ICM-DU-5080-D.

1
Temperature Instruments

Operating Environment: Onshore, Topsides

This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and its affiliates. When made
available to any contractor providing services to Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its affiliates, the
contractor’s use of this document shall be governed by the confidentiality provisions of the
applicable contract or bid package. Without limiting the foregoing, neither the whole nor any
part of this document may be disclosed by the contractor to any third party, other than an
affiliate of the contractor that requires this information for purposes of the contract with the
Chevron entity, without the prior written consent of the Chevron entity that has disclosed this
document to the contractor. When requested by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. or its disclosing affiliate, the
contractor must return all copies of this document to the Chevron entity requesting such return
and delete any electronic copies from the contractor’s systems.

Any and all modifications (changes, amendments, etc.) to this document must follow approved
Chevron Engineering Standards governance processes.

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

A 10/08 General revision. H. Ren R. Zerda
B 10/09 General revision. J. Araujo R. Zerda
C 07/14 Major revision. C. Chang P. Gomez
D 05/17 General revision. O. Nava P. Gomez
D.1 08/17 Technical modification: Updated Section 5.1, O. Nava P. Gomez
item 4 and Section 6.1, item 21.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

Summary of Changes
Revised technical content may be marked with change bars in the right margin as directed by Author.
The Author denotes the following technical changes to this revision as detailed below:

Author notations regarding this revision

General revision to improve clarity.

Added additional information on stress analysis.

Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below

Added clarification on thermowell sizing per ASME PTC 19.3 TW as well overall clarifications throughout
the document.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 6
2.3 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 7
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 9
4.0 General ............................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1 Data Sheet Requirement .................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Electrical Area Classification ............................................................................................. 10
4.3 Radio Frequency Interference Protection ......................................................................... 10
5.0 Material Selection......................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Wetted Parts ..................................................................................................................... 11
5.2 NACE Requirements ......................................................................................................... 11
5.3 Environmental ................................................................................................................... 11
6.0 Thermowells ................................................................................................................................. 13
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 13
6.2 Sizing Parameters ............................................................................................................. 14
6.3 Process Connection .......................................................................................................... 15
6.4 Insertion Lengths............................................................................................................... 16
6.5 Stress Analysis.................................................................................................................. 17
7.0 Thermocouples ............................................................................................................................ 18
7.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 18
7.2 Applications ....................................................................................................................... 19
7.3 Thermocouple Heads ........................................................................................................ 20
8.0 Resistance Temperature Detectors ............................................................................................ 21
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 21
8.2 Applications ....................................................................................................................... 22
8.3 Insulation ........................................................................................................................... 22
8.4 Heads ................................................................................................................................ 22
9.0 Temperature Transmitters........................................................................................................... 23
9.1 Enclosures ........................................................................................................................ 23
9.2 Input Types ....................................................................................................................... 23
10.0 Safety Instrumented System Service ......................................................................................... 24
11.0 Indicating Thermometers ............................................................................................................ 24
11.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 24
11.2 Dial Bimetallic Thermometers ........................................................................................... 25
11.3 Remote Indicators ............................................................................................................. 25

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

12.0 Filled and Mechanical Thermal Systems ................................................................................... 25

13.0 Nameplate and Tagging............................................................................................................... 26
14.0 Documentation ............................................................................................................................. 26
15.0 Quality Assurance, Inspection, and Testing ............................................................................. 26
16.0 Preparation for Shipment ............................................................................................................ 26

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

1.0 Scope
1. This specification covers the minimum technical requirements for the design, construction,
purchase, and testing of temperature instruments to be installed at Owner onshore or
topsides facilities.
2. This specification is to be used in conjunction with project technical requirements and
data sheets (SmartPlant Instrumentation [SPI] forms) for each instrument.
Note: Data sheets are created using the SPI forms that reside in the Owner database seed
file, referenced by a SPI number (for example, SPI 13110). For copies of the SPI
forms, contact a Owner Process Automation subject matter expert (SME). More
information on SPI forms is available in ICM-DU-5152.
3. This specification does not cover tube skin thermocouples and fiber optic sensing
temperature sensors.

2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Use the latest edition of each document referenced below unless otherwise specified.

2.1 Owner Documents

ICM-DU-5088 Design of Alarm Systems
ICM-SU-5139 Instrumentation and Control Systems Completion Requirements
ICM-DU-5152 SmartPlant Instrumentation Design
ICM-PU-5165 Alarm Objectives Analysis
ICM-DU-6003 Instrument Design Basis
ICM-DU-6025 Safety Instrumented Systems
ICM-SU-6033 Process Automation System Tagging
[ICM] GB-J1197A Instrument Installation Detail – Van Stone Thermowell Detail for
NPS 1 1/2” and 2” RF Flanged Connections
[ICM] GB-J1197B Instrument Installation Detail – Van Stone Thermowell Detail for
NPS 1 1/2” and 2” RTJ Flanged Connections
[ICM] GB-J1198 Instrument Installation Detail – Van Stone Thermowell Installation in
Piping
[ICM] GB-J1200 Fabrication Detail – Thermowell for Furnace Stack
[ICM] GD-J1201A Installation for Furnace – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple (SPTC) –
Piston Style
[ICM] GD-J1201B Instrument Installation Detail – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple
(SPTC) – Fixed Style Installation

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

[ICM] GD-J1201C Instrument Installation Detail – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple

(SPTC) – Clip Installation
[ICM] GD-J1201D Instrument Installation Detail – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple
(SPTC) – Sheath Routing
[ICM] GD-J1201E Instrument Installation Detail – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple
(SPTC) – Electrical Connections
[ICM] GD-J1201F Instrument Installation Detail – Tube Skin Point Thermocouple
(SPTC) – Thermocouple and Heat Shield Installation
[ICM] GB-J1202 Instrument Installation Details – Reactor Skin Point Thermocouple
[ICM] GB-J1203 Fabrication Details – Reactor Skin Point Thermocouple Assembly
Details

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute (API)
RP 551 Process Measurement
RP 556 Instrumentation, Control, and Protective Systems for Gas Fired Heaters

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings – NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24
Metric/Inch Standard
PTC 19.3 Part 3: Temperature Measurement Instruments and Apparatus
(1974 Edition, withdrawn)
PTC 19.3 TW Thermowells Performance Test Codes
V&V 20 Standard for Verification and Validation in Computational Fluid
Dynamics and Heat Transfer

ASTM International (ASTM)

A276/A276M Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
A479/A479M Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in
Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels
E230/E230M Standard Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf)
Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E1137/E1137M Standard Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance
Thermometers
Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
G-4.4 Oxygen Pipeline and Piping Systems

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

European Commission on Enterprise and Industry

ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU
Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of
26 February 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member
States relating to equipment and protective systems intended for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres (recast)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

60079 Explosive atmospheres – Part 0: Equipment – General requirements
60079-14 Explosive atmospheres – Part 14: Electrical installations design,
selection and erection
60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
60584-1 Thermocouples – Part 1: EMF specifications and tolerances
60584-3 Thermocouples – Part 3: Extension and compensating cables –
Tolerances and identification system
60751 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers and platinum temperature
sensors

NACE International (NACE)

MR0103 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum
Refining Environments
MR0175/ISO 15156 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries – Metallic
materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum
refining environments
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)

2.3 Conflict Resolution

1. In the event of any inconsistency between the requirements stated in the various technical
and reference documents, the following order of precedence shall apply:
a. Local country statutes, regulations and directives.
b. Local country codes and standards.
c. This specification and associated addenda.
d. Other international codes and standards.
e. International industry practices.
2. Supplier shall submit any conflicts among the inquiry documents in writing to Owner for
resolution.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
AWG American Wire Gauge
BASEEFA British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmosphere
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
ESD Emergency Shutdown
ESS Emergency Safety System
FF FOUNDATION Fieldbus
FRP Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester
GRP Glass Reinforced Polyester
IP Ingress Protection
IPL Independent Protection Layer
LCD Liquid-Crystal Display
NPT National Pipe Taper
NUN Nipple-Union-Nipple
OD Outside Diameter
PCS Process Control System
PD Physical Device
P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
RTD Resistance Temperature Detector
SIL Safety Integrity Level
SIS Safety Instrumented System
SME Subject Matter Expert
SPI SmartPlant® Instrumentation
SS Stainless Steel

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

3.2 Definitions
Immersion Length The length of the thermowell that protrudes into the process fluid
past the edge of the pipe or vessel wall.
Insertion Length (U) The distance from the tip of the thermowell to the intersection of
‘Unsupported Length’ the thermowell and the support plane, such as the inside wall of
the vessel or pipe.

Note: Insertion length and immersion length terminology tends to be interchangeable in

the industry. ‘Insertion length’ as used in this specification, the related data sheet, and
drawings is defined by the U length.

API 551 defines the insertion length as the U length, and does not use a ‘designator’
for the immersion length. API 551 defines an additional requirement in the immersion
length that provides criteria for the portion of the thermowell that is immersed in the
liquid fluid, and Owner specifications have adopted this criterion.

ASME PTC 19.3 TW defines the unsupported length as the L length. This is expressed
as the insertion length in Owner specifications.

4.0 General
1. This specification shall be read in conjunction with ICM-DU-6003 and ICM-SU-5139,
which detail the general instrumentation design basis and installation requirements
respectively.
2. In existing facilities, in kind switch replacement shall be allowed only if it is not feasible to
incorporate transmitters, and shall require written acceptance from Owner.
3. For general service, [ICM] GB-J1197, [ICM] GB-J1198, and [ICM] GB-J1200 shall be
considered as the minimum acceptable practice for thermowell selection.
4. [ICM] GB-J1200 shall be referenced for furnace stack thermowell fabrication details.
5. [ICM] GB-J1202 shall be referenced for reactor skin point thermocouple installations.
6. [ICM] GD-J1201 shall be referenced for heater/furnace tube skin thermocouple installations.
7. Temperature transmitters shall be mounted as follows:
a. On the thermowell, provided the head temperature is less than 160°F (70°C).
b. On a stand (not close-coupled to element).
c. Remotely from the thermowell if the head temperature is 160°F (70°C) or greater, or
where access is difficult.
8. Temperature switches shall not be allowed.
9. Thermowells shall not be installed in the upstream and downstream straight runs of flow
meters or minimum 20 diameters downstream of a control valve discharge.
10. If the thermowell is installed at an angle or in an elbow, the tip shall point to the flow in the
process line.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

4.1 Data Sheet Requirement

1. A data sheet shall be provided for each temperature instrument, including temperature
instruments in skid package or package equipment.
2. Data sheets shall be in electronic format.
a. The following SmartPlant Instrumentation (SPI) forms shall be used to generate
electronic and hard copy data sheets:
1) SPI 13100 Temp Element / Thermowell
2) SPI 13110 Multipoint Assembly
3) SPI 13120 Temperature Transmitter
4) SPI 13121 Temperature Transmitter FF
5) SPI 13122 Temperature Transmitter Wireless
6) SPI 13140 Temperature Switch
7) SPI 13150 Thermometer / Thermowell
8) SPI 13160 Thermowell
9) SPI 13170 Temperature Instrument Filled System
10) SPI 13220 Miscellaneous Temperature
b. Deviations from this requirement shall be submitted for Owner acceptance.
3. Supplier shall be responsible for obtaining the response time for all parts of the instrument
assembly and shall verify that these comply with process requirements. The assembly shall
include the following:
a. Thermowell.
b. Temperature element.
c. Transmitter.

