Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education Region V

Schools Division of Sorsogon
Bulusan National High School
General Academic Strand Grade 12•Block C
Group - 2
Members:
Mark Leian R. Francial
Clarience H. Gaurino
Daryll G. Gabad
Angela Marie Estopace
Ivan A. Fuensalidad
April Rose L. Firmanes
John Carlo F. Gabales

“Decision Making”
Research Topic

Research Title:
“Factors that affects the decision making of High School
students of Bulusan National High School”
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
1st Semester

CHAPTER 1
The Problem and its background

INTRODUCTION

Even in the latest century we all know that each of the students specifically the Senior and
Junior high school students are facing in the stage of dealing in decision making, but what really
is decision making? Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision,
gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision
making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant
information and defining alternatives. Decision making is the process of deciding or selecting a
particular course of action especially when there is uncertainty involved. It is a cognitive process,
which means it involves the mental power of a particular individual.
In this increasingly developing and changing world, Students face more frequently the kind of
situations that demand decision making process. An individual in a routine daily life can take very
simple decisions but also social, economical, educational, political and professional decisions too
that have the potential to change the course of their lives. If the Students is capable of making
effective decisions, this ability accelerates the satisfaction taken from life and sense of wellness;
if the reverse situation is true then the individual feels entrapped in life. Decisions indeed shape
and direct our students lives in a certain sense.
This study intends to determine the main conflicts or factors that affects the students of Bulusan
National High School on their own ability in choosing or developing ones choice. The results of
these research survey has a big importance to know the numbers of students facing such conflicts
on making their decisions and for others to understand the sides of every students in this stage.
This study also aims to give knowledge or to educate every individuals about this students way
of providing progress to develop a decision.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main purpose of this research is to know the students of Bulusan National High School own
perceptions in a decision making. Also to understand or determine the studentʼs sides on making decision
of choosing from a different types of options. Especially it seeks to answer the following survey questions:

1. What are the factors that affecting the decision making of the Senior or Junior High School students of
Bulusan National High School?

2. How do these factors affects their decision making in school?

3. What are the ways to improve the decision making of the Senior or Junior High School students in
Bulusan National High School?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study is focused on the factors that may affects the ability of the students of Bulusan National High
School in decision making. We can measure the numbers of rate of students that experiencing conflicts
on decision making and how they overcome those barriers in the senior and junior students of Bulusan
National High School, Bulusan, Sorsogon.

Enable for us to determine the sides of those mentioned students we will create a simple survey to a
several students we can implement those survey on a face-to-face process but must obey the health
protocols, but we can also use the help of social media to survey some students online. Research
questionnaires are adviced to the survey.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is deemed beneficial to the following:

a. Junior and Senior Students of Bulusan NHS - This will provide the insights of decision making. They are
also the one that will give understanding all about the factors or barriers on implementing good and better
decisions.

b. Researcher- These are the one that will implement the research survey and also the creator of the
research survey questionnaires.

c. Parents- These will guide us to implement the research to their children. Also because they are the one
that gives guidance to their children to achieve a better decision in school, community and in life.

d. Teachers of Bulusan NHS- They are the one that will give us permissions to implement our research
survey and also they will guide us on our research survey.

NOTES:

References: https://www.google.com/?client=safari

Decision-making process | UMass Dartmouth Importance of Decision Making Skills for Students -
CollegeMarker
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED STUDIES

Lateral thinking serve as a framework in which satisfactory decisions are made quickly and with ease
(shah & Oppehheimer 2009). Many types of lateral thinking have been developed to explain the decision
making process; essentially individuals work to reduce the effort they need to expend in making decisions
and lateral thinking offer individuals a general guide to follow, thereby reducing the effort they must
disburse. Together, lateral thinking and factors influencing decision making are a significant aspect of
critical thinking (West, Toplak, and Stanovich 2009). There is some indication that this can be thought
which benefits those learning how to make appropriate and best decisions in various situation (Notes &
Hacker, 2007)

The ability to make choices is fundamental in developing life responsibility (Cote Sparks & Cote, 2012).
Throughout our lives, we make lots of various choices as minor as what to wear, what to eat, which
program to watch on TV to more major choices like planning our future (Cote, Sparks & Cote, 2012).
Decision making is defined as the assessment of two or more options and the ability to choose between
them (Budak, 2000).

