pnp hese tuaboanes ae ea ot Uh naire Hype ithe the difference Chat the te furth added una a otortoratedd yeu (40) Pyppins tur banen ack eral, apernte at Highs wutial conditions of steamy pressure and temperature, and ate aunty used durin extotimian of pawer station capacities, willl a view to obLan better efficiencies (0) Back pressure tasbunes with stounn evteactian from Iter meatuate stages a specific pronaure ‘ot Uns tv 1 for saan the With stow of various pressiires (oi) Law pressury turbo trom presses, ete Dulrpaone won Mi preatinye steam engines, power hammers, in utilised for power generation J pressure turbines with wi with ni stages or threw ply of extnust steam to 6 According to steam conditions at inlet to ) Low pressure turbines, using, ste of L202 ata, ) Medium pressure turbines, using at pressures of upto 40 ata pressure at G10) High pressure turbines, tilising pressures above 40 ata Tih Baa ; —— a] yon Tanbanen of ery Hh i a at aie ee peratures of 660°C and highep, 2M a cry high pressures, uti tw 0 Turbine at presnures of 2 1f nupererttival pressures, nl and abo ie industry ; Uy Stationary turbines with constant apegg rutatton primarsly use for driving alta Un Stationary steam turbines with variable g urbo-blowers, air cru Git) Nan stationary turbines with variable spay janes of this Lype are usually emplejedg ers, ships and railway locomotives ADVANTAGES OF STEAM TURBINE OvER STEAM ENGINES ‘The fallowing. are the principal advantages of stan turbine over steam enginen JéThe thermal effc higher thas 4/The power generation in a steam turbine ists niform rate, thervfare nevessity to use a fywbed (avs inthe cane of stenm engine) is mot fe 3, Much higher speeds and greater range of sped is posible than in caso of a steam engine. sney ofa stenm turbine is mad that of « steam engine, 4. In large thermal stations where we need hist ‘outputs, the stenm turbines prove very slat fat «cunt e made in big sizes, With tho ubsenee of reciprocating parts (a it steam engine) the b ial nygproblemisn GANo internal lubrication ix required as there a no rubbing. parts in the steam turbine 7. In a steam turbine there is no loss due toatl condensation of stem, 8. cum utilise high vacuum very advantage 9. Considerable overloads ean be earried at pense of wight reduction in overall fie DESCRIPTION OF common TYPES OF TURBINES ‘The common types of steam turbines are: . Simple impulse turbine. 2. Reaction turbine. ‘The main dittere, ie She ty ich the see ge 2 ich the steam ix expanded wh Rirouh them. In the farmer type steam expand ™ hy Fan tts pressure doen not alter ax it moves= cial smal hy te the taal th nae, then iL 1) 00 the wat dep wowing lado vin Genwrally, the uayglen ant 6 ane nearly equal for tmpulse tur buve weal Honea HL ean eately be assumed hist no constant yy thal oo ok fagesd blake 10 oo ge effickeney ' Work dane on blade por ky af atonin Hut, Gy cn MP LP LM Cy ens Cy oe" Totabewensy supplied per kya rte From oan ta, Gy 2 Cen ee Cyt KZ) CulOn, *Coy? Wo know that, 5 any Uh = hal Made effie “ae < orale efficiency = 1 : Now 2 hy) ap iatC pense Cyt KA) Aho Agape = Hlade eMfcteney ic nidzale elficieney uw of WC, Ou) ot Mp con pA KZ) thy hy pleas pal KZ) soli) ClO, Cay) whore p< CH in the ratio of blade med to steam speed and Uy hy) Cy The axial thrust on the wheel is due to difference aeen the velocities af flow at entrance and outlet Axial foree on the wheel For pmiticular impulw turbine uw, K and Z may a fawnumed to be constant and from equation (id it ean be 1 clearly that 9), depend on the value of p only, Hence arity, -C),) 29.6) differentinting (10, ts commonly called ss “Blade apeed ratio” = Mass of steam » axial acee Theatial furve on the wheel must be balanced or must ny ets by @ thrust bearing Ww 2 (eos eBid + KZ) Energy converted to heat by blade frietion aie “los of kinetic energy during flow over blade nee or minimum value of, this should be 20r0 emiC,?