4.2 Electrical Area Classification

All instruments, material, and installation methods shall satisfy the requirements for the defined
hazard classification area and ‘T’ rating to which they are subjected as a minimum.

Note: To assist in standardization and spares, equipment should be specified to meet the
requirements for the most restrictive general classification identified for a plant group.

4.3 Radio Frequency Interference Protection

Radio frequency interference (RFI) protection for electronics shall be able to withstand a
10 volt/meter field strength with frequencies of 20 to 500 MHz, and output signal from
instrument under test shall have maximum variation of 0.5 percent of span.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

5.0 Material Selection

5.1 Wetted Parts
1. Instrument wetted parts shall be compatible with the process fluids.
2. Temperature instrument wetted parts shall be 316L stainless steel (SS) or better, unless the
process requires a special material per project piping specifications.
3. High strength alloys shall be considered in services that have known mechanical issues at
high temperatures.
4. The minimum acceptable material for thermowells shall be 316L SS for temperatures
up to 700°F (371°C). Material shall be as per ASTM A479/A479M, Type 316L (in the
annealed condition). For temperatures above 700°F (371°C) up to 850°F (454°C), material
shall be 321 SS per ASTM A479/A479M, Type 321. For higher temperatures up to 900°F
(482°C), material shall be 347 SS per ASTM A479/A479M, Type 347.
5. Unless temperature limitations require ceramic or other material, thermowells in fired heater
walls, ducts, and stacks shall be of type 310 SS in accordance with ASTM A276/A276M.
6. In saltwater service, wetted parts shall be Inconel®, Monel®, ASTM M35-2, or K-Monel.
7. For corrosive or erosive services, the use of alternative materials and construction shall be
considered, subject to Owner acceptance.
8. Any other material required for special applications (e.g., reactors) shall be identified in the
instrument data sheet.

5.2 NACE Requirements

1. For downstream, refining, and chemical facilities, instruments exposed to sour process
streams shall conform to NACE MR0103.
2. For onshore upstream and offshore facilities, instruments exposed to sour process streams
shall conform to NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.

5.3 Environmental

5.3.1 Saline Environments

1. The materials selected for all parts of the temperature instrument assembly shall be suitable
for the ambient temperature and the corrosive or non-corrosive environment encountered.
2. Temperature transmitters used in a facility near a large body of salt water shall use 316 SS
electrical housing material and 316 SS support bracket and support bolts.
3. The use of glass reinforced polyester (GRP) (also referred to as fiberglass reinforced
polyester [FRP]) instrument housings in offshore applications shall require Owner
acceptance and shall meet the following requirements:
a. Instrument Supplier shall provide proof of area certification with FRP/GRP housing.
b. Instrument Supplier shall provide documentation of proper grounding techniques when
using FRP/GRP enclosures.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

Note: FRP/GRP enclosures provide the benefits of corrosive-resistance properties and

lower weight than SS.
4. The use of aluminum instrument housings in saline environments shall require written
acceptance from the Owner.
5. Connections to transmitter housing shall meet the following requirements:
a. If cables are used, cable terminators and glands shall be brass or 316 SS, and entry
threads shall be nickel-plated brass or 316 SS.
b. If conduit is present, an accepted method of connecting the conduit to the instrument
housing shall be used.

Note: An accepted method generally uses a union and metal-clad cable or flexible
conduit between the rigid conduit and the instrument housing.
c. If polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-coated steel conduit is used, a urethane touch-up coating
shall be applied to field cuts and internal reams to prevent corrosion.
d. Threads (electrical connections and access caps on both ends of the transmitter
housing) shall be coated with an accepted thread lubricant, such as Thomas & Betts
Kopr-Shield™, to prevent corrosion.

Note: Instrument housings with a ‘Flameproof’ or ‘EEx d’ ratings require the use of a
non-setting lubricant, per IEC-60079-14. Fuchs Lubritech PBC BA200 is approved
by the British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable
Atmosphere (BASEEFA) for use in this type of application.
6. Unused electrical ports shall be plugged with 316 SS threaded plugs.
a. Instrument housing shall be constructed of a marine grade aluminum alloy containing
less than 0.1 percent copper.
b. Instruments shall be located inside a panel or other enclosure, and sheltered from the
elements and wash-down spray. Enclosure shall be equipped with drain.
c. If instruments cannot be located inside a panel or other enclosure, instrument housing
shall be painted with a base coat of epoxy resin and a second coat of polyurethane
resin, with the total thickness of coatings not less than 100 microns.
7. A heat-shrink wrap shall be installed around the entire transmitter electrical connection,
including the cable gland.
8. Instruments shall be cast aluminum construction if the instrument is to be located in an
environment that is not corrosive to aluminum.
9. Instruments shall be 316 SS construction (or Owner-accepted alternative) if the instrument
is to be located in an environment that is corrosive to aluminum.

