104 Fluid Mechanics and Hydrouty =h- (318-09) = (h- 2:28) m The total pressure One a 4 13:5 x (= 2-28) = 132-43 (42.28) The total pressure is acting at centre of pressure at C as Shown in the Fig, 3.33 of C from the free surface is given by ‘ : as x (sin 45°Y ie = 12 “Re TFA 35 x (h- 228) z__0:843 = OBB — 5 (n- 2:28) he (i= 2:28) ‘ Now taking moments about hinge 4, we get 515xLG=Px AC AT or 515 x 0-9 = 132-43 (h- 2:28) x Fes + (h- 2-28) or 515% 0-9 xsinas® __2-47 "132-43 (2-28) (42-28) 43 0843 (4 — 2-28) - VA 22m tH ) But VA = VS-AS=h—-45 sin 45° =h- 318 Substituting this value in (ii), we get + Qs 228) 8:18) =o a ay or 0.843 AT = G7.28) 0-843 oe ATH F708 Equating the values of AT from (i) and (ti), we get 247 0.843 4-228 h—2.09 99 2-47 = 0843 + 0:9 (hh ~ 2-28) = 0-843 + 0.9h - 2.052 or 0.9 h=2.47 - 0-843 +2.052 = 3.679 7 09 3-6. Curved Immersed Surface Consider a curved surface LM subme fluid as shown in Fig. 3:34, At any poin surface the pressure acts normal to the surf the area of a small element of the curved g vertical depth of / from surface of the liqu pressure on the elemental area is dp =p x dA=(wh)x dd This force dP acts normal to th integration of Eqn. (3-4) would provide tI the curved surface and hence P= Jwhda (3:5) But, in ease of curved surface the direction ofthe total +09 -08 m (Ans.) ged in a static ton the curved ice. Thus if dA is urface lying at a id, then the total Liquid surface (4) © surface, Further he total pressure on M Fig. 3:34, Curved iHydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 105 the elementary i pressures on Y areas are not in a the integration of Eqn. (3:5) for curved if the same direction, but varies from point to point, Thus : urface is impose by resolving the force P into horizontal aa The problem, however, can be solved components Py, and Py, Then total force on the curved surface is, P= WP | The direction of the resultant force P with the horizontal is given by: wes 2 P, (2, or oo ten'{ Pe ion ( P, 3-7) Here Py = total pressure force on the projected area of the curved surface on vertical plane, and, Py = weight of the liquid supported by the curved surface upto free surface of liquid. Example ee Fis 3:35 shows a curved surface LM, which is in the form of a quadrant ofa circle of radius 3m, immersed in the water. If the width of the gate is unity, calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the total force acting on the curved surface. Sol. Radius of the gate = 3 m Width of the gate = | m Free water surface u Refer Fig. 3:35 Distance LO=OM=3m Horizontal component of total force, Py: i Horizontal force (Py) exerted by water on gate is al 3m a given by, pr Py = total pressure force on the projected area of. |< | curved surface LM on vertical plane M Curved surface = total pressure force on OM Fig. 335. Curved surface (gate). (projected area of curved surface on vertical plane = OMx 1) = wAX But, A=OMx1=3x1=3m? and Fel+$=25m = 9481 x (3 x 1) x25 = 7357 KN (Ans) where Ig =M.Q.J. of OM about its c.g. = __225 4.9.5 =2.8m from water surface (Ans.) @x)x25 Vertical component of total force, Py Vertical force (Py) exerted by water is given by, P= weight of water supported by LMf upto free surface "© weight of portion ULMOS = weight of ULOS + weight of water in LOM ¢ of ULOS + volume of LOM) x0? yy Jeosi[1x3+22 x1] =981 i ULxLO+™~4 = 9.81 (3 + 7.068) KN = 98-77 KN (Ans) he = w (volumree 106, ce having a quadrant shape of radius of 1m Example 326, Fig: 530 sho oie rus inclination with the horizontal, Tyke water pressure Find the resultant fore of the gate as 2m