3 S ON SURFACES 3-1, Introduction. 3:2. Tota ee uction. 32, Tal Pressure and centre of pressure, 34 — inomersed gure. 4. Vertically immersed surface. 15 inelned. immer failure. Highlights Gar surface, 3-7. Dams. 3.8. Py ne aid immersed 5 — Object - ‘ ‘ossibilities of Unsolved Examples, Y® TSP Questions—Theoretical Questions— EEE ee HYDROSTATIC FORCE 431 Introduction In chapter 2 we have studied that a liquid, . sntinerThe intensity of pressure (9) was related to apeie weigh w ofthe hg an Vriea depth h of the point by eqn. p = wh, In this chapter we shall discuss the total pressure on a surface and its position. The term ‘hydrostatics’ means the study of pressure, exerted by a liquid at rest, The ‘ireetion of such a pressure is always perpendicular to the surface, on which it acts. — 32 Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure Total Pressure. It is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or curved) when the fluid comes in contact with the surface. This force is always at right angle (or normal) to the surface. Centre of Pressure. It is det surface. Now we shall discuss immersed surfaces may be: 1, Horizontal plane surface 3. Inclined plane surface 33 Horizontally Immersed Surface Total Pressure (P): Refer Fig. 3-1. Conside: Let A = area of the immersed surface, & = depth of horizontal surface fro and fined as the point of application of the total pressure on the he total pressure exerted by a liquid on the immersed surfuce, The 2. Vertical plane surface 4, Curved surface. rsed in a liquid. 1a plane horizontal surface imme m the liquid, ight of the liquid. face, , uid above the imme w = specific weil The total pressure on the sul P = weight of the lid surface : specific weight of liquid * yolume ee specific weight of liqui depth of li uid = wAx rsed d x area of suri 4 Fig. 34. Horizontally immersed surface, a 813-4 Vertically Immersed Surface — Consider a piane vertical surface of arbitrary sh=P: immersed in a liquid as shown in Fig. 32 Let 4 = total area of the surface, G = centre of the area of surface, depth of centre of area, 00 = free surface of liquid, and = distance of centre of pressure from i free surface of liquid. } (a) Total pressure (P): i f Consider a thin horizontal strip of the surface Of cay immer te thickness dr and breadth 6. Let the depth of the stip be x. Let the intensity of pressure on strip be p; this may be taken as uniform as the strip is extremely small. Then p= b where w = specific weight of the liquid. Total pressure on the strip =p.bdx = wx- bdr Total pressure on the whole area, P= [wx-bde=w Jbde-x But fodr-x = wx joment of the surface area about the liquid level = Ar 3 7 P=wdx .{same as in An. or, the total pressure on a surface is equal to the area multiplied by the intensi Pressure at the centre of area of the figure. The eqn., P=wAz holds good for all surfaces whether flat or curved. (b) Centre of pressure (A): The intensity of pressure on an immersed surface is not uniform, but increases with As the pressure is greater over the lower portion of the figure, therefore the resultant Pp on any immersed surface will act at some point, below the centre of gravity of the in surface and towards the lower edge of the figure. The point through which this pressure acis is known as ‘centre of pressure’ and is always expressed in terms of depth the liquid surface. Referring to Fig. 32, let C be the centre of pressure of the ix igure. Thea resultant pressure P will act through the point. mmeierset q Let i= depth of centre of pressure below free liquid surface Zo= moment of inertia of the surface about OO. : Consider the horizontal strip of thickness de. To tal pressure on strip = bee Moment of this pressure about free surface 00 oe = (wxbdy) x= wddx Total moment of all such pressures for whole But [rbde= fy = moment of are) The sum of the moments of the ; Pressure is al Now equating eqns. (i) and (ii, | We get qual to Px} Pxhawh,vO