5.3.2 Non-Corrosive Environments

1. If the instrument is to be located in an environment that is not corrosive to aluminum,
transmitter housing shall be manufacturer’s standard low-copper aluminum.
2. Support bracket and support bolts shall be 316 SS and shall provide corrosion resistance.
3. Plated materials shall not be used.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

6.0 Thermowells
6.1 General
1. Thermowells shall be provided for each temperature-measuring device unless it is to be
installed in an atmospheric or non-hazardous service (i.e., thermocouples, resistance
temperature detectors [RTDs], and indicating thermometers).

Note: Examples of such services are ambient air, motor windings, bearing temperatures,
electronic equipment cabinets, furnace tubeskin points, and reactor multipoint
temperature bundles.
2. All thermowells shall be tapered shank type unless the application warrants a different
design.
a. Thermowell designs outside the scope of ASME PTC 19.3 TW (i.e., experimental
designs) shall undergo the regular Owner technology qualification process.
b. Qualification results shall be reviewed and accepted by the Owner prior to use for all
possible process scenarios for the proposed application under consideration, prior to
purchase order placement.
3. If computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is performed, simulation accuracy shall be
validated per ASME V&V 20.
4. Thermowells installed in oxygen service shall meet the requirements of CGA G-4.4 and the
engineering standards of the oxygen producer. (Refer to CGA G-4.4, Article 4.3, ‘Velocity’
for requirements.)
5. Thermowells shall be specified with their accompanying instrument so that the devices are
dimensionally compatible. Thermowell and the accompanying instrument shall be provided
as a matched unit.
6. Thermowell dimensions shall result in good contact between the temperature sensing
element and the thermowell.
7. If faster response time is required, thermally conductive fill material in thermowell may be
used with acceptance by Owner.
8. If two independent readings of a temperature are necessary, a second temperature element
located in a separate thermowell shall be provided.
9. Purpose-designed multiple cluster thermocouple assemblies shall be used where multiple
temperature measurements are required—either in the vertical plane to monitor catalyst
activity or in the horizontal plane to detect channel flow.
a. Thermocouple assemblies shall be provided with specially fabricated thermowells of
suitable length and inside diameter that meet the vessel code requirements for material,
wall thickness, and mounting connection.
b. The design shall be reviewed and accepted by Owner.
10. Thermowell construction shall follow requirements of API 551 and ASME PTC 19.3 TW
sizing limits.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

11. Any thermowell that does not have an intrinsic flange shall be provided with full
penetration weld. All other styles of thermowells shall require Owner’s acceptance prior to
use.
Note: Van Stone thermowells may be used for flanged thermowell process connections
(refer to [ICM] GB-J1197A and [ICM]GB-J1197B for Van Stone thermowell
fabrication design detail).
12. Test pressure shall be in accordance with the project piping specification.
13. Thermowells shall be manufactured from machine barstock.
14. No weld shall be permitted along the shank of the thermowell.
15. The surface of the thermowell shall be smooth and free from burrs and notches. The surface
finish shall be of 32 μin (0.81 μm) Ra or better.
16. No electro-polishing, coatings, or other type finishing shall be applied to the external walls.
17. Thermowell shank shall be x-rayed.
18. Velocity collars shall be not be allowed.
19. Where possible, a standard ‘U’ length shall be selected.
20. Thermowells shall be installed direct into lines 4 inch (100 mm) or greater. For lines
smaller than 4 inch (100 mm), the thermowell shall be mounted in an elbow or in a suitably
enlarged section of line.
21. Stainless steel chain shall be included on the lid of thermocouple head.
6.2 Sizing Parameters

Note: The following sizing requirements are based on Figure 1.

1. Standard thermowell bore sizes shall be 0.26 inch (6.6 mm) for 0.25-inch (6.4-mm)
instrument stems and 0.385 inch (9.8 mm) for 0.375-inch (9.5-mm) instrument stems.
2. The use of larger diameter elements shall require prior written Owner acceptance.
3. Locations that require infrequent monitoring (i.e., continuous measurement is not required),
shall have test thermowells with the following:
a. An internal bore diameter of 0.385 inch (9.8 mm), unless stress analysis dictates it. For
such cases, prior written Owner acceptance shall be required.
b. A 316 SS plug and chain.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

Figure 1: Thermowell Dimensions

A = thermowell outer diameter at the root of the thermowell shank, or at the support plane if
the thermowell is firmly supported along its shank.
B = thermowell diameter at the tip.
D = bore diameter.
T = minimum thickness of the tip.
B = fillet radius at the root of the thermowell shank.
Fillet radius is a rounding of an interior or exterior corner of a part design.

6.3 Process Connection

1. Thermowell process connections shall be 2-inch (50-mm) flange as a minimum and shall be
in accordance with the project piping or vessel specifications.
2. For pressure ratings 300# and above, flange ratings shall increase to match the pipe/vessel
rating as necessary.
3. The connection size shall be increased if thermowell stress/vortex-shedding calculations
dictate such in the design calculations. When connection size is increased, the change shall
be accepted by Owner.
4. The gasket shall match the line specifications; face shall follow the piping requirements for
surface finish.
5. Flange nozzles shall be weld-neck type and in accordance with ASME B16.5.
6. The use of slip-on flanges on thermowells shall not be allowed.
7. Thermowells installed in insulated piping shall be specified with an appropriate lagging
extension to extend the connection head outside of the pipe insulation.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

6.4 Insertion Lengths

1. The nozzle height shall be known as well as the wall thickness of the pipe to properly
determine the required immersion length of the thermowell. (See Figure 2.)
2. Thermowell insertion length (U length) shall be dictated by the thermowell stress analysis,
process response time and accuracy requirements.