Sol. Radius of the gate, r= hm Length of the gate = 2m Horizontal force, Py : Py, = force on the projected area of th = force on MO = wl x where w= 981 KN/nt" 7 A= area of MO (projected area) © 1X 2 «200 he curved surface on vertical plane veteosm Py = 98182605 = 98TKN Vertical force, Py: Py = weight of water (imagined) supported by 2 axr LM = wx area of LOM 2.0 = wx —y x2 = 98IN TSU S25 ISA KN (@ Resultant force PHNP +P = NOSE 1S = 1826 KN (Ans.) (ii) The angle made by the resultant force with the horizontal, 0: We know that, Fig 336. ange Zt. IS Py O8t Example 3-27. Fig. 337 shows a radial gate, If it is 3m Jong, find the m direction of the resultant force acting on it, 1. Length of radial gate = 3 m Refer Fig. 3-37. MU = 3 sin 60° = 26m Horizontal force on the curved surface, = WAX 1-569 or 0 = 57-489 (Ans.) Water surface = 981 x (26x 3) x 26 = 99-47 KN It will act at 38 or 0-867 m above M. Vertical force, water displaced = weight of volume equal to LMU x3. Now, Area LMU» area LOM = area MUO weight ofydrostatic Forces on Surfaces = nk? x SO 1 107 mR 5605 ~ 2 * 26 3 cos 60° =nx3? 1 x 1/6 -- x 24 3*26%3%05= 4.719 1.95- 9.769 m? Py=2-762x3 x 981 = 81. VPP = Vosges y= 276 81=81-28KN; P=VPESPE = oa SBE «108 Hence magnitude of resultant force = 128-45 kN (A “ Let = inclination of P with the horizontal ne Then, 817 or 0 =39.25° (Ans) and P must pass through 0. As Py acts at (2-6 — 0-867) = 1-733 m below water surface, re. tan 39-25° ~ 01 UT = OT- OU=2:12~3 cos 60° = 0-62 m Hence point of application of P is 0-62 m to the left of MU and 1-733 m below water urface. (Ans.) =2:12m, and Example 3-28. A cylinder haviug 3 m diameter and 15m length is resting on the floor. In one side, water is filled upto half the depth while on the other side oil of relative density -85 filled upto the top (Fig. 3-38). If the weight of the cylinder is 33:75 KN, determine the agnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force which will keep the éylinder ust touching the floor. Sol. Diameter of the cylinder, d=3 m; Length of the cylinder; Weight of the cylinder; W7=30KN; Relative density of the oil =08 3 Specific yveight of the oil, Wi = 9-81 x 08 = 7-85 KN/m Sm 3 i P= 15) x2 = 52-98 Horizontal components: Horizontal force, Ppp = 785 x @x15)x> 52-98KN 1m from bed. This will act at 3 15 45.2 1655KN 9-81 x (15 x 15) *7 Horizontal force, Pin Cylinder Oil surface .108 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic This will act at > 0-5 m from bottom. ‘Hence (52-98 — 16:55) =36-43kN force acting towards right is required to holt cylinder stationary. (Ans,) : If it acts at a distance J, then taking moments about the bed, we get Pin ¥1~ Pig x 05 = (Pry ~ Pin) xy 5298-16-55 x 0-5 = (52-98 ~ 16-55) x hy, 52.98 ~ 1655 x 0.5 “5298-1655 ~ 3643 ~ 1227 m (Ans) Vertical components: - 2 P= 785 x PES 15-4161 kN 4x1s Tt will act at = 0-636 m to left of LM; R=9.81 x 2% It will act at 0-636 m right of LM, Since vertical forces must balance, therefore, Extemal force required = 41-61 +26 - 33-75 = 33-86 kN (Ans) This external force is re action, taking moments about 2 TS 15 =264N ‘quired in vertically downward direction. To find out its lit the vertical line along which Aj, acts, we get Wx 0.636 + 33-86 x x= Py x (0-636 + 0-636) 33-75 x 0.636 + 33-86 x= 41-61 x 1-272 x= 0-929 m (Ans,) Example 3:29. In the fig. 3:39 is shown the cross-section of the tank full of water va pressure. The length of the tank is 3 m. An empty cylinder lies along the length of the tank® one of ils corner as shown. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the force acting the curved surface LMN of the cylinder. [aul Sol. Length of the tank = 3 m Radius, r= 1.5m Pressure, p = 30 kN/m? 22. 0 Pressure head, h=2 = <2 ~3m Free water surface will be at a height of 3 from the top of the tank; equivalent free water surface is shown in Fig, 3-40. (i) Horizontal component of force, Py: Py = wat where w= specific weight of water (= 9-81 kN/m’) A = area projected on vertical plane = 2.25 x3=6-75 m? ¥=3 +238 = 4-125 m Py = OB) x 6-75 x 4125 ‘mpty cylinderjydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 109 © 273.18 KN (Ans,) ui Vertical component of foree, i. : F, = weight of water enclosed or supported actually of ima by curved surface LAIN : © weight of water in the Portion NOTULMN = weight of w weight of water in LUZM, But weight of water in NOTZMN = weight of water in NOM + weight of water in OMZTO inary er in NOTZMN — =»(3E+ownae)xs 2 =981 (aus, 1s 375 3 =2175N Fig. 340 Weight of water in LUZM = w (area of LUZM) x3 = 9-81 [area of (LUZQ + LOMS - LSM) x3 In ALSO, sino=25 15, 3 O= 30" MS = MO - SO= 1-5 - OL cos 0 = 15-15 x cos 30°=02m Area LSM = LMO - LSO exPx22-lxosxis 360° 2 =nx 15? xb-pxas x cos 30°) x (1-5 sin 30°) = 0-589 - 0-487 = 0-102 m <. Weight of water in LUZM = 9-81 [LO x ZQ+LO x OM - 0-102] x3 81 (0-2 x3 +0-2x 1-5 sin 30° - 0-102] x3 (" LO=MS) 81 (0:6 + 0-15 — 0-102) x 3 9.07 KN 17.5 — 19-07 = 198-43 KN (Ans,) Py= 37. Dams i i tone or earth, across a river i i , built up mostly with R.C.C. or stone o , actos ora cone : pase ot impounding or storing water. Its cross-section may be triangular, Tectan, lar ef i sidal That side of the dam to which the water from the river or the stream approaches js krown upstream and the othe’ downstream. A on. which rests enact it al lam). i ; is termed as'3 gravity dam (viz Bhakr Pe by a we nT ia eric an ih - 3-41, shows slope or batter for the back.110 Fluid Mechanics and Hydrautte Machin Let a = top width of the dam, 6 = base width of the dam, H = height of the dam, and he = height of water column. Consider 1 m length of the dam, Weight of masonry = area x length x density of masonry a+b 2 density of masonry ...(38) Let the c.g. of the section be at a distance x from the vertical face. Now dividing the trapezium! 1 ze into a rectangle and a tiangle ande—wh—e| (Heed taking moments about the vertical face, we get So-axa{ o-(254)| xe o[onne(*52)-0 axhxZehb-axh| arbst ~ We xHx1x - axhx axh xh a+ ab+h 3 (a+b) Total water pressure (P) = area x average pressure wh _ wi? Pa(ixh)xp a9 This pressure acts at 1/3 from the base of dam. Let the resultant R of P and base of the dam at the point M. or woul iM_P ‘Then, from triangle GLM, we gel tan a= Gr =p xP P Soap hs ie. ape The eccentricity of the resultant force, e=(x +x) =b/2 nt 4 Ive is +ve maximum stresses will develop towards the toe (7) and if it is “V1 stresses will develop towards heel (H) Stresses at the base: —Weightofmasonry __W _W = Direct stress, 0 ee =F ap (compressive) Bending stress, My (We) x67 TO W/2xIxB y fer [Bending will take place abou"ivdrostatic Forces on Surfaces ” ie “#—Fy- (ve sign stands for tensile stress here) (3-13) Maximum intensity of stte85, oy, = 0,49; ran » aol We, G b 5 ) (Compressive) (314) Minimum intensity of stress, = - W GWe w eee 5-2) (Compressive) _...(3-15) Ir may be noted that Gy, may be tensile or compressive. 