On Surhaces . Fable 04 3) and moment of Inertia (1) of some Important geometrleal Cgures: The centre of gravity CO from Area F about an axts T about base the base passing, through CG. and parallel to the base Triangle h bh , 7 3 yds yey ; Me te i sana . £ bd bd of rots aed ot g : oie ssi)” WAL xh © Why (o P= wax) ig. 35 Fig. 36 Also, Telgt Ar (Theorem of parallel axis) Where [= moment of inertia of the figure about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, and f= distance between the free liquid surface and the centre of gravity of the fi G in this case) ‘Thus rearranging equation (1H), we havepanier one Hydresilte Hoag pun Page rans We u wis ta, hares Herve, comers nf prenane ha 4 A placed Werte it sy og diameter 12 mt 0 of wate 4 Wh Pig PP ahs a eedar oe jie ‘he sree surfer of wer Deternigg. plate i rattion of contre DE pressure in such a way that the vente af the 1) Total pressure on the plate Sob, Dianveter of the plate, d= h2 1 Area, Np oM patel ian degdognia i-25m (i) Total pressure, Pr Uning the relation Po wd nw ORL 7 VAD 2 25 = 27-7 KN (An) Ww ition of centre of pressure, hy Using the relation, fa bag Ax Mf By yah O1OlE ms where Igw Zed Bey 12 = 01014 = _O401K = OOS 42:5 02-536 i Tiye7g t 25" 2536m ie. h= 2536 m (Ans) Example 3:2. A rectangular plate 3 metres long and | metre wide is immersed in water in such a way that tr 3 metres side is parallel to the water surface and is 1 below it Find: (i) Total pressure on the plate and (ii) Position of centre of pressure. Sol. Width of the plane surface, b = 3 mn Depth of the plane surface, d= 1 rm Area of the plane surface, Asbed=3rl=3me < 1 Feledelsm (i) Total pressure P: rT Using the relation a a Free water sarface P=wAe= 981 73715 = 44-14 kN (Ans) (ii) Centre of pressure, fr j j I, b-3m —I Using the relation: j= ae But joeForces on Surfaces adres 1556m ; An isosceles triangular plate of base 3 m and altitude 3 m is immer oil of specific gravity 08. The base of the plate coincides with the free surface \:) Toral pressure on the plate Sol, Base of the plate, b= 3m Height of the plate, A= 3m bxh Area, A= a (ii) Centre of pressure 45m Specific gravity of oil, =08 The distanee of C.G. from we free surface of oil, fone im ee oi! surface tae yx3etm () Total pressure on the plate, We know that P = wAr (08x 9-81)¥4-5«1 P=353 kN (Ans,) (4) Centre of pressure, fz Centre of pressure is given by the relation: fe ORAS) 5 at Ar ~BxPA6 | 45x11 m (Ans) Example 3-4. A circular opening, 2-5 m diameter, in a vertical side of a tank is closed by 2 dise of 25m diameter which can rotate about a horizontal diameter. Determine: (i) The force on the disc; (ii) The torque required to maintain the disc in equilibrium in vertical position when the head of water above the horizontal diameter is 3-5 m. Sol. Diameter of the opening, 4=25m *. Area of the opening, Asides x25? = 491m? Depth of C. Free surface 4 yo35m (i) Force on the disc, P: Using the relation: P= wAR= 981 491K 3S = 168-6 KN (Ans.)nar : Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic spo, (i) Torque required, T : : sinfain 11 order to determine the torque (7) required to mainte calculate the point of application of force acting on the cistien, P. The depth of centre of pressure (Ht) is given by the relation, 4 ACOH [- Art| (1/4 x d')¥ = 1644259) 523.61 R/A x 2S) x 3S ie. The fone Pis As at a distance of 3:61 m from the free surface. Moment g force about horizontal diameter X=! = P(h 2) = 1686 (3-61 - 3-5) = 18:55 AN. (anticlockwise) an Hence a torque (7) of - $5 kNm must be applied on the disc in the clockwise to maintain the disc in equilibrium position. (Ans.) a Example 3.5. 