- 6,2) ag.) — | cone 2p20, 2 pe MS UZ-Blade Velocity Co-ellicient 7 : Jn an impulse turbine, if friction is cted the PM x ONT + RZ) = = At + KZ) mh Now, Yatwe velocity will remain unaltered as iL passes over dp! Sk In praca tho aw stn over the be i juantity wad thus the value so obtained Mise by friction. ‘The effeet of the fri Serehtuve velocity of s whieh in a neti in the maximum. mn ix to reduce: ‘over the blades, it passe ptimuum value of ratio of blade speed to steam speed “oneral there is a loss of 10 ta 16 per cent in the relative Optimum value of ratio of blade speed to steam speed oe Owing to friction in the blades, Cr is less than coset me 19.8 and we may write Post * =F 19.8) 6, of total work a2 where n is the number of moving/rotating hlade rows in As the number of rows increases, the utility of last ses, In practice, more than two rows are hardly Advantages of Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine 1, Owing to relatively lange heat drop, a velocity- compounded impulse turbine requires a compara- tively small number of stages. . Due to number of stages being small, its cost is less 3. As the number of moving blades’ rows in a wheel increases, the maximum stage efficiency and optimum value of p decreases. 4. Since the steam temperature is sufficiently low in a two or three row wheel, therefore, cast iron cylinder may be used. This will cause saving in material cost. 19.7.6, Disadvantages of Velocily Compounded Impulse * Turbine 1. Ithas high steam consumption and low efficiency, 2. Ina single row wheel, the steam temperature is high so cast iron cylinder cannot be used due to phenomenon ofgrowth -cast steel cylinder 18 used which 1s costlier than cost iron, Example 19.1.A stage of a strom turbine is supplied with steam at a pressure of 66 bur and 350°C, and exhausts at a pressure of 3 bar. The isentrome efficiency of the staye ix O82 and the steam consumption is 2270 kalmin. Deterinine the pescer outpul of the stage ~ Wigs Solu P= 60 bar, a20%6 Pye Shar ion. Stoam supply pressure, Exhaust pressure Isentropic efficiency af the stage, Neaage ® 082 m, = 2270 kefein Steam consumption, Power output of the stage, F Refer to Fig, 19.12. b Fig. 1. From Mollier chart : hy = 9130.7 keS/kg of steam hey = 2640 kJ /cg of steam Isentropic heat drop = hy ~ hy = 3130.7 - 2640 = 490.7 kJ/kg Actual heat drop = hy hy! But, n, Ay = hy’ len tgs) = hn 490.7 om 0.82 x 490.7 = 402.4 kik2270 = TO sora wa 60 B22 KW. (Ang) p192-ln 0 DeLaval turbine steam ienang y Miha celocity of 1200 tan The noesie an em srten blade elocity t8 100 m/s, and the in ge pagis of blades are cquall. The mass of stew flowing theurbine per hour is 1000 ke Calertene” Monn «Blade angles safelatie velocity of steam entering the blades, 4) Tangential force on the blades, Power developed. Blade efficiency. Toke blade velocity co-efficient as OB. ®. Absolute velocity of steam entering the blade, 120 mis Nore blade, 20" Mean blade velocity, C,, = 400 m/s Inlet blade angle, 8 = Outlet blade angle, 9 Bude velocity co-efficient, K = 0.8 Mhss of steam flowing through the turbine, m, = 1000 kg/h, Ieferto Fig. 19.13. Procedure of drawing the inlet and “strangles (LMS and LMN) respectively is as follows : C=C. 40 = 1310ms. Fig. 19.2138 * Select a suitable scale and draw line LM to Tepresent C,,(= 400 m/s). * At point 2 make angle of 20° (a) and cut en Sto represent velocity C(= 1200 ms Join MS- ‘duce Mf to meet the perpensdicular dra Sat P. Thus inlet triangle is complet ®s measurement ©, = MS = 830 m/s : (given) Now, 0.8 x 830 = 664 m/s * Atpoint AY make an angle of 30" (@) and ca the length MV to represent Cr, (= 664 i in DN, {luce L to meet the perpendicular drow! NacQ'Thus outlet triangle i come G Bla le angles 0, ¢ As the blades are symmetrical (given) 0=0=30% (Ans) (in) Relative clocity of steam entering the Blades, C ©, = MS = 880 min, (Ans.) ‘ii Tangential force on the blades Tangential force 1000 = Muy, +0,,) = Cu, Cy) = OE 11310) 363.8.N. ‘Ans.) Ue) Power developed, P PMC y, +O. ICy 1000 1310 x 400 © 6060 * “i009 KW = 145.5 kW. (Ans. ‘e) Blade efficieney, n, wily, +Cy,) 2 400% 1310 Feet rasa? = 728%. (Ans) Example 19.3. The velocity of steam exiting the nozzle of the impulse stage ofa turbine is 400 mls. The blades operate close to the maximum blading efficiency. The nozele angle is 20°. Considering equiangular blades and neglecting blade friction, calculate for a steam flow of 0.6. kgs, the diagram power and the diagram efficiency. (GATE) Solution. Given : C, = 400 m/s, a = 20°, 0 = 95 0 For maximum blade efficiency, 0.6 keys, or Cy = 1879 ms Ce, = C, c0s a = 400 cos 20° = 375.9 mvs Gj, =C; sin a = 400 sin 20° = 136.8 m/s = 0.727 & 136.8 tan = Cu * FEI 1673 0 = tan! (0.727) = 36" Now, CG, sin@=C, or C, aa = 232.7 ms sin 3" Now neglecting friction,Fig. 19.16 ice the blades are equiangular, therefore, v=o Cu 237.7 0s 36° — 187.9 = 0.36 