38 Possibilities of Dam Failure The following are the possibilities of dam failure: (# Failure due to sliding along its base. (ii) Failure due to tension or compression. | (uf Failure due to shear at the weakest section, (iv) Failure due to overturning. (i) Failure due to sliding along its base: The sliding of the dam is. caused by the horizontal water pressure, P. The foundation offers | factional resistance which resists sliding. The dam will be stable against sliding if the frictional resistance is more than the sliding (or driving) force P. Now, frictional force, F = 7 where 1 is the co-efficient of friction between two adjacent surfaces along which sliding is likely to take place. Sliding or driving force = P Factor of safety against sliding =f (This value must be greater than unity). (ii) Failure due to tension or compression: The dam will be stable if no tensile stress across the cross-section is produced, It means «G, should be more than or equal to G,. In certain cases where tension cannot be avoided it should not increase more than 0-4 N/mm” te O42 05 +G-16) (3-17) Therefore the resultant must always be in the middle third of the base. (ii) Faiture due to shear at the weakest section: section, A" the least cross-sectional area of the dam st an stress of the dam material, and Cs “my = maximum safe shear Then, resistance against shear = (mex) * a sin * 5 P y (ur must be greater tan wD), ete Ps total liquid pressure due to water CO (iy allure due to overturning: Fa “(Or of safety against shear section.; 4 Fhuid Mechanics amd Hvdrenate Referring to Fig. 341 we find that water pressure tends fo overtum the wall hou i F whereas weight # tends to counteract the tuming effect e Taking moments of P and about toe 7, we get overtuming moment = Px 4 and resisting moment = 1 (b— x) i ' Factor of safety against overtuming = Pal 3 | ae eo x» (it must be greater thay Example 3:30. 4 concrete dam of irapezoidal section having water on vertical face: m high The base of the dam is 8 metres wide and top 2 metres wide. Find the resultant jy. on the dase per mesre length of dam. and the point where it intersects the base. Take the weight of masonry as 240 kNim' and water level coinciding with the top of the dam Sol. Refer Fig. 3-42 Top width = 42 m, base width = § m, height = 12 m Consider 1 m length of dam. Weight of masonry, we[ 822), 1251 x 245 144kN See Water pressure, oy = (1440/7 = 1604 KN (Ans) The point, where the resultant thrust cuts the base Let x mewes be the distance of c.g. fom the vertical face. Dividing the trapezium into recungle and triangle and tking moments zbout the vertical face, we have 122% 2242-34122 64x =24+3x5=60x 24-364 a The valve of ‘x' can also be found by using the relation Poab+b? 2~2x8+8 a+b) 32+ 8) ox =2im =28m From Fig. 3-42, ana 2 _206x4 Also, wana = 2 yg9y Fao . the point where the resultant thrust cuts the base 22+ =28+196=476m fromH (bel (Ans) is & Example 331. 4 masonry dam trapezoidal in cross-section is £m wide at she 0p. ai = 196mwide at the base and 10 m siress distribution at the b i ase i ' Sol. Refer Fig. 3.43. J PeCVic gravity of masse against a vertical face. Obtain Top width = 4 m, v, » base width = § m, hei ™, height = 10 m Density of mason: TY = 25x 9.8] = Consider 1 m length of tan 24:5 KN/m? Weight of masonry acting through e high in igh. It retains water level wy wa| 844 7 )s 10x 1x 245 = 1470 kN Water pressure, paw 981x108 TT p= 4905 kN Let x metres be the di: rapezium stance of c.g. fro i i ; 7 °€ Of c.g. from the vertical face. Dividi i rectangle and a triangle and taking moments about the vertical face, ae inv | 41 Feral 4 10x mgr gr torial 4 $)=(1ox4edctoxy exe an 42053338 80+ 20 5:33 _ 5) 60 =311m p-s= sm Water level From Fig. 3-43. P4905 W 1470 x Also, tan a= 7575 x _ 4905 1 1073 14703 10 _10 1010 ham = seo. Now, x42 =3114 111 =4.22m which is well within tvo third base width. Eccentricity of resultant thrust e=(xt+x)-4 = 4.22-4=0-22m Bending stress, M,_ Urey oy= y= 7 214 (Comp) 1470 x 022 x 8/2 153.4 (Comp)} 7 > 18 7 ie 38 2 1470 x 0-22%4*12 2 303 KN/m . 