4 square aperture in the vertical side of a tank has one diagonal and is completely covered by a plane plate hinged along one of the upper sides of the a The diagonals of the aperwre are 2.4 m long and the tank contains a liguid of specific 1.2. The centre of aperture is 1.8 m below the free surface. Calculate. (® The thrust exerted on the plate by the liquid: (it) The position of its centre of pressure. (Punjab Un Solution. Refer Fig. 3. Diagonal of aperture PR = QS = 2.4m Area of square aperture, A = area of A POR + A PSR. the dise in equilibrium, tty, i.e. centre of pressure of tie plate from free li > (@ Thrust exerted on the plate P- Hid surface, = 1.8 m Pressure force or thrust on the plate. P= WAX = (12x981) x 2.88% 1.8 — 6 8 = 610 (it) The position of its centre of pressure eon AM) ea ure, hs Centre of pressure is given by the relationThe M.OJ of 2 triangle a ji ~ 02 2RRx1e 1.933 m (Ans) Example 36. . . fA eae 4 trapezoidal channel 2 m wide at the bottom and | m deep has side slopes (i) Total pressure; (si) Centre of pressure on the vertical gate Sol. Refer Fig. 3-12 (i) Total Pressure, P : as {i aaaeel For rectangle : closing the channel when it is full of water. “ $ b}—2 m+} P, = WAF = 961 x 2x05 =981KN 2 A Fig 32 This acts at 2 depth hy. Io QxPA2 But = += FEE). 05 =066m from the top For triangles : Area, A= 2x + 1x 1=1m? (there are two triangles) P,=wAX=9-81 vb e327 kN This acts at a depth of hp. = Ig (2x P36 _1_a. But y= th 4 3= OO 5-05 m ie hy = 05m Total pressure, P=P,+P)=981+3-27=1308KN (Ans) (ii) Centre of pressure, hz - _ ‘Taking moments about the top, we get Pxh=P, xh, +P %hy — Pihy+Pyhy 9-81 x 0-66 +3-27x 05 : ap 13:08 ' vencle G fe E 7. An isosceles triangle of base 3 metres and altitude 6 metres, is immerse vertically in peri ‘eith lis axis of symmetry horizontal as shown in Fig. 3:13. If the head of water on it is 9 metres, determine: = 0-62 m (Ans.Fluid Mechantes and Fyayy : ; jan af the centre 6 1 (i) The position Y bre + on the plate, ane “ (0 Total pressure ont Sob, Area of the wiangle Vocoeom? tad x dno Free water fi + water surface, Depth of C.G, of the plate fom the water at vom (0) Potal pressure, 2: an we fy ORT 9 9 946 KN (Ans (i) Contre af pressure, hi Sh Using the relation: A= 4 nn Hut f= moment of inertia of A ABD about AD + n moment of inertia of A ACD about AD , ot 1 5 . e Coitise) Ones 3975 Saal 12 12 ; 3k Pig. 3.13 jie 3575 4 9.9.04 m (Ans) 9nd Example 3.8. circular lamina of radius R is kept immersed in a liquid such th most point A is on the free surface. Determine the depth and width of the horizontal d so that the total thrust due to hydrosthtic pressure on the triangle ABC is maximum, (AMEE Winter, Sol. Refer Fig. 3.14. ‘The total thrust /pressure on the submerged triangle ABC Free surface A 2h oe 1 Fe Pe wat wolp xo ea) x + won? 3 But, k= R 4 VP =O (0 is the centre of the circle) 1) wa Fes wo [R + VR ey For F to be maximum, ae : b e d 7 ie a [oe + vee 8] =0 bx 2(R+ VRB) « ; (@- gyn (2b) + (R+ WR BY = 0 2 Wo + R+ ROH oy or ~ 2? + INR) 4 or RAR + agg or RNR 2 32 _ R Squaring both sides, we get RR ~ BY) = ont y RA ORB?a9 width, 26 NER (Ans) 3 Example 3-9. Determine the total force and location of centre of pressure for plate immersed vertically as shown in Fig. 315. Sol. Area LMST , 4,=2x2=4m? Area TSU, 4y=4x2%2=2me Water surface90 wate! Distance of centroid G, from m water surface, Distance of centroid G fro 9.g1 x 4x1 = 3924 KN 9.8) «2 x 2-667 = 52:33 kN 1, PyawAy 2 wd, X= 52.33 = 91-57 KN LMST from free water surface, i Total pressure on area LMS Total pressure on area TSU, P2 Total pressure P =P; + P; = 39-24 + Distance of centre of pressure (Ci) of area 2x2 iG 12} =1.333m +H 7y 2x1 t i te + Distance of centre of pressure (C2) of oe TSU from the free water surface, re 2x2 2 re. foe 36 _ 42.667 =2-75 m f 2 2x 2-667 be The depth (fi) at which the resultant force will act can be determined by taking Pony of forces F, and F; about water surface. [ on ie, Pixhy+Pyxhy=Pxh 4 39-24 x 1-333 + 5233 x 2-75 = 91-57 xh e j= 3024x1833 +5233 x 275 = 9157 i The horizontal location of centre of pressure can be obtained by taking the momens el} and P, about LTU. The force P, acts at 1 m from line LTU. The distance a, where fore xz can be obtained