Decision making is the ability to show behaviors that appeal to the individualʼs mood and logic and that
also ensure individualʼs social acceptance and attainment of respectable results (Karaçay, 2015). The
decision making process is a cognitive process that entails choosing the appropriate behavior with a
tendency preference to satisfy a need as soon as it arises and to eliminate accompanying tension (Kuzgun,
1992). There are many factors that influence the decision-making process. In the decision-making process
individuals choose what they want sometimes based on knowledge and sometimes under the influence
of the set of values (Kaltsounis, 1987). One of the key factors that constitute individualʼs system of values
is society, and the decision making process is a complex process in which the individual and society are
included (Allison, Jordan & Yeatts, 1992).

However, in this process, it is difficult to say that the individuals always make informed decisions. It is very
difficult to determine when and how a decision is made. Sometimes preferring to do nothing and staying
unresponsive is sometimes a decision too, and it can be a decided act. Despite everything, the idea that
the decisions we made are the facts of our life should be taken into consideration (Barker, 1998).
Sometimes, we witness that other peopleʼs decisions can influence our life as well as our own decisions.
Even it is expressed that the individual values have an impact on the decision-making process, it is better
to state that the social values are also effective in this process (Allison, Jordan & Yeats, 1992).

The development of decision-making skills in this sense can be considered under the Social Studies
Program (Naylor & Diem, 1987). In order to develop these skills, it is required to know what happens in
the decision making process and realize the effective factors of our choices. The decision making process
is a process in which many factors can be effective. In the decision making process, it was determined that
individuals use different strategies. The decision-making strategy refers to the process of the individualʼs
determining how to act in a situation that requires making a decision (Ersever, 1996). In this process, what
steers individual to the decision making behavior is the formation of a difficulty causing the need for
decision-making, and there are lots of options to handle this difficulty and the individual has the freedom
to go for one of these options (Kuzgun, 1992).

The decision making process is formed because of a need and difficulty emerged, it starts with a conflicting
process and that process leads the individual to make a decision (Adair, 2000). During the decision making
process, there should be choices for the formation of the options, understanding these options and the
determination of the options (Blunden, 1994). Preferences are used for increasing the quality of life of
individuals by making their own decisions, in life planning, and used in the evaluation of the various
options against in daily life. (Ülke-Kürkçüoğlu, 2007). The individual, who will make a decision, thinks on
an ideal option among all, starts to create options, and by subjecting these optionsʼ results to a
comprehensive assessment he/she makes the preference (Adair, 2000).

RELATED LITERATURE

Decision making is all about deciding what action to take by a group or individuals; it usually involves a
choice between two options. As a result, decision-making is one of the most important life skills (John
Adair, 1997). While onsite, timely, accurately and appropriately made decisions will cause positive
changes in the life of the individual, wrong decisions will affect the lives of individuals in a negative way
(Tatlılıoğlu, 2014). Individuals who want to succeed are obliged to be aware of alternatives and select the
most appropriate one(s) that will lead to better outcomes. Considering that this behavior of selection is
also important in determining the social roles, it can be said that there is a link between the ability to
decide and personal accomplishment (Byrnes, 2002). The ability to choose the right choice depending on
the problem it has is a matter of decision making. It is important to understand the process of individual
decision making, when a situation arises where taking decisions is an optional way, the individual must be
able to take a good decision rather than wavering. The fact is that people with a high range of emotions
tend to make good decisions quickly (Chitra Reddy, Wisestep.com 2011). Decision making can be regarded
as problem solving activity yielding a solution deemed to be optional, or at least satisfactory
(HerbertSimon, 1977)

Synthesis of the state-of-the-art

Decision making is all about deciding what action to take by a group or individuals; it usually involves
a choice between two options. As a result, decision-making is one of the most important life skills (John
Adair, 1997). Decision making is defined as the assessment of two or more options and the ability to
choose between them (Budak, 2000).