7 ’ Direct stress, eight of mason al = 183-7 kN/m x oa ee 7 15303 = 214 N/a (comp) (ABS) 1937-303 = 1534 \aN/m? (comp, (Ans) ost % oy- %——————— M4 Fluid Mechantes and Hydrate, hearse J yace of a dam is shaped according (0 the relation yx Xample 3:32. The curved face of a da hie dam ts unity and height of Water retained py he dam ts shown in the Fig, 344. If the width of Gieciion of the resultant water pre is 12m determine the magnitude and d curved face of the dam. Sol. Profile of the curved face of the dam or ) Sy Dam Height of water, <1 h=l2m Width, b= 1m Magnitude and direction of resultant water pressure: Horizontal component, Py = pressure due to water on curved area projected on vertical plane IR =pressureon area MT=w A where A=MTx1=12x1=12m° =12/2=6m 9-81 x 12x 6= 7063 kN Vertical component, P, eight of water supported by the curve LM = weight of water in portion LMT 12 wx (Area of LMT) x width of dam =w [ J x-dy] x10 6 where x-dy= area of strip 2 =981 [35 ay (212359) Oo yee =981x fF] = 3433 x 2/3 [(12)°?] =951.4KN Resultant water pressure on the dam, PONPiy+ Ph = NO063F 3 OSiay cn P= 1184-9 kN (Ans) Direction of the resultant is given by Pe _ 951-4 ta ee pga = 1347 a =53-4° (Ans) Example 3:33. Fig. 3-45 shows a gate wh , rf a depth of I m behind it Ifthe width of he sete pees is-given by x= Ny. lt hols wi hold the gate in place. ™ determine the moment Mpyadvostatic Forces on Surfaces = Sol, Profile of the pate sxe Vy Horizontal foree, Py w AX 9.81 4 (15) 24-52 KN It will at 3 m ©0333 m from the bottom, Py» weight of liquid above the gate sxw fyde 1 de $4 bom xm Wy ww fra ve | Water surface, ory’ 5981 x b= 1635 kN 1 b.-_—. Pn The vertical line along which i P, will act is obtained by taking ' moments of elementary force ic ! Swyrdv about Y-axis and equating o it to Thus, Py x. Fig. 345. 1 ' Pyxk = [5 wy ( ayde = [5wx? (1-2) de ° Moment M: | : Moment of Py, and Py about Z-axis passing through 0 is M = Py, x 0333 + PyX 025 4:52 x 0-333 + 16:35 x 0-25 = 12-25 kNm he. M= 12.25 kNm (Ans) 2 x i " Example 3.34. 4 dam has a parabolic shape y = Yo [=] as shown in Fig 3.46 having is water with density = 1000 kg/m’. Compute the horizontal, = = 9m, The fluid Yo = 6m and yo = 9m. The fad ry water per meire length of the dam. vertical and the resultant thrust © Sol. Given + width of the dam = 1m 2 2) 5 xg = 6m; % = 9M Equation of the curve: = »(Z) +o % 3 Density of water p = 1000 kg/m Horizontal, vertical and resultant thrust exerted by water: 2 x Equation of the curve OL! Y © Yo (;)16 Fluid Mechanics and Hydrayt. ; y % * x as @) oa 4 As x = dy ors = Wy Horizontal thrust : Horizontal thrust exerted by water, M F, = force exerted by water on vertical surface OM; 4, the surface obtained by projecting the curved surface on vertical plane, = pg dh 9 = 1000 x (9x1) x = = 397305N oO 100% 9.81 x (9x1) x 5 ont o ’ ‘i r 397.3 kN (Ans.) a Vertical thrust : Vertical thrust exerted by water, F, = weight of water supported by curved surface OL upto free water surface weight of water in portion OLM x width of dam = pg x area of OLM x width of dam Fig. 3.46 : = 1000x 9.81 x| J” x x | 1.0 4 ]- 10 19620 x [SI 19620 x 2 x (9°? 