m/s =, +C,, = 875.9 + 0.36 376.26 mvs Diagram power, C, cos 36) P= miCy, +Cy,) Cy X10 KW. 0.6 x 376.26 x 187.9 x 107 2.4 KW. (Ans.) Blade or diagram efficiency, 2uj(Cu, + Cay) Cy _ 21879 37626 aaetea (40071 = 0.884 or 88.4% (Ans.) Example 19.4.A single stage steam turbine is supplied with steam at 5 bar, 200°C at the rate of 50 hgimin. It expands into a condenser at a pressure of 0.2 bar. The blade speed is 400 nis. The nozzles are inclined at an angle of 20° to the plane of the wheel and the outlet blade angle is 30°, Neglecting friction losses, determine the power developed, blade efficiency, and stage efficiency. (PSC) Solution. Given : py = 5 bar, 200°C ; p, = 0.2 bar, 'm, = 50 kg/min, C,, = 400 m/s ; a= 20°, 9 = 90"; C, =C, (because friction losses are neglected) Refer to Fig, 19.15, From steam tables : ALS bar, 200°C: Thy = 2856.4 kilkg; sy = 7.0592 keg K AL0.2 bar : hy, = OLB Kile, hg, = 2958.4 kTIkg 47, = 0.892 kdike K ; 5), = 7.0773 kllkg K Since the steam expansion takes place isentropically Th a=% or 7.0592 = 0.8321 + x, « 7.0773 1.0592 - 0.8321 or = pr 7 0.88 70773 THERA Bi meth Enthalpy of steam at 0.2 bar, A, hy, +81 "Ye, 251.5 + 0.88 x 2858.4 2326.9 kM Enthalpy drop = hh, ~ hy = 2855-4 ~ 2326.9 = 5285 katy Velocity of steam entering the blades, 44.7 Jy ~ h 4.7 5285 = 1028 my ‘The velocity diagram is shown in Fig. 19.15 Now, — C,, = 1028 cos 20° = 966 mis ~ [028 cos 20° - 400 a o @ = tan” (0.6212) = 31.85" C,, 608 30° ~ Cy, 666 cos 30° — 400 = Power developed, Pe ti Cy, +Cu,) Cy & (966.6 17 x 400 x 107K = 381 kW. (Ans.) Blade efficiency, WiC, + Cu) CF = 2%400x(966-+177) (1028)? = 0.865 or 86.5% (Ans-)ges o. a oer efficiency ad = blade efficienc ‘are no losses, therefore, 5%. (Ans) yo5. The following data relate to a single stage ‘ceo vloetly = 600 mis ; spade speed 50 mis eal ona 20"; piede outlet arate Aigeting the effect of fietion, caleulate the work Marthe turbine for the steam flow rate of 20 kyl 0 joe the axial thrust on the bearings. sere. Absolute velocity of steam entering the blade > 0 lade speed, Cy, = 250 ans ; Nozzle angle, lade outlet angle, ¢ = 25" ; Steam flow rate, 20 kels Refer to Fig. 19.16. 4 Trangle LMS is drawn with the above data. Then angle LMN ic., 6 = 25° is drawn such that IWeNS tbecause effect of friction is to be neglected i.e. n «Join LN by vector C, which represents the velocity ‘seam at outlet from the wheel, This completes both inlet and outlet triangles. Example 19.6. A single row umpuler tur LI2.4 KW at a blade speed of 176 mis, user 2 be of sear 1m leaves the nozzle at 400 mls Velocity cosfficr of the blades is 0.9 Steam leaves the turbine blade Determine nozzle angle, blade angles et ¢ exit, assuming no shock Solution. Power developed, Blade speed, G P1324 kW 175 mls fn, = Bkeds am used, 400 ms Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle. Blade velocity co-efficient, K = 09 Power developed, (Cu, Cu) 4 Ot iw Pe, nage Ron ees AI ee 7000 1324 7 1000 or Cu, * 182A 7100 1 375 mis Co 27176 ie Gq, = 0, since the discharge is axial. Construct the velocity diagrem as shown in Fig. 19.17, io In this diagram = 0.9, B = 90", since the c, discharge is axial ; and Fig. 19.16 By measurement : C= Coy + Cay = 655 ms Cy, = 200 mls Work developed, W ? We rng Cy, + Cay) Cu = 20 * 655 % 250 = 3275000 Nin/s. (Ans) Avial thrust : ‘Axial thrust Cj, = 160 mis. LACp, ~ Cj) = 201200 - 160) =800N, (Ans) Fig. 19.17 From the diagram (by measurement) : Nozzle angle, Blade inlet angle, Blade outlet angle, 9-32, (Ans) Example 19.7. A simple impulse turbine has ¢ mean blade speed of 200 mils, The nozzles are inclined at 20° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity from nozzles iis 600 mls. The turbine uses 3500 kgih of steam. The absolute velocity at exit ts along the axits of the turbine. Determine : (i) The tnlet and exit angles of the blades. (ii) The power output of the turbine.ni) The diagram efficieney. ie) The axial thrust (per ky steam per second). Assume inlet anil outlet angles to be equal. (UPS.C) 600 mls 5 Solution. Given : Cy = 200 mis ; a = 20"; C, im, = 3600 kgf ; [l= 90" 0 P Inlet and exit angles of the blades, 0, 0+ Refer to Fig. 19.18 Fiy. 19.18 C;, sin 20° = 600 sin 20° = 205.2 m/s oo PM ~ ©, c0s20°-Cy, 2052 = G00e0=20°= 200 ~ 84 @ = tan! (0.564) = 29.4%, (Ans.) Also o=0 (Given) 922947, (Ans) Uo The power output of the turbine, P : P= Milly, tC) Cy = 3500 3600 = 109.6 