Note: For standardization purposes, Supplier should minimize thermowell insertion

length variations to have a workable number within the project. Recommended
sizes are 9 inches (228.6 mm) for flanged thermowells and 7.5 inches (190.5 mm)
for threaded thermowells.

Figure 2: Tapered Thermowell Schematic

NOZZLE HEIGHT

INSERTION

IMMERSION LENGTH

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

3. Stress analysis shall determine the final sizing parameters of the thermowells.
4. As an exception to API 551, a thermowell installed perpendicular to, or at a 45-degree
angle to the pipe shall have no minimum insertion length as long as it maintains good
contact with the fluid and provides mechanical integrity for the application.

Note: Insertion length will be dictated by stress calculation per ASME PTC 19.3 TW.
Errors must be calculated once a final wet immersion length has been found to give
a fit-for-service measurement according to the application.
a. Temperature errors shall be minimum to provide an accurate measurement.
b. Thermowells shall have a maximum immersion length of 5 inches (127 mm) from the
inner wall of the pipe.
5. The thermowell installation configuration in piping (perpendicular, angle, or elbow) shall
be indicated in the data sheet.
6. Thermowells mounted in vessels shall have an insertion length of at least 9 inches
(228.6 mm).
a. Special situations such as agitated vessels may require shorter thermowells.
b. Stress analysis shall be performed if thermowell location is subjected to flow forces.
7. The insertion length of fired heater thermowells in fire boxes shall ensure that the end of
the thermowell is not shielded from flame by tubes, bricks, etc., inside of the heater.
8. Supplier shall design the thermowells to have a mechanical integrity and measurement
accuracy fit for the application.

Note: Accuracy and response time improve with longer and thinner thermowells; the
designer should ensure that the thermowell is adequately sized to comply with
ASME PTC 19.3 TW but should not increase diameter and/or decrease immersion
length unnecessarily.

6.5 Stress Analysis

Note: Thermowell stress analysis requirements are now addressed in the new
ASME PTC 19.3 TW standard, which replaces the stress analysis section in
ASME PTC 19.3. However, the remainder of ASME PTC 19.3 is still valid.
ASME PTC 19.3 TW also replaces J.E. Brock’s equations related to stress analysis.
1. Thermowell stress analysis shall be performed for each thermowell to ensure that
mechanical integrity is maintained.
2. Thermowell stress analysis shall meet the requirements of ASME PTC 19.3 TW and the
defined limits shall not be exceeded. The requirements shall be as follows (not all
inclusive):
a. Frequency limit. (See item 3, below.)
b. Cyclic stress.
c. Steady-state stress.
d. Dynamic-state stress.
e. Hydrostatic pressure limit.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

3. Frequency limits for liquid and gas application shall meet the requirements of
ASME PTC 19.3 TW with the following exceptions:
a. The frequency ratio shall equal to 0.4 (40 percent).
b. In low density gases with a Re (Reynolds number) < 105 and a Nsc (Scruton number)
> 2.5, the frequency ratio shall be less than 0.8 and not what is indicated in item a.
c. Thermowells shall only be allowed to operate in transitional zone (frequency ratio
0.4‒0.6) for startup and shutdown scenarios as stated in ASME PTC 19.3 TW.
4. For those thermowells outside the scope of ASME PTC 19.3 TW, CFD shall be performed
for all process conditions in lieu of ASME PTC 19.3 TW calculations to a dynamic
performance and mechanical integrity. Some of these cases include the following:
a. Pulsating flow.
b. Multi-phase flow.
c. Thermowells in series or in alignment to another.
5. Frequency ratio shall be calculated for every thermowell for all process conditions as
indicated in ASME PTC 19.3 TW, which includes startup and emergency conditions.
6. Thermowells in an angle or elbow installation shall be calculated as if in a perpendicular
orientation for stress calculations as dictated by ASME PTC 19.3TW.
7. The results of actual calculation as compared to the defined limits in the standard as well as
the overall thermowell design shall be provided to Owner for review and acceptance.
8. The stress analysis report shall contain the governing case or cases under which it was
performed.

Note: Sometimes the selected thermowell design may not meet the requirements of
ASME PTC 19.3 TW. The designer may consider a different thermowell type,
larger diameter, shorter length, changes in metallurgy, etc., in order to meet
ASME PTC 19.3 TW requirements.

7.0 Thermocouples
7.1 General
1. Thermocouple properties, extension wires, color coding, and limits of error shall conform
to ASTM E230/E230M and IEC 60584-1.
2. Thermocouples shall be prefabricated and swaged, with the following specifications:
a. 16 American wire gauge (AWG) wire (minimum).
b. Hard-packed magnesium oxide insulation.
c. Metal-sheathed 0.25-inch (6.35-mm) outside diameter (OD) 316 SS seamless tube with
welded closed ends.
d. Ceramic potted extension wire exit from sheath.
3. Thermocouple pigtail wires shall be 22 AWG wire (minimum).

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

4. Thermocouple metal sheath shall be connected to the ground connection terminal strip in
the thermocouple/transmitter head via the extension wire shield in the sealed transition
piece. Crimped connections shall not be acceptable.
5. The shields of both grounded and ungrounded thermocouples shall be grounded on the
thermowell side. Shields shall be grounded at only one point.
6. Thermocouples shall be duplex elements, except for fired heater applications, where single-
element type N shall be used.
7. Duplex thermocouples shall be ungrounded and isolated (hot junctions not welded
together).
8. Thermocouples installed in thermowells shall be spring-loaded type.
9. The installation of the thermocouples shall meet the requirements of API 551.