1000 x 9.81 x fay x " 372 = 353160 N or 383.16 KN (Ans.) Resultant thrust : Resultant thrust exerted by water, F = VFI + = \G973) + GS316. = 531.57 KN (Ans.) Direction of the resultant is given by , Fy _ 353.16 F, 3973 + 0 = tan’! (0.889) = 41.63° (Ans.) 3-9. Lock Gates Lock gates are provided in navigation chambers to change the water level in'& river for navigation, There are two sets of gates veka chamber, The working of the gates (Fig. 347) is ag ieee one set on either sidé Suppose the ship is at position | (on the Je : al transferred to position 2 (on the right hand Moraes fie fal He ee at is (i) Open the sluice S, on the upstream gate G, and fill ie eee level Ib (ii) Open the lock gate G, on the upstrea m ; : (iii) Close the gate Gj. and permit the ship to enter the chal” (iv) Open the sluice S; and allow the wate T to fall ve (%) Open the downstream gate G, and permit i he a fered from position i t tan 0 = 0.889PES eee ee eee ee ypsdrostatic Forces on Surfaces Ww ship (Postion 1) Upstream Sluice ‘Ship (Position 2) S) G,,Gz = Lock gates oy @ @ Fig. 347. Total pressure on the gates and reactions at top and bottom hinges : Fig. 3-48 shows plan and elevation of a pair of Jock gates. Let AB and BC be two lock gates, each carried on two hinges fixed on their top and bottom at both A and C. Due to action Er water the gates are tightly closed to one another at B. Consider the gate AB: Let P= resultant force due to water acting at right angle to the gate. = reaction force supplied by gate BC 10 sate ‘AB and acting perpendicular to the contact surfaces. R= resultant reaction of the top and bottom hinges (assumed to lie in the same horizontal plane in which P and N lies). nation of gate to normal side of lock. rium under the forces P, Nand Ry they will all intersect at one ‘Ds then R must pass through this point ‘Then triangle ABD will a = angle of incli [As the gate is in equili point, Let P and N intersect at be isosceles, as ZDBA and DAB equal © Resolving the forces in a direction parallel to gate (48), Reosa=N cos & R=N (3-18) Resolving normal to the gate (4B), P= Rsina+Nsina =(R +N)sina=2R sina 3-19) R= Fina ‘ato centre line of gate =<) (Also, inclination of re on the gate Cee pre watt to left of gate (He. upstream side), height of water £0 right of gate (e- downstream side), eight of top hing® from the bottom of gates p, = total pressure of water (0 left of ee P, = total pressure of water to right of Bate R= reaction of t0P hinge, andFld Mechanics and Hydpayy, a Hae teaten c z jareel . (199-2) 7 oa Deven 2 side side Fig. 346. Resultant pressure on lock gates, 2, > reaction of bottom hinge. Then 2, +R,=R wht, Also Py=—Z* x wetted area of the gate (It will act at the centre of press pf, which is $* from the bottom), and * wetted arca of the gate (It will act at 2 from the bottom) Then P=P,-P, it may be noted that only half the water pressure may be taken as acting on the hinge® OF the gate; the remaining ball will be taken by the rearing ok the gate BC. 4 Taking moments about the lower hinge, we have 41 Ai Py Hy, R of <1, sina x H (g 7)-(2 2) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Rysina +R, sing =2t_ Pa 2 ‘Then, from eqns. () and (i), R, and Ry may be found,eee ere drostatic Forces on Surfaces ug Example 3-35. Each gat i ' ee of @ lock is 6 m high and 5 m wide, supported on one side by i. oe ge Sram the tap and fram bottom. The angle between the gles in closed Se Is are 5m and 1-25 m on the upstream and downstream sides wo a magnitude and position of the resultant water pressure on each gate, (ii) The magnitude of reaction between the gates, and (ii) The magnitudes of the reactions at the hinges. Assume the reaction between the gates to be in the same horizontal plane as that of the sultant water pressure. (Jadavpur University] Sol. Height of each gate = 6 m, width of each gate = 5 m Height of water on upstream side, H, = 5m Height of water on downstream side, H = 1-25m ‘Angle between the gates = 120%, . a= 10120. 