kW. (Ans) (C,, = 0, since the discharge is axial) (600 cos 20° + 0) x 200 x 10° kW (ii) The blade or diagram effi ulCuy +Cu,) MEY, Nyy? = 0.626 or 62.6% (Ans.) (iv) The axial thrust (per kg steam per second) : ‘The axial thrust per kg per second 1x (Cy -C,).N C; sin 20° = 600 sin 20° = 205.2 ms. where tan 29.4" Cj, = 2007 tan 29.4" = 112.69 mis ~ ‘Subatituting the values, we Axial thrust (per ky steam per seeond; = 1 x (205.2 112.69) = 92.51 N, ex Example 19.4, Steam with absolute velocity of ay, is supplied through a nozzle to a single stage in = Fine The nozzle ontle is 25°. The mean diameter et lade rotor is I metre and it has a speed of 2000 rpm po, suitable blade angles for zero axial thrust. If the bing teloeity co-efficient is 0.9 and the steam flow rate is 164g calculate the power developed. i, Solution. Absolute velocity of steam entering the bles, a (Ang) ©, = 300 m/s Nozzle angle, a= 25 Mean diameter of the rotor blade, D=1m Speed of the rotor, N=2000rpn Blade velocity co-efficient, Steam flow rate, Blade angles : IN Blade speed, C,, = Fig. 19.19 — With the above data (i.e., C, = 300 ms. Cy = 105 m/s and a = 26°) draw triangle (Fig. 19.19). From $ draw perpendicular SP ® LM produced. Measure Cy. From $ draw a line parallel to LP (2 =“) and from point Mf draw an are eqvl C,(=09C,) to get the point of intersetion¥ Complete the triangle LMN. From N drs perpendicular NQ on PL produced to get “le ___ Measure @ and @ (the blade angles) from the v= diagram. 97° and 6 = 42", (Ans.)ee ownr aevetoped. P ml, OI Cy r io 10» 406 » 105 con AL MW. Ans 10.9, Ire un tnipualve trie Ceuth a santo ron neon daracter of the blades 46 £05 m andl th om pin The resets ante wn TBE the satin 1 edtosteas speed 00 Cand the ratwvn the relat penlet froin He blades tr Usa at inlet is O44 Phe eof the bade 12 to be rneie Voss than the wulet Fhe steam flew te 10 Fails Dew the orteedty duageam wh derive the following Tan isAnual thrust on the blades ullant thrust on the blade post" hal thrust on the blades es Power developed in the bludes Wo) Blading ficiency wu ovion, Mean dhometer of the blade, 2» 10 m Spee af the turbine NV © 2000 rp. Norale ae Ratio of a : pe ose ati, = Ont Outlet blade angle. 08 Steam flow rate im,» 10 kis Blade xpred, d 2000 yn DN 1000 464.5 min 60 60 G st {£0.42 igiven) G * Cy 164.6 Gy INE 99 ave oan 0.42 = With the data, © 492 m/s: = 18%, complete ALMS 30° (on aeanuremen’) y= a0" 4-27", Now complete the ALMIN by takinst ex 27 und C,, © O84 Cy 7 1 ae abown in era Ne aga0 ally complete the whole the blades: ingential thrust 6 ‘Tangential thrust SEC, #6.) 10 9390 © 900 Ne Ane iD i wip Dee my) - o “ - Vig tz 40) Adal ij Arial tharvst mi Ce WO 260M. Hay Rewaltvet Girnet thw Hosuttant that = etinnn! «zstu? 00K Ane us Power a ae my OO WOE AI Me jon Ww ALB IW. (Ane fo lading efficteneys tr & D geass ‘sua! " ty = watt. 10.10, Ta a otagte of empulee reactian turbine tAnwa Kxample prrennaded with sanyile rom Iden tn Dn Hera at 000 + pean ‘The vtean (oats fron the nazcle ut a vrtarity uf 00) rate ane the nncste angie vs (The rotor aden are epuiangular The blade frctian Juctor in Ht Determine the prarer developed if the aetal Pirwet on the end bearings of a rater bs LEN. Solution. Mean diameter of the blades, 27 N= 000 ¢ pa. ny, fram the nae, hort, the mean ehsmeter of the 1 860 snl Nozale angel wee Blade ungle ey friction fnetor, Ko 086 Axial thrust 90") Now, paver developed. C.-C.) eeu = kW 1000 1 320 «157 STA 5205157 _ gs.6 kW, (Ans, 7 6 kW. (Ans.) Example 19.11. A simple impulse turbine has one ring of moving blades running at 150 m/s. The absolute velocity Of steam at ext from the staze ts 85 m/s at an angle of SO" from the tangential direction. Blade veloctty co-fficient is 0.82 and the rate of steam flowing through the stage is 25 he’s If the blades are equiongular, determine : () Biade angles; il) Neczle angle ; ust) Absolute velocity of steam usuing from the nozzle; (io) Ariel thrust Solution. Blade velocity, Cy, = 160 m/s Absolute velocity of steam at exit from the stage, Cy 85 mis Angle, Blade velocity co-efficient, K B= or ee =082 Tate of steam owing through the stag, 5 ba fi abate die te lly Cthnc 2 can be sain Alon ge G,, can be obtained which helps to get thes, of G, wath the help of given value of 46 y these values having being known the igus velocity Inmangle of the velocity diagram ean i. completed to get the value of C), the abeiag velocity