Tolani Maritime Institute

Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication

Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
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Mathematical Expression of FM
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expression for FM wave

(For FM Radio broadcast: Minimum Modulation Index= 3.75 to

Maximum Modulation Index = 75KHz/20Hz=3750 )
Bandwidth of FM= 2(δ + Fm) δ= Frequency deviation and Fm=Max audio frequency
Maximum BW= 2(75KHz+20KHz)=190 KHz [ For AM BW=2xFm=2x20Khz=40KHz]
So, AM is narrow band transmission and FM is broadband transmission.
FM side bands: Fc ± n Fm (n=1,2,3,.….….….∞)
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FM DEMODULATION: In FM demodulator, the intelligence i.e. audio information to be recovered from the
variation of carrier frequency. As it is either above or below the center frequency, therefore the FM demodulator
must have its output amplitude which will vary linearly according to the frequency of the incoming signal.
Various types of FM detectors are (1) Slope Detector (2) Phase-shift detector, (3) Ratio detector.

It is the simplest form of frequency-demodulation.

Here tank circuit is tuned to a frequency either slightly above or below the FM carrier frequency.

The resonant frequency of the tank is the frequency at point 4. Components are selected so that the resonant
frequency is higher than the frequency of the FM carrier signal at point 2.

The entire frequency deviation for the FM signal falls on the lower slope of curve between points 1 and 3.

As the FM signal is applied to the tank circuit, the output amplitude of the signal varies as its frequency swings
closer to, or further from, the resonant frequency of the tank.

It will develop amplitude variations in the output like AM wave. This is because of the response of the tank
circuit, which varies with the input frequency.

This signal is then applied to the diode detector and the detected waveform is the Audio output of 20Hz to
20KHz further given to loud speaker.
 Tolani Maritime Institute
Program: B. Tech M.E. Course Name: Analog Electronics & Communication
Course Code: UG11T3302 Topic : Communication
Compiled By: Mr. Vaibhav V. Karlekar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Compare AM and FM