Note: One of the requirements listed in API 551 addresses installation details regarding
primary and secondary seal wiring practices with respect to temperature
measurement system integrity issues. Primary seal with a drain at the
thermocouple end of conduit and secondary seal with a drain at non-thermowell
end of conduit may be provided to seal against migration of process fluid and/or
vapors and allows for venting of process fluid if failure occurs.
10. Thermocouples shall not be connected to more than one device.
11. [ICM] GB-J1203 shall be referenced for reactor skin point thermocouple fabrication detail.
12. On cryogenic processes, pad-type thermocouples shall be used whenever possible.
Thermowells shall only be used where absolutely necessary because they negatively impact
accuracy and sensitivity.
13. Thermocouple extension wire shall be according to ASTM E230/E230M and IEC 60584-3.
14. When skin thermocouples are used, the following shall apply:
a. The hot junction shall be permanently secured to the tube or pipe.
b. External insulation shall be fitted over the protection tube.

7.2 Applications
1. The thermocouples listed in Table 1 shall be used within the operating range limits shown.
2. Type J (iron-constantan) thermocouples shall be used only with Owner acceptance.
3. Type K thermocouples shall be used except in reducing atmospheres (hydrogen service).
4. Thermocouples for use above 1200°F (650°C) may be constructed from bare wire with
ceramic insulator for applications where the element may be prone to binding in the well.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

Table 1: Thermocouple Recommended Range Limits per Type

ISA Wire Pair ASTM E230/E230M

Positive Lead (+) Negative Lead (–)
Type Colors Recommended Range Limits
Nickel–10% Chromium Copper–45% nickel
E Purple/Red –200 to 870°C –328 to 1600°F
(Chromel) (Constantan)
Copper–45% nickel
J White/Red Iron 0 to 760°C 32 to 1400°F
(Constantan)
Nickel–10% Chromium Nickel–5%
K Yellow/Red –200 to 1260°C –328 to 2300°F
(Chromel) (aluminum, silicon)

Nickel‒14% Chromium, Nickel‒4 1/2%

N Orange/Red Silicon‒0.1 % 0 to 1260°C 32 to 2300°F
1 1/2% Silicon Magnesium

5. Thermocouples with ungrounded hot junctions may be connected together for differential
or averaging temperature measurement applications.
a. Individual thermocouples connected to isolated transmitters, however, shall be
preferred.
b. Ungrounded sheathed thermocouples shall have a resistance of greater than
10 mega ohms at ambient temperature between the sheath and the thermocouples
to ensure proper insulation.
6. Thermocouple hot junction shall be x-rayed to ensure its uniformity (at least 10 percent of
the batch and 100 percent for critical applications as defined by Owner).
7. When thermocouples with grounded hot junctions are used, the thermocouple head shall
have an internal ground connection screw for the screen of the extension wire to be
grounded.
a. Thermocouples shall have a grounded hot junction and high purity magnesium oxide
insulation.
b. Thermocouples with grounded hot junctions shall be used only with Owner acceptance.
8. Insulated hot junctions shall have an insulation resistance to ground of 50 mega ohms
minimum at ambient temperature and 2 mega ohms minimum at 850°F (450°C).

7.3 Thermocouple Heads

1. Thermocouple heads shall have the following features:
a. Compression-type terminal block.
b. An extra terminal for attaching the extension wire shield connection. Duplex
thermocouples shall require six terminals.
c. Two internally threaded conduit connections.
2. 316 SS or Owner-accepted alternative shall be used for the thermocouple head if the
instrument is to be located in an environment that is corrosive to aluminum.
3. Thermocouple wires within the termination head shall be installed with color coded
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sleeves to indicate the positive/negative, in accordance
with ASTM E230/E230M and IEC 60584-1.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

4. Terminals within the head shall be clearly marked ‘+,’ ‘−,’ or ‘ground’, as appropriate.
5. Multi circuits within heads shall be clearly identified.

8.0 Resistance Temperature Detectors

8.1 General
1. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) shall use a 100-ohm platinum element
(99.999 percent purity), resistance measured at 32°F (0°C), 18 AWG (0.82 mm2)
(minimum), in hard-packed magnesium oxide insulation, wound on a ceramic or glass core,
hermetically sealed.
2. Platinum RTDs shall use one of the following standards for temperature coefficient:
a. 32ºF-1 (0.0039083°C-1) per IEC 60751.
b. 32.00693ºF-1 (0.00385°C-1) per ASTM E1137/E1137M.

Note: Some temperature transmitters are limited to only one standard. For example, the
Honeywell STT850 can only use a 100 ohm RTD fabricated per IEC 60751
(α=0.00385).
3. RTDs shall be 3-wire ungrounded, 100 ohm at 32°F (0°C) complete with thermowell,
nipple-union-nipple (NUN), and terminal blocks for dual RTD termination.

Note: A NUN is normally not required if a remote head is used.

4. For special high-accuracy applications, 4-wire RTDs shall be acceptable.
5. RTDs installed in thermowells shall be spring-loaded type.
6. RTD and well shall be provided as a matched unit.
7. RTD measurement design and installation shall meet the requirements in API 551.