as under: ; 1 49; a + . a 27 725 litom similarity of triangles (Fig, 331) (b)] e or a, = 0-625 m i © Pisa, +Py-ay= Pa : 39-24 x 1 + 52:33 x 0.625 = 91-57 x3 39-24 x 1+ 52.33 x 0-625 = 3224 1 +5233 x 0.625 9157 -14 m below the water surface (Am) _ = 0-786 m Hence co-ordinates of centre of sae coo © OF Pressure are 2-14m below water surface and 0.786 Example 3-10. A sliding gate 3 m @ co-efficient of friction Of 0-2 between vertical force required to raise the gate of water, Sol. Width of the gate, b=3m Depttvheight of the gate, =15m vide and 1-5 m high lies i i " igh lies in a vertical plane ae and guides. If the gate weighs 30 EN. "S upper edge is at a depth of 9 m from free Area of the gate, A=bxq Weight of the gate, = Co-efficient of friction, 2 Vertical force required to False the pate; 3% 1524.5 m2| je Forces on Surfaces Depth of 6g Of the pate from ater sur cae Water suttnee Ss i at 975m = * force on the gate, | 1 OKI» AS 9.75 «4904 EY , | Force required to raise the gate - ae frictional force + weight of the gate wee 02 1104 + 30 116-08 KN (Ans) Fxample 3.1. The hydrostatic. water presure acts only an one side and to a depth of Him trom the top of a dack gate which ls reinturced with three horizontal beams, fy Calculawe the load taken by each bean fii) Locate the position of beams in order that each carries an equal load. Sol. Refer Fig. 3.16 Consider an clementary strip of thickness dh ata depth A. Then for 2 unit width of the gate, we Pressure/force on the element, dP ~ wy» (dhv\) xh =whdh Pressure on section 1, Pi= ( wh dh = =H Fig. 346, Pressure on section 2, f whdh = Pressure on section 3, p= f) whan = $08 - Total pressure on the gate, P= { wh dh = 5H a Fig3.17 1 er it + 1d of total pressure/force on the gate Load carried by each section is same and it equals p w Wy = 05-8) = 58 12 Ww Thus, aa = 6 144 Meik-R= 4-He ny = Solving the above equations, we get hy = 693m; hy = 9.8m () Load taken by each beam: fea 9810 ,, 693? = 238562N (Ans.) 2 aYepe Load taken by each beam = MtFluid Mechanics and Hydrautiy Maciy (4) Centres of pressures, fiyy lig hy * ; 2 ' ji hy — 2 » 6.93 = 462m (Ans) : iy ~ 2 ny ae one b ete ee oe f pressure for the section 2, taking moments of tea In order to obtain the centre of press fore about F.W.S., we Bet w 7 A} ~ Wy * hy ( Mx 54) : (ea , of Fy = 2 i 2 font sess] 845m (Ans) Sp atee | 3 | oay-o.93y Simitarly for the bottom portion, the eente of pressure from the F.W.S., 7, 2 |=) 2 fay - aa] - 2 [Rat] 10.94m (Ans) ‘ mest ~~ 3 [a2 esr] * 3 [47.96 = i Example 3-12, Fig, 3-18. shows a tank containing water and liguid (sp. eravity = 05) height 0.25 m and 0S m respectively. Calculate: (i) Total pressure on the side of the tank; (H) The position of centre of pressure from one side of the tank, which is 1-5 m wivy Sol. Depth of water = 0-25 m (UP.S.C, 1997) Depth of liquid = 0-5 m Sp. gravity of liquid, $= 0.9 Width of the tank = 1-5 m (i) Total pressure on one side of the tank, P : Total pressure (P) is calculated by drawing pressure diagram, which is shown in Fig, 3-19, Intensity of pressure on top, p, = Intensity of pressure on T (or TS), Pr= wyhy = (0-9 x 981) x 0-5 = 4-41 kN/m? Intensity of pressure on the base (or MN), Pac= Why + Wyhy = 4-41 + 9-81 x 0-25 =4-4142. 86 KN/m? Now, force P, = area of the ALTSx width of the tank 1 eax lTx TS x 1. $x 05% 4410152165 QN L Force, P; = area of rectangle MTSU x width of the tank = MT TSx 15 }25 x 4-41 x 1-5 = 1-65 kN Py= area of A SUN x width of the tank 1 #2 * SU UN 1S =9 025 «245 x 15 = 046 kN hs Total pressure, P=Pi+Py+Py= 1654 1654046 = 3:76 (ii) Centre of pressure, fi: Taking moments of all the forces about 1 KN (Ans) Fig. 3:19, Pressure dist » We get Pxh=P,x 1 ! 