of steam issuing from the moza xox value of axl thrust ean also be calculated To, Fig 19.22 gives the veloaty diagram 1 ve turbine stage to a suitable scale — From the outlet velocity ALIN By measurement, “ C, (Blades angles ¥, 6 @ = 0 = blade angles = 27". (Ans) By measurement (ui) Nozzle angle, « By measurement ; nozzle angle, a = 16". (Ans! \Ui) Absolute velocity, C, : Absolute velocity of steam issuing from the »==* C,= 366 ms (by measurement). “* (ie) Axial thrust : # Axial thrust = 1,(C, -C;,) , = 25 (102-842 45N. A Example 19.12. One stage of an impulse turbine cow conversing nozzle ring and one ring of moving Boks ozcles are inclined at 22° to the blades whose tp 0% both 35° If the velocity of steam at exit from naszle 8 find the blade speed so that the stears passes 0° 8), shock. Find the diagram efficiency neglecting 10808 <¢ blades are run at this speed. neePix. 9.23 Incase ofimpulse turbine, maximum Blade efficiency, (ae [Ban. (19.19)) are neglected) (Blades are equiangular) mae Ee = costa 0.86 or 86% (Ans) Also, (Eqn. (19.8)) Gu | c0s.22" * Su = 0.4636 q Cy = C, * 0.4636 660 x 0.4636 = 906 m/s. (Ans.) “Example 19.13. In a single stage impulse turbine the rean diameter of the blade ning is 1 metre and the rotational (Ped ts 2000 r p.rn. The steam is issued from the nozzle at *inisand nozzle angle is 20°. The blades are equiangular. He friction loss n the blade channel is 19% ofthe hint "ray corresponding to the relative velocity at the inlet to Kats haath power developed in the Blading when Ce tetl thrust on the blades ts 98 N ? “lation, Mean diameter of the blade ring, D=im Speed of the turbine, 23000 rpm. Absolute velocity of steam jasuing from the nozzle, C, = 300 m/s Nozzle angle, a= 20° Blade angles are equiangular, o=9 Friction losw in the blade ehannel = 19% hen 6, <0-019 6, = 081.6, Axial thrust on the blades = O8N Power developed, Ps Blade np DN, 8x123000 157.3 mvs 60 60 Also © O(giveny Now, velocity diagram is drawn to a euitable scale us shown in Fig, 19.24 Pig. 19.24 By measurement (from diagram) ; Cy = 263.5 m/s ; Cy, = 54 mls Cp, = 100.5 m/s Cj, = 81 mia Axial thrust 98 = rit, (100.5 - 81) 98 ** 7005-61 = Power developed, pe Tila ** . 1000 5.025 (283.6 - 64) x 167.1 z 1000 Example 19.14. Show that the maximum possible efficiency of a De-Laval steam turbine is 88.5% when nozzle angle is 20". Deduce the formula used. Solution. Maximum possible efficiency, Nas = Nozzle angle, a = 20° ‘Maximum possible efficiency of a De-Laval turbine (impulse turbine) = cos? a, where «is the nozzle angle, 2 May 6082 20° = (09396)? = 0.883 = 88.8% (Proved. For derivation of the formula used refer to Article 19.7, Example 19.15. [1 a simple impulse turbine the nozzles are inclined at 20° to the direction of motion of the moving blades. The steam leaves the nozzle at 375 m/s, The blade elocity is 165 mls, Calculate suitable inlet and outlct angles = mn(C, -C),) 025 kg Cy OB > 904) 181.2 kW. (Ans) 8.3%THERMAL ENGneem> for the blades im order thatthe ail thrast 48 sre, Thy pindevlostycootcon,— K=085(- Se) relat teloct ofstramasit flows over the blades te reduce ey by 15% by friction, Also, determine the potcer devetoped for ee a fn rate of 10 kel 2% of maximum blade efgg, Solution, Nozzles, = 20" ~ Velocity of steam issuing from the nozzles, foe pete 6 | C= 375 ms Se Blade speeds eg Maximum blade efficiency is given by : Axial thrust = rerv ie C,=C, ae | eo 1+ KZ) (Eqn 939) | G = (1 0.15) = 0.85, te,, 154 loss due to friction, : : fi EOE 14 KyasZ= OE steam low rate, m, = 10 kw/s 2 e030 2097 | Inlet and outlet angles : ca a eee With the above given data, draw velocity diagram to 2 ; a suitable scale as shown in Fig. 19.26. ‘The actual efficiency of the turbine | = 0.92 x 0.816 = 0.75 ‘The blade efficiency of a single stage impulse turbine is given by be relation, Thy = 2 (1 + Kip x cos o =p?) 0.75 = 2(1 + 0.85Xp x cos 20° — p?) 0.75 = 2 x 1.85(0.94 p - p%) | 0.203 = 0.94 p — p' p?