Note: One of the thermocouple installation requirements listed in API 551 addresses
installation details regarding primary and secondary seal wiring practices with
respect to temperature measurement system integrity issues that can be applicable
to RTD installations. Primary seal with a drain at the RTD end of conduit and
secondary seal with a drain at non-thermowell end of conduit may be provided to
seal against migration of process fluid and/or vapors and to allow for venting of
process fluid if failure occurs.
8. RTDs shall be enclosed in a 0.25-inch (6.35-mm) OD 316 SS (seamless tube with welded
closed ends) protection sheath (minimum).
a. For applications less than or equal to 392°F (200°C), an epoxy sealed transition piece
and copper lead wires (22-gauge minimum) shall be used.
b. Where ambient temperatures exceed 392°F (200°C), a ceramic sealed transition piece
and copper lead wires (22-gauge minimum) shall be used.
c. For applications above 896°F (480°C), Inconel sheath shall be used.

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8.2 Applications
1. RTDs shall be provided on custody transfer applications, or in narrow temperature spans
under 100°F (38°C) for services below 600°F (316°C).
2. For measured temperatures below 1100°F (600°C), RTDs manufactured in accordance with
IEC 60751 (or ASTM E1137/E1137M) shall be used in the following cases:
a. In temperature measurement for calculations in which a thermocouple would not
provide sufficient accuracy.
b. In control applications requiring high accuracy and repeatability, especially where the
thermocouple voltage span would be less than 5 mV.
c. In differential temperature measurements of less than 5 mV or 115°F (50°C), in which
case matched pairs shall be used.
3. When an RTD is not suitable, Type ‘E’ and ‘K’ thermocouples shall be the preferred types.
Other types may be used for specific applications; however, Supplier shall provide written
evidence and seek Owner acceptance prior to their use.
4. RTDs shall be used on motor applications.
5. RTDs shall not be installed where excessive vibration exists.

8.3 Insulation
1. RTDs shall use insulated nickel or nickel alloy wire from the platinum element to the epoxy
or ceramic sealed transition piece.
a. In the transition piece, copper wires shall be attached by welding or soldering.
b. Crimped connections shall not be acceptable.
2. RTDs shall be fabricated with 16 AWG (0.82 mm2) (minimum), in hard-packed magnesium
oxide insulation.
3. RTD lead wire insulation shall be color coded per IEC 60751 and ASTM E1137/E1137M.
4. Insulation resistance to ground shall be 50 mega ohms minimum at ambient temperature,
and at least 2 mega ohms minimum at 850°F (450°C).

8.4 Heads
RTD heads shall have the following features:
1. Compression-type terminal block with brass terminals with an extra screw provided for
attaching the extension wire shield.
Note: Duplex RTDs require six or eight terminals.
2. Two internally threaded conduit connections.
3. No barrier glands.
4. Terminals within the head identified with wires color-coded in accordance with the local
specifications, or IEC 60751 and ASTM E1137/E1137M.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

9.0 Temperature Transmitters

1. Temperature transmitters shall have the following characteristics:
a. A minimum accuracy, including the combined effects of linearity, hysteresis, and
repeatability, of ±0.25 percent of the calibrated span.
b. A configurable input type (thermocouple or RTD) and span.
2. Transmitters shall use a data transmission protocol that is compatible with the associated
control system (i.e., 4-20mA HART or FOUNDATION Fieldbus [FF]).
3. HART transmitters shall be used for safety instrumented system (SIS) applications.
4. The project control system integrator shall be consulted for an agreed upon physical device
(PD) tag to be pre-configured by the instrument Supplier.
5. Built-in liquid-crystal display (LCD) digital-type displays shall be provided for local
indication.
6. Some locations may require intrinsically safe transmitters; these should be certified in
accordance with ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU or IEC 60079.
7. If the process temperature must be monitored by more than one device, one of the
following shall be done:
a. Separate measuring elements, transmitters, and cabling shall be installed. This method
shall be preferred.
b. A single temperature sensor shall be used.
8. Temperature control loops shall have a temperature transmitter.
9. RTDs shall be 3-wire ungrounded.
10. Burnout protection circuits shall be provided for remote temperature measurements.
11. Burnout direction shall be selectable to reduce any hazard, and an alarm shall be initiated as
per ICM-DU-5088 and ICM-PU-5165 recommendations.

9.1 Enclosures
Transmitter housing shall provide NEMA 4X rating (as defined in NEMA 250) or equivalent
ingress protection (IP) 65 as a minimum (as defined in IEC 60529).

9.2 Input Types

1. Transmitters having a thermocouple input shall provide the following:
a. Input/output isolation.
b. Cold junction compensation.
c. Automatic thermocouple burnout detection with selectable upscale or
downscale failure mode.
d. Configurable transmitter burnout.
e. Built-in temperature linearization capability for output signal.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

2. Transmitters having RTD input shall provide the following:

a. Input/output isolation.
b. A dedicated screw connection for use in grounding the RTD extension wiring shield.
3. Multi-input temperature transmitters shall not be used for control applications
(indication only).

10.0 Safety Instrumented System Service

Note: Some facilities may not have implemented SISs, but may have emergency safety systems
(ESSs) or emergency shutdown (ESD) systems. In this specification, the terms SIS, ESS,
and ESD are used as equivalent and interchangeable.
1. Temperature instruments used in SIS applications shall be designed and installed to support
regular online testing to verify accuracy and correct operation.
2. If a temperature instrument is used in a SIS, the design requirements shall be per
ICM-DU-6025.
3. Duplex thermocouples or duplex RTDs sharing the same thermowell may only be shared
between a process control system (PCS) and an independent protection layer (IPL)
(e.g., SIS) when both of the following conditions exist:
a. The IPL is only safety integrity level (SIL) 1 equivalent.
b. The sensor is not an initiator of the hazard.