27) +r» 2124) 2 BlTt a(tForces on Surfaces 2 376% k= 165 x2 1 FxO54 165 054x025) 046{ 0515 +025) = OSS +103 +0:306 f= 0-S016 m from the top (Aus.) Example 3-13. dn (pening in a dam is covered by the use of a vertical sluice gate. The : sand 12 m high. On the upstream of the gate the liquid of specific gravity ss upto a height of 1-5 m above the top of the gate, whereas on the downstream side the is available upto a height touching the tap of the gate, Find: () The resultant force acting on the gate and position of centre of pressure: (ii) The force acting horizontally at the top of the gate which ls capable of opening, Ut Assume that the gate is hinged at the bottom, (AMIE) Sol. Width of the gate, Depth of the gate, Area, d= bx d=2x12=24m? Specific gravity of liquid = 145 Let P = force exerted by the liquid of sp. gravity 1-45 on the gate, and P= force exerted by water on the 2m liquid surface Liquid E (= 145) Upstceam gate () Resultant force, P: @ Position of centre of pressure of resultant eb 2 Downstream 4 force: We know that, P, = wAx, where w= 9-81 x 1-45 = 14-22 KN/m’, A=2x12=24m" . 12 x)= sity 22 m, Py = 14-22 x 2-4 x 21 = 71-67 KN. Similarly, P, = wAX, where w= 9-81 KN/m? Fig. 320 P= 981% 24 x 06= 1413 KN. P=P,-P,= 7167-1413 = 57-54 kN (Ans) from free liquid surface, which is given by, Resultant force, The force P, acts at a depth of hy where94 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines 4 0288 5, 4x21 Fy =2-7 — 2157 = 0-543 m * Distance of P, from the hinge = (1-5 + 1-2)- i a3! Similarly the force P, acting at a depth of ji, from the liquid surface is given by, X 2 where, =06m; A=2-4m 4¢=0288m' (as above); %= F, = 0288 24x06 <. Distance of P, from the hinge = 1-2~ 08 = 0-4 m Now the resultant force will act at a distance given by TiS1x 0543-1813 x04 578m above the hinge (Ans.) 5754 (i) Force required to open the gate, F: Taking moments of P,, +06=08m Pz and F about the hinge, we get Fx 124 Px 0-4 =P, x 0-543 or F124 1413 x 0-4 = 71-67 x 0.543 ae F= TSTROSS3— 1413 x04 =27-72 kN (Ans) 35 Inclined Immersed Surface Refer Fig. 3-21. Consider a plane inclined Let A= area of the surface, X= depth of centre of gravis angle at which the immi liquid surface, and w= specific weight of the liquid. (a) Total pressure (P): Consider a strip of thickness dx, width b at a dig ign surface, where the immersed surface will meet, if produced), fom O.(A point, on the i +The intensity of pressure on the strip =wlsin® Area of the strip = b-dr Pressure on the strip = intensity of pressure x area =wisinO-b dr Now total pressure on the surface, P= Julsind -b-deewsin® ft. de But Ji-b-de= moment of surface area about 00 surface, immersed in a liquid, ity of immersed surface from the free liquid surface, ersed surface is inclined with the4x 7 weind wA ing WAY Centre of pressure (jy we Fig 321, tet © from the liquid surface, Nelined with the liquid surface, and Netsed surface is in ds, w The intensity of pressure on the stip Area of strip = b+ dy Pre ‘th b and at distance / from 00 IsinO aa s.rtst—w™—C Moment of the pressure about OO = (wv! sin: dk)! Now sum of moments of all such = wh sinO-b-de Pressures about O, Mx [wf sind bre wsind JP bode [P°b-dv=Jy = moment of inertia of the surface about the point 0 (or the second Wf area) M=wsinO-I, Ai) F Ph - The sum of moments of al such pressures about Os also equal vo PA tii) where P is the total pressure on the surface. Equating eqns. (i) and (ii), we get _ Ph ( P=wal) iii) | Hel axes. | Also Ig=Jg+ Al? ...Theorem of paral : : / ; | Where s, = moment of inertia of figure about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity. c= a) in this case, h = distance between 0 and the centre of gravity of the figure = if Find Rearranging equation (iff) x ¥]_ ‘esi’ @ | ; in? @ a) | oe aE sin’ (7, 4 4P) = igea( sh if | — [gsi 0 - 33) eS | Hence, centre of pressure = comes the same as equation (3-2). Iwill ticed that if @=90° equation (3:3) bi : will be noticed that angular plane surface lies in water in suc z | | when the upper edge is 0-75 m below the free water sure96 Sol, Width of the plane Depth of the plane Inclination, 0 30" Distance of upper edge from fee water surface © 075m () Votal pressni Using the relation, P= wat where We ONT RN Area, Aw DS be VS Y= LU4 UM «075 + MN sin 30° 20751 ES .05 6 1125m PeO®l x bSx b12S = 16S58KN (Ans) (if) Centre of pressure, he face Using the relation, xis? where P 2 = 0.281 m* 2 : > i oH) 41-125 = 1-166 m (Ans) Example 3.18. A circular plate 1-5 m diameter is submerged in water, with its great least depths below the surface being 2m and 0-75 m respectively, Determine: (0 The total pressure on one face of the plate, and (i) The position of the centre of pressure. Sol. Diameter of the plate, = 15m Area of the plate, Pak x 15? = 1 2 Aa Ge oF x 8 = 1-767 mi Refer Fig. 3.23 Distance SN = 0-75 m, UAf = 2m Distance of cg. from free surface Fs SN4 GN sind = 0-75 + 0-75 sind UM-UL But sin 0 MN 2-075 Tg 08333 75 + 0:75 x 08333 375m (i) Total pressure, P: We know that,i Forces on Surfaces "AX = OBI x 1.96 167 « 1. BSN (Ang) 75 ii) Centre of pressure, fi: Using the relation, 7 fasinto wt 5/64 x (0.8333)? ss “767 x 1375 + 1375= f= 1-446 m (Ans) Example 3-16. 4 triangular plate of | a ae . plane ofthe plate ti of I metre base and 1-5 meire altitude is immersed in nm at 30° wii 5 30° with free water surface and the base is parallel depth of 2 metres from wa he p nee “from water surface. Find th Bea : ion of centre of pressure. he total pressure on the plate and the ee Vater face Sol. Refer Fig. 3-24. Water surface Area of the plate, 446 1 A=gx 1x 1520-75 mt Inclination of the plate, @ = 30° Total pressure on the plate, P: The depth of c.g. of the plate from water surface, F=2+ 8 sin 30° =2+05%05=225m Using the relation, P=wA¥ = 981 x 0-75 x 2.25 = 1655 KN (Ans) Depth of centre of pressure, ht: Moment of inertia of a triangular section about its c.g. Lx 1s_ 36 I 0.09375 m* Using the relation, < sink'O _ o¥ in? 30° i-% eee ; SeTsias a = 2-264 m (Ans.) Example 3-17. A circular plate 4-5 metres in diameter is submerged in water as shown in Fig. 3.25. Its greatest and least depths below the water surface are 3 metres and 1-5 metres respectively, Find: (0) The total pressure on front face of the plate, and (ii) The position of centre of pressure. Sol, Dia. of the plate, d=4-5m x pee a Area of the plate, A=n/4 d= 7x 45"= 159 m' (#) Total pressure on front face of the plate, P:Forces on Surfaces a 97 #1 1.767 «1 «1g “23-83 KN (Ans,) i jy Centre of pressure, fr: Using the relation, 1/64 « 1.54 «(0.43337 . 1767 x 1375 + 37S = 1-446 f= 1-446 m (Ans) Example 3-16. A triangular plate of } metre base fs 4 and 1-5 metre altitude ts immersed in yater The plane of the plate is inclined at 30° with free water surface and the base is parallel tv ond at a depth of 2 metres from water surface. Find the tote position of centre of pressure, | pressure on the plate and the Sol. Refer Fig. 3-24, ‘Area of the plate, surface Azden 152075 m Inclination of the plate, 0 = 30° Total pressure on the plate, P: ‘The depth of c.g. of the plate from water surface, = 2443 sin3o° 240.5 x0: Using the relation, P= WA = 9-81 x 0-75 x 2-25 1655 kN (Ans.)_ Depth of centre of pressure, fi: Moment of inertia of a triangular section about its c.g. 2 = L415 - 0.09375 m‘ 36 225m Ig= Using the relation, 2 ae i ia sin? —_ 009375sin? 30" , 5 95 j- eee 075x205 77 = 2-264 m (Ans.) in dic is submerged in water as shown in 4-5 meares in diameter issu i: 25 la area circular Pree ine below the water surface are 3 metres and I'S metres "spectively, Find: : () The total pressure on front face of the plate. (W) The position of centre of pressure Sol. Dia, of the plate, d=4:5™ noe . Aan/ad 2G x45 = 159m and “. Area of the plate, P (} Total pressure on front face of the plate,98 Fluid Mechanics and Hydrautic Ma BC AB DB- BC AB a3: SEE a3| The distance of G (centre of gravity) from the free surface of water, F=AE+AG sin@ 45 B1S+ Dx 1/3= 225m Total pressure, P = wAX = 981 x 15.9 x 2-25 = 350.95 kN (ii) The position of centre of pressure, fi In ABC, sin 0 = We know, fi atxaay © 15-9 «225 Fast x (1/3? a +225 15-9 x 2-25, =231 m (Ans) Example 3-18. An inclined rectangular sluice gate AB 1-2 m by 5 m size as shown in 3.26 is installed 10 control the discharge of water. The end A is hinged, Determine the f normal to the gate applied at B to open it Sol. Size of the gate = 1-2mx 5m 42.25 Area of the gate = 1-2 $=6 m? Refer Fig. 3-26. Depth of c.g. of the gate from free water surface, ¥=5-BGsin 45° = 5-06 x 0-707 = 4-576 m The total pressure force (P) acting on the Bate, P. Hinge vA oe 981 x 6 x 4:576 = 269.3 kN This force acts at a depth hi, gi relation, = Igsin’@ne Forces on Surfaces nere Ig = MOLI. of gat 6x 4576 h From Fig. 3.26, we have in 45° coh _ 458 Distance OC= sin 45° ae = 649m; Distance Ol = — Distance BC= OB - OC = 7.072 ~ 6-49 0.582 m Distance AC=AB~ BC = 12-0582 0618 m aking moments about the hinge A, we get Fx AB = Px AC pe PxAC _ 26 AB = 101m 38:69 KN (Ans,) Example 3.19. 4 6 m x 2 m rectangular gate is hinged at the base and ts inclined at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The upper end of the gate is kept in position by a weight of kN at angle of 90° as shown in Fig. 3:27. Neglecting the weight of the gate, find the love! of water when the gate begins to fall. Sol. Length of the gate, /=6m Width of the gate, & Inclination, Weight, Level of water when the gate begins to fall: Refer Fig. 3-27 Let i = height of free water surface from the bottom when the gate just begins to fall, Then length of gate in the shape of plate, submerged in water, h 60 kN ~ sin 60° 0-866 = 11547 A Area of the gate immersed in water, Water surface A=AD xwidth 11547 A x 2 = 2-309 hm? Also depth of c.g. of the immersed area, Total pressure on the gate, P= wAE = 9-81 x 23091 x 05h = 11-326? KN The centre of pressure of the Mmersed surface (i) is given by100 Fluid echanies and Hydra Mei = 025664" Fp 22566 x sn °F | 9 59, 9.667 h mates 2309 x 0: , ae Distance of centre of pressure from the hinge (or pivot) along the length of the yoy. teeth No 066k 9.3245 ae Sin 6 0-866 Taking moments about the hinge, we get Px AE= 60% AB 11-326 J? x 0.384 h = 60% 6 60x6 p= 6046 _ _ 49.774 = "T1326 0384 or h= 4:36 m(Ans.) Example 3.20. Fig. 3.28. shows a circular opening in the sloping wall of the ream closed by a disc valve 09m diameter. The disc is hinged at H and a balance weight ix. sufficient 10 hold the valve closed when the reservoir is empty. How much additional wes: should be placed on the arm, 1-2 m from the hinge in order that the valve shal! remain ci until the water level is 0-72 m above the centre of the valve. Sol. Dia. of the disc valve, d= 0:9 m Area of the valve 4= 1/4 d= 1/4 x0.9? Inclination, 6 = 60° Distance of c.g. of the valve from free water surface, ¥= 0-72 m Additional weight, JV": Total pressure on the valve. Water surface 636 m? = WAR = 981 x 0.636 x 0-72 = 4.49 kN Sloping wall« Forces on Surfaces = noe of centre of pressure (h) is given by 2264 & 09" x (gin GY! 6x 0-72 OY 072-0774 (hom free water surface) 0.053 m below the centroid G. aking moments of all the forces about the hinge, we have (0.053 #( Sveor* 98) Wx 12 or 4-49 (0.0612 +0-6)= Wx 12 or I 247 KN (Ans) Example 3-21. Fig 3-29 shows a gate supporting water Taking the width of the gate as ind (0) Depth of water (h) so that the gate tips about the hinge sion at the hinge. Sol, Inclination of the gate, 0 = 60° () Depth of water, he As the depth of water increases, the total P on the gate moves upwards, and just pres hefore tipping, P acts at the hinge. Depth of centre of pressure, eo h=(h-2)m But Fis also given by Fig. 329. =11547h ( = 0:5, Moment of inertia, Distance of c.g. from water surface, x p= LEAS = Lv (i/sin 60") = 0-1283 1? or 2 = 0-1283 1? x (sin 60°)? 