— 0.94 p + 0.203 co 0.94 + (0.94)? - 4x 0.203 _ 09440257 2 t Figg 1925 2 By measurement (from velocity diagram), . Bes 0808 070.336 Hence possible ratio, p = 0.603 or 0.836. (Aas) 5° «© Example 19.17. The following data refer toasinglestaet o=4e }. (Ans) impulse turbine 00" _ Isentropic nozzle heat drop = 251 kalikg ; no — efficiency = 90% ; nozzle angle = 20° ; ratio of blade speed? whirl component of steam speed = 0.5 ; blade velit Also, Cy, 24 m/s covefficient = 0.9 ; the velocity of steam entering the (By measurement) ~29 mls. i; Power developed, he ston nermine #0) The blade angles at intet and out RIGChitG: vig cy the steam enters into the blades without shock and leat! EH Meh *C Cu MCs the blades in an axial dircetion 1000 : 1O(S5A + (- 2401 165 _ gg {id Blade efficiency. oe = 544.5 KW. CAns.s | a Power developed and axial thrust ifthe steam of Example 19.16. In a single stage impulse turbine ae cng Son ke mi eet pare Solution. estrone os sflcient for Blade is 085. Find masimum blade effieeny Nozzle efficiency, Ngaete = 20% possible. Ifthe actual blade efficiency is 92% of the : Nozzle as a blade efficiency find the possib eae hee m Bad efit, find the posible rato of bade sped te steam Ratio of blade speed to whirl component of #3” 5 speed = 0.5 meen Solution. Nozzle angle, i Blade angles are equal ie., Varalaity coeticint, eo Velocity of steam entering the nozzle = 20™*TURGINES VF asne erates Noatle efficiency is given by * Draw a perpendicular line through point L to the line LM. From M cut an arc of radius 6.93 em co Useful heat drop + tocut the vertical line through L and mark the Isentropic heat drop Point N and join MN which completes the outlet triangle LMN. Useful he: : 0.9 = —etit heat drop Now, find out velocities converting lengths into t 251 velocities Usefull heat drop C= 6724 me = 0.9 x 251 25.9 elegy 12.7% 50 ‘ppving the energy equation to the nozsle, we gt 225.9 x 1000 CG, = 1.7 em = 7.7 » 50 = 385 m/s 0.9 C, = 0.9 x 385 = 346.5 m/s Gh, = 4.45 0m = 4.45 x 50 = 222.5 mls Gem = 26 x 50 = 130 mis Blade angles measured from the diagram 0 = 35", 9= 22", (Ans) (i) Blade efficiency, n, st 200, _ 2317.5 x 695 wr Or" erat = 0.89 or 89% (Ans,) (iii) Power developed, P and axial thrust : Ti Cu, +Cy.) Cy, Pe 1000 8x (695 + 00x 317.5 = = 1612.9 KW. Ans) Fig. 19.26 Axial thrust = 1,(C, ~C;,) With the above data construct the velocity triangles = 8222.5 - 130)=740N. (Ans.) = "Example 19.18, Jn a single stage steam turbine saturated * Select a suitable scale, say 1 em = 50 m/s. steam at 10 bar abs. is supplied through a convergent- * Draw a horizontal line through a point L and divergent steam nozzle. The nozzle angle is 20° and the mean angle « = 20°, Mark the point along LS as blade speed is 400 mis. The steam pressure leaving the nozzle 24 is 1 bar abs. Find : Le (@ The best blade angles if blades are equiangutar. Gi) The maximum power developed by the turbine if @ number of nozzles used are 5 and arca at the throat of each nozzle is 0.6 em?. 67 1S =C,=6724 m= is perpendicular to * Draw a line through S which is perpe : the horizontal line through Land i cts at th Point P. Measure the distance LP = 12.7 em. ssume nozzle efficiency 88% and blade friction * Cy =C,=12.7em, “ ee eq : = 6.35 em co-efficien zi wna G 08 Cy 205 x 121 «625.20, Solution. Supply steam pressure (to nozzles) = 10 bar abs. * Mark the point M as ut = 8 cit ee a Gianee Mean blade speed, Gy, = 400 nuts oo : ‘Steam pressure leaving the nozzle= 1 bar abs. leasure MS (C,) = 7.7 em. Number of nozzles used 5 Cy, = 0.9 x 7-7 = 6.93 em.© oan Ke gh an Made friction eo efficient, The velocity of atoann at the outlet of nagzte ts found repmrsenting the expansion through nazele an A» cluart as shown un Py 19 | From hes chart, = hy = 402 hIMk = Qh) = y2X 353.76 x 1000 = 841.14 nv/s (0) Blade angles : Construct the velocity triangles as per data given as shown in Fig. 19.27. By measurement, 6 (= 6) = 35.5% (Ans.) (i) Maximum power developed, P : For finding out the maximum power developed by the turbine let us first find out the maximum mass of steam passing through the nozzle. The required condition for the maximum mass flow through the nozzle is given by & (2) om (nal P, = Pressure of steam at inlet of the nozzle, p, = Pressure of steam at the throat of the nozzle, 1 (index of expansion) = 1.135 as steam is saturated. where, and Fig ay ve (iaeea) 088 . pry = 100.58 © 5.8 bar From fos chart (Fig, 19.27) Nay hy > 105 bale and hy ~Iiy! = OBB x 105 = 92.5 klkg by (specific volume at point 241 = 0.22 mikg ‘The maximum velocity of steam at the threat ef, ist) = (Bx OBAT OOD = 4298825 wuity equation at the throat «fj. nozzle is given by © Rih= Using the cont nozzle, wo can write by = Ax C, where A is the area of the nazie m x 0.32 = 0.6 x 10+ x 429.88 x10 x 06 10" 7 129.88 _ 6 0506 bole Total mass of steam passing through 6 nozaes