11.0 Indicating Thermometers

11.1 General
1. Indicating thermometers shall be heavy-duty bimetallic sealed type.
2. Indicating thermometers shall have a minimum accuracy of ±1.0 percent of the scale span.
3. Indicating thermometers shall be designed to install into a thermowell with a 0.010-inch
(0.25-mm) clearance between the thermometer stem and the inside diameter of the
thermowell.
4. The stem length of thermometers shall be selected to bottom out in the thermowell in which
they are to be installed.
5. Thermometers shall be furnished with thermowells.
6. Mercury-filled sensor thermometers shall not be acceptable. The use of mercury-in-steel
thermometers may be considered only when accuracy better than 1 percent span is required,
and shall require Owner review and acceptance.
7. The normal operating temperature shall be within the middle third of the scale.
8. Local temperature indication on cryogenic service shall use a galvanometer-type indicator
in conjunction with a pad-type thermocouple.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

11.2 Dial Bimetallic Thermometers

1. Bimetallic thermometers shall have the following features:
a. Single or multiple helix measuring element contained in a dampening fluid.
b. Minimum 5-inch (127-mm) diameter anti-parallax dial face with a non-glare white
finish and black or contrasting color markings. Dials 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter may
be provided for mechanical equipment in lube and seal oil services or other auxiliary
services.
c. 316 SS weatherproof case with bezel ring for temperatures up to 1020°F (550°C).
d. One-quarter-inch (6.35-mm) OD protection tube.
e. Hexagonal head or wrench flats.
f. Adjustable, heavy-duty, every-angle-type construction.
2. Ranges shall be standardized to the extent practical, and selected to ensure that the normal
process operating temperature falls as near as possible to midpoint of range.
3. The stem shall be 0.25-inch (6.35-mm) OD type 310 SS with a 0.5-inch (12.7-mm) national
pipe thread (NPT) male connection.
4. Stem lengths shall be to the manufacturer’s standard.

11.3 Remote Indicators

In fired heater applications, remote temperature indication shall meet the requirements stated in
API 556 at a minimum.

12.0 Filled and Mechanical Thermal Systems

1. The following shall require prior Owner written acceptance:
a. Filled thermal element transmitters and controllers.
b. Filled thermal system-type thermometers in remote locations or in extreme process
temperature ranges.
c. Direct-actuated (e.g., capillary or bimetal) temperature switches.
d. Self-actuated temperature regulators.
2. Thermal systems for local pneumatic transmitters shall have the following:
a. Dimensions of approximately 0.375-inch (10-mm) OD bulb of 5 inches (125 mm)
maximum length.
b. A capillary of PVC-covered armored stainless steel, not greater than 6 feet (2 m) in length.
c. A minimum flexible extension length of 1.5 feet (500 mm).
3. Thermal systems for direct-connected instruments shall have the following:
a. A maximum length of 18 feet (6 m) of armored capillary.
b. A 0.5-inch (12.7-mm) NPT male stainless steel compression fitting to enable the bulb
to be fully inserted and fastened into the 0.5-inch (12.7-mm) NPT female connection
on the well.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

13.0 Nameplate and Tagging

1. For nameplate and tagging of the additional part in the assembly (i.e., transmitters) the
Supplier shall follow the requirements stated in ICM-DU-6003.
2. Indicating range and stem length shall be printed on the dial of thermometers.
3. Thermowells shall have the following information stamped on the side of the flange:
a. Material.
b. Nominal ‘U’ dimension.
c. Heat number (for traceability as per ISO).
d. Tag number.
e. Process connection size and type.
f. Rating.

14.0 Documentation
1. Supplier shall provide final as-built data sheets, drawings, and documentation in hard copy
and editable electronic formats per the project technical requirements.
2. Calibration reports on each of the temperature instruments shall be furnished Instrument
Supplier.
3. Spare parts list with life cycle (replacement period) shall be provided for all parts and
components of the temperature instrument.
4. Additional documentation requirements shall be as specified in the project technical
requirements.
5. As-built/as-constructed drawings of thermowell as well as other accessories shall be
provided to Owner.
6. All wake frequency calculations shall be provided to Owner stamped by the temperature
assembly instrument supplier.

15.0 Quality Assurance, Inspection, and Testing

1. Quality assurance, inspection, and testing provisions shall be in accordance with the project
technical requirements.
2. Temperature transmitters shall be factory calibrated and verified.

16.0 Preparation for Shipment

1. Flange faces shall be protected by solid covers.
2. Threaded connections shall have thread protectors.
3. End connections shall be covered to exclude dirt.
4. Temperature instrument assembly shall be shipped flat in a container with waterproof paper
or plastic liner. Openings in the liner shall be taped shut.

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Temperature Instruments ICM-DU-5080-D.1

5. Indicating thermometer gauge movements shall be blocked to avoid excessive vibration.

6. The shipment shall be clearly marked on at least two sides with the following information:
a. Purchaser order number, name, and shipping address.
b. Manufacturer.
7. A transmittal document shall be accessible without opening the shipment and shall clearly
identify the number of instruments with the model number(s) and instrument tag number(s).
8. Temperature gauges that are fluid filled shall be inspected to ensure a proper seal prior to
shipment so that leakage is prevented.
9. All items shall be packaged in manufacturer’s standard packaging and shall be accepted by
Owner.
10. All necessary protection and desiccants shall be included.
11. Equipment shall be capable of withstanding transport and storage without affecting
subsequent satisfactory operations.

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