405 4 = 0-667 11547 hx OSH Equating the two values of A we Bet, = = s, i Example 3 7 cea gate provided in an oll tank Is hinged at ts op edge (Fig. 339). The tank contains gasoline (SP. 8 = 0.7) upto a height of 1.8 m above the top edge of the plate. The space above the oil is subjected 10 o negative pressure of 8250 Nin. Determine the necessary vertical pull ‘0 be applied at the lower edge 10 ; “pen the gate, (GATE) aa Sol. Refer Fig. 3.30 0.667h or 0:333h=2 Gasoline surface Hinge Fig. 3:30Mechanics an, 102 238 Nin? egative pressure 23 Head of oil equivalent a s Si = 07x 9810 eae id above the top edge of the essure will reduce the oil hea’ 2 a 7 cn ia Coleuaions Tor the magnitude and location of the pressure © ~ 12 = 0.6 m of oil q s | fo be made corresponding to 0.6 m of oil. =12m sin 45° = 1.873 m Area, A = 3.6 x 3.6 = 12.96 m* = oi ; Pressure P = wT = 0.7x 9810 x 12.96% 1.873 = 16665 ‘ So aang Centre of pressure, } = -2=2— 4 ¥ a 2 = 36 * (3.6) * (sin 455) SE ETE Tee + 1.873 = 2.16m 12.96 x 7. Vertical distance of centre of pressure below top edge of the gate = 2.16 - 0.6 = 1.56m Taking moments about the hinge, ‘ 2 F sin 45° x 3.6 = p x —156_ i sin 45° Hence, vertical force, F = —P*1.56__ — 166690 x 1.56 3.6 x (sin 45%)? ~ Example 3-23. There is an openi opening in a container shown in Fig. 3-31. Find the and the reaction at the hinge. Sol. Gauge pressure = 23.5 kN/mm? 23-5 “Tareas =3™ of oil (o4=2 The free li uid surface may (Sin. FapR be considered a5 3 m above the hinge A (Fig. 3:31), Now, distance of centroid G plate from the oil surface, ¥=3+06 sin 30°=3.3 m Total pressure on th P= wt = (981 x08) x =37-29kN Distance of centre (A) is given by of th plate, (12x 1.2)%3.3 Of pressure 12x 1.23 jalesint'g _— RAID Fecete e : x12 Taking moments about the hinge 4, we a 3atic Forces on Surfaces ‘ Fx 1.2 = 37-29 x G309=3) sin 30° 23.045 92KN reaction at the or or F Let Ry= hinge. Then Ry +f =P or R,=P-F 37:29 - 19.2 = 18-09 KN (Ans.) Example 3-24. Fig. 333 shows a rectangular sice gate F AB, 3 m wide and 45m long hinged at A. It is kept closed by a B weight fixed to the gate. The total weight of the gate and weight fixed to the gate is 515 kN. The centre of gravity of the weight and gate is at G, Find the height of the water h which will first cause the gate to open Sol. Width of gate, 6=3 m, length of gate, /= 4.5 m Area, A= 3x 4-5 = 13-5 m? Weight of gate and 17 = 515 kN, angle of inclination, @= 45° Height of water, hz ¥=h-LS=h-(AS—AL)=h- (AB sin @ - LG tan 8) =h— (45 sin 45° — 0-9 tan 45°) Fig. 332, Free body diagram Water surface Fig. 333,‘luid Mechanics and Hydraulic Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic tod = h— (318-09) = (2:28) s given by og The total pressure wis sven OY ve 1355 x (= 228) = 13243 (2:28) a in the Fig. 3.33 The total pressure is acting at centre of pressure at C as Shown e The of C from the free surface is given by 5 Some (sin 45°), 2 oF + (h- 2:28) ange eal +X =13.5 x (h— 2-28) = 0-843 = 088 (4 - 2.28) or = Gam Now taking moments about hinge 4, we get 51SxLG=PxAC AT. or 515 x 09 = 132-43 (I~ 228) * ass 51509 x sin 45? __ 247 AT= "137.43 (h=2-28) ~ G-2-28) But AT=h-VA or AT = y+ (h~228)- VA But VA = VS- AS=h-4-5 sin 45° A-3-18 Substituting this value in (ii), we get : = 9843 = 2.28) - (h— 3-18) = 0843. gig 298 ATaG yt (t= 228) Ch 318) = G7 3H +318 228 ' _ 0843 ° ~p-2.28 +99 Equating the values of AT from (i) and (iii), we get 2-47 0-843, 4-228 h-2.28*°9 2-47 = 0843 + 0:9 (h ~ 2:28) = 0.843 + 0.94 2.052 or 0-9 h = 2-47 ~ 0.843 + 2.052 = 3.679 3679 he 9 = 408 m (Ans.) 346. Curved Immersed Surface Consider a curved surface LM submerged in a statig fluid as shown in Fig. 334. At any point on the coneg Surface the pressure acts normal to the surface. Thus if dao the area of a small element of the curv vertical depth of h from surface of the pressure on the elemental area is dp = px dA=(wh) x dA This force dP acts normal to the integration of Eqn. (3-4) would provide ti the curved surface and hence P= Jwhaa Bot, in case of curved surface the direction of ed surface lying at a liquid, then the total 3-4) surface, Further the total pressure on ~(3-5) the total Fig. 334, Curved immersed 8"