px second is given by 1m, = 0.0806 « 6 = 0.403 kp/s ++ Power developed by the turbine = XCC ur 1000 SW From velocity diagram, C,, = 750 nvs (by measurement) Power developed = 2403% 750» 400 1000 = 120.9 KW, (Ans)[een rove Mlurdew while an th tontinuntisly At po Intter type the steam expends net Hr Ubates anil thine there ts gradual fall im the pressure during expansit Pi 19 Vehowen tically "The tup port section Uhroagh portion shoes on ype sagealon barbus duaee eure ititudinial wae ny af th figure eahabats: wb upper Nall of tte turtane, the Jeb of tarstes aes oe Fedlevaedl tee 0 ff msaving blades, while Ieee part othe shojerans wuthe ate approximately changes ip presonre wid veinesty Harve the fw of steonty asgh the & has toarbirae ve valle ‘ample impulse turbine «ance the expawann of the stewen © place in one set of the Vee 108.1, Simple impulse tartan Aa the o viete ha promo falls freae strase 2 (0 condone : atenempiherie prewecire ifthe tor ; y th tas thas eodativedy tate Iurteles Noe stot saecren Ma fend Woon tu bug ste meet Mie “emery eevee Neres” ve lomeber Sere The rinegeat on 1A Nove tattoo Tn 1 “Te beak teerbin a . yew Tearing coleetty! vr Yok ralacthey ener pee cece of the peutle oration oatenitg. Bian senem ¥ Dee hiner enemy eee tl, the DERI HUY 1 00» tan be teehee Uy atleering arvieles 2. Rewerion turbine fi Aeipand tabes plate rantiniaes Madox. Tue eases thot they allece st erpoo Were sen prhand pew ws tye eh bath Ny taee the feed ned wereine her tise diteetin a langer seventy Ba the ep trove Ue anacesn bate Ic energy (chs Sill in prrsssre i Pn 9 tee tae reartin tarhinin ‘Phe ehanigen iti preweat sare ale shies there is statahee ty Ui ih ial > PaSRIGE + aes om» BRBRERZR - g BEEZ: > Beoaoh RERERE!i 2 As the vol me of steam incrvases at loiter pressures of roine must mnerease after ch group ofblade rings Tt may be noted that in this turbine since the pressure drop per stage ts small, therefore the number of stages required is much higher than an impulse turbine of the same capacity the METHODS OF REDUCING WHEEL OR ROTOR ‘SPEED As already discussed under the heading ‘simple impulse turbine’ that if the steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to condenser pressure none stage the speed of the rotor becomes tremendously high which erops up practical complicactes. There are several methods of reducing this speed to lower value ; all hese methods utilise ‘a multiple system of rotor in series, keyed on shaft and the steam pressure or jet velocity ts absorbed in stages as the steam flows over the blades. This is known as ‘compounding’. The different methods of compounding Velocity compounding, . Pressure compounding, 3 4 i Pressure velocity compounding, Reaction turbine 1. Velocity compounding Steam is expanded through a stationary nozzle from the boiler or inlet pressure to condenser pressure. So the pressure in the nozzle drops, the kinetic energy of the steam inereases due to increase in velocity. A portion of this available energy is absorbed by a row of moving blades. ‘The team (whove velocity has decreased while moving vee// the moving blades) then flows through the second row of blades which are fixed. The function of these fixed blades is to re-direct the steam flow without allering its velocity to the following next row moving blades where again work is done on them and steam leaves the turbine with a low velocity. Fig. 19:5 shows a cut away section of such a stage and changes in pressure and velocity as the steam passes through the nozzle, fixed and moving blades Though thin methaad has the advantage that the initial cost is low due to lesser number of stages yet its efficiency ix low // 2, Pressure compounding 19.4 shows rings of fixed nozzles incorporated between the rings of moving blades. Whe stenm at boiler pressure enters the first set of nozzles and expands partially) THERA ENGNEERING | ‘The kinetic energy of the steam thus obtained is absorbed by th blades (stage Ly! The steam then expands partially in the second set of nozzles again falls ond th ere its pressure velocity increases; the kinetic energy so obtained is absorbed by the second ring of moving, blades (stage 2). This is repeated in stage 3 and steam finally leaves the turbine at low velocity and pressure, The number of stayes (or pressure reductions) depends on the number of rows of nozzles through which the steam must pass. Y | teamn exhaust e S Moving blades Condenser pressure Fig. 19.3. Velocity compounding. — tat Ate Y; AYACRE AoA & E Sin, Gn Ne ex = we Yano a "YAMASAG | Lost vetocty fexraust pressure Fig. 19:4, Pressure compoundingDIVILIIS TOC “DIIIIIID: Condenser ‘This method of compounding is used in Rateau and Zoelly turbine. This is mast efficient turbine since the speed ratio remains constant but it is expensive owing to a large number of stages. 