30° (d The magnitude position of the resultant pressure: Upstream side: Wetted area of gate, Ay=5x5=25 ni? Total pressure on each gate, Py = wAy ¥ = 981 x 25 x $=61312kN Position of centre of pressure, Jy = = 1-667 m from the bottom A F from the bottom = 5 25m? Wetted area of gate A, =5% 125= Downstream side : 81 x 6:25 x 1B. 38.32 KN ‘Total pressure on each gate, Py=W 42%: = rig. 34910) Blevation ‘and plan of lock gates:7, - 425.< 0.417 m from the bottom, Position of centre of pressure, hy =~ ssure ch gate, OW, resultant water pressure on cac P= P,~P, = 613-12 - 38:32 = 5748 KN (Ans.) 0.5 m “7 ‘Top hinge Upstream ——p E P(=R) = », TT al ile 175m 1.667 m z = 0.417 ha a Hy =125 m ae Ee Fig. 3-49. (b) Resultant pressure and Let i is height of P from the bottom, then taking moments of Py, P, and P a bottom, we get Bottom hinge Teactions at hinges of lock gates. Peb-? eh, Pk on S748 xh= h=1-75 m from the bottom (Ans.) i) The magnitude of reaction between the gates, N: Refer Fig. 3-49 (a) Resolving the forces at D in a direction parallel to gate (i.e, along 4B), we have Neosa=Reosa or N=R Resolving normally to gate 613-12 x 1-667 — 38.32 x 0.417=100 a (ie. normal to AB), we have PeRsina+Nsina=(R4 N} sina WV sing = R)=—P 5748 NOR Fa” Tain S748 kN (ns) (ii) The magnitude of the reactions at the Let R,= reaction at the top hinge, and om hinge, hinges; Ry= reaction at the bott Then, R,+R,= R= 574-8 kNjydrostatic Forces on Surfaces Taking moments of hin, i a ae ge Teactions R,, R, and P (= R) about th ir , {RprOn artisan yout the bottom hinge, we have 5R, = 5748 « (1-75 - 0.5) Ry = 143-7 KN (Ans) Ry = 5748 ~ 143-7 = 431-1 KN (Ans,) and HIGHLIGHTS i 1, The term hydrostatics means the study of pressure, exerted by a fluid at rest 2, Total pressure (P) is the force exer a stal 1 curved) when the ted by fie fui : - pe ree ee eee fluid on a surface (either plane or curved) For vertically immersed surface, P= wAt For inclined immersed surface, P= wAX where A= area of immersed surface, and depth of centre of gravity of immersed surface from the free liquid surface. 3, Centre of pressure (fi) is the point through which is Cen of pesiure (i in pokes ugh which he resin ressue acts and is always expressed = For vertically immersed surface, h=3E+¥ nt For inclined immersed surface, 7 =/252° 45 where Ig stands for moment of inertia of figure about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity. 4. The total force on a curved surface is given by p= PH + PY where Pjy= horizontal force on curved surface Ine projected area of the curved surface on the vertical plane = w AX total pressure force on ! submerged curved surface Py= vertical force on : yy curved surface. tually or imaginary supported bi 'P with the horizontal is given by Py Py oP or Ox tan! 5 tan 8 Pu or @ Pa weight of liquid a The direction of the resultant force te P=Pi- Pa ‘ side of the sluice gate, and of the sluice gate. reaction at the hinge, 5, Resultant force on a sluice Ba where P; = pressure force on the upstream P, = pressure force oF the downstream side a it to the 6. For a lock gate, the reaction tes is equal to he. NHR between two Bal gates, N“Jsina nthe lock gate = P1~ of lock. Also reaction between the two Py, and Where P= resultant water pressure © ation of the gate (© normal of side a= incliné