3. Press velocity compounding ‘This method of compounding is the combination of two previously discussed method. The total drop in steam pressure is divided into stages and the velocity abtained in each stage 1s also compounded. The rings of nozzles are fixed at the beginning of each stage and pressure remains mostant during each stage. The changes in pressure and velocity are shown in Fig. 19.5, ‘This method of compounding is used in Curits and Moore turbine. 4. Reaction turbine Ithas been discussed in Article 19.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPULSE AND REACTION TURBINES BNa_ | Paria Tmpulse turbine Reaction turbine 1 foie ssure drop Only in nozzles and not in moving In fixed blades (nozzles) as well a 2b in moving blades a Area of Bode channels | Constant Varying (enversing pe) a Bladen Prfile pe Aoraal ype, 4 Admission of team | NoLall round or complete, Allround or complet, 5 Nactlsifised blades | Diaphragm contains the notte, | Fined blades stnastomoving blades attached to the casing serve no nozzles and guide steam 8 Power Not much power canbe develped. | Mc power ean be developed flees Requires les spac for sume power. | Regures mare spee for src power, 8 Effcency Low High, 8 Sinebitay Suitable for small power require- | Suitable fr medium and higher ane! power requirements 10. Blade manufacture Not difficult. Difficult, IMPULSE TURBINES Cay = Velocity of whirl at the entrance ofmoving BAA. vel ed BAA. veloiy Diagram for Moving Blade ' = tangential component of C,. ig. 19.6 shows the velocity di: m le stage impulse turbines N* *e Yelocity diagram of a single stag Guy = Velocity of whirl at exit of the moving blade. Gy = Linear velocity of moving blade ‘y= Linear velocity of moving blade (m/s), + tangeatial component oC, C\= Absolute. velocity. of steam entering : moving blade (m/s). fi Ca = Absolute velocity of steam leaving moving blade (nv), j = Velocity of flow at entrance of moving blade. = axial component of C,Cj, = Velocity of lave at ost af Hae navi axial companent af C, ©, = Relative wity af steaun te muving blade at entrance Ci), = Relative velocity of stent ts nosing blade at exit (= Angle with the bangent of the vbe svlich the steams with velocity ©) ente ‘Vlas ts alow called nie fe ene N= Anjgle which the diseharyany wath the tangent af the whee! at th oF mova: blade o-k ance angle of 9 ° Fig. 18.6, Velocity dlagrann far movin bade \ssuing from the narzle at a yelucity of eu. The tangential ) performs work on the blade, the The steam jet Cy impinges on the blade at component of this jet C er does axial component (Cy, 1 how ork but causes the steam to flow through the turbine. As the blades move with a tangential velocity of C,,, the « has a relat iy Cy, (wills respect over the blad relative velocity of C, at an blades. The re wheel 4 without any ngle 6 wath glides: al tof the ive velocity at the inl the relative velocity: at the: outlet (C9 AP there be no. frictional toss af the blade The absolute velocity (Cy) of Teavinge a le Btothe tangent at the wheel To have convenience in salving Ue problems on fe combine the two e eam make an a Saeenays eosin ela diapers: ono ene ant tetany lr yy ey 19.12 Work dane on the thade (ue wank dane ons the Mao tae ane east Feo the ehunpe of manent of Hie steam jet shes as Blew foyer the blade Ae earlier dive ay Nae voles of whurl whch prerlarins seork ay the bude sien it art Uhladey direction af matiens wl Live of sition, 1 From Newtan's seu Free (angential) on the wb Maw uf steun ¢ areleration Mase af steanusee. ¢ eine of velucity = mtg, ‘The value of Gy. ie actually segative as the steam i avenged se Chee apprrate darertinn to th therefore du sian shin be gre ts thi ales of Coy aiid Cay are ta be added white denny the solution of the prablem tee. vehen (be Wy Work done on blader, Farce 7 distance travel Marte: main, ae) MAC, CIEE Power por whoel = Ht,(Cy, + Cg, Cy nl, UCinCiy 1000 Blade or diagram office Work dar Energy upy lo, Cas G me, BGO, 1G