Decision-making is the ability to show behaviors that appeal to the individualʼs mood and logic and that
also ensure individuals social acceptance and attainment of respectable results (Karaçay, 2015). The
decision-making process is a cognitive process that entails choosing the appropriate behavior with a
tendency (preference) to satisfy a need as soon as it arises and to eliminate accompanying tension
(Kuzgun, 1992). There are many factors that influence the decision-making process. In the decision-
making process individuals choose what they want sometimes based on knowledge and sometimes under
the influence of the set of values (Kaltsounis, 1987). One of the key factors that constitute individualʼs
system of values is society, and the decision-making process is a complex process in which the individual
and society are included (Allison, Jordan & Yeatts, 1992). The decision making process is formed because
of a need and difficulty emerged, it starts with a conflicting process and that process leads the individual
to make a decision (Adair, 2000). During the decision-making process, there should be choices for the
formation of the options, understanding these options and the determination of the options (Blunden,
1994).

GAP TO THE BRIDGED OF THE STUDY

Effective decision-making is a valuable skill in any workplace. Having the ability to make a well-
informed decision can help you become a more productive employee because it can save time and help
you make better use of resources. There are lots of factors that affecting the Senior Students ability on
making decisions, there a five common barriers for decision making process or which we can call the
factors that surely affects the Students ability on making good and right decisions:

Personal Factor

Demographics describe who we are as individuals, for example: ethnicity, age/ generation, gender, marital
status, and education. These and other characteristics categorize us without describing our personality.

Psychographics is a method used to describe traits of humans on psychological attributes. Psychographics

have been applied to the study of personality, values, opinions, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles.

Poor or no process -Having no organized way to decide means you are “going with your gut,” and is
effectively the same as a coin flip.

No skill -You are uninformed in the area in which the decision needs to be made.

You answer the wrong question - Knowing the right question to ask is often difficult. But asking the correct
question gets you half way to the answer.

Over confidence -Ignorance and arrogance can both lead to overconfidence, which can lead to bad
decisions.

Cultural Factors

Combined resulted pf factors like religions, traditions, Taboos, Language, Education, Upbringing,
Established pattern of social behavior, values (core & secondary), wealth, location of residence.

Social Factors

These social factors may include the influence to you of the reference group especially families, friends,
classmates, peer groups, and close fellows. These is in how they teach you or in how they influence you
on how to make decisions.

Information

Information, should be authentic, reliable, adequate and must be there to analyze the problem. It reduces
the uncertainty. Too much information or information overload creates confusion and delay in decision
making. When we are overwhelmed with data or alternatives – as is often the case in our information-
laden age – then we can become paralyzed with indecision. And indecision actually is a decision to do
nothing.

Psychological Factors

Motivation- it all begins with needs. Our drive to achieve certain things influences our decisions.
Sometimes we need to let go of small things in order to attain greater things. For example, you slipped
away your opportunity to be with your friends on a Saturday because itʼs your schedule for college
application interview. Your goal to be college graduate is bigger than your desire to enjoy the company of
your friends, so you opted to be at the interview.

Perception - according to consistency theory one mostly listen to things that support oneʼs existing belief
system.

Learning Process - people do change their beliefs, faiths, likes and dislike which happens through learning

Memory Process - Include past experiences. Our past encounter with people and the results of our
decisions before mold how we act and decide today. For instance, if you have proven that a certain person
should not be trusted with your secrets, then you wonʼt entrust him/her again the confidential matters
that you have. The same thing if you have a tested action to be effective like your study habits which led
you to higher grades, then, there is a good possibility to replicate such practice. Our experiences whether
good or bad shape the way we behave nowadays.

Your decisions will define the kind of choices you are taking. Of course at the end of the day a you as a
Senior Student will be the one to face those consequences. Enable for you to improve your decision
making skill there are lot of practices for you to become a decisive student:

-Collect relevant information. Get as much information as possible. It is about exploring and discovering
all the available options. Read, talk to seniors and trusted persons, and visit credible websites to get valid
and reliable information. The first step will give you a good head start and will guide you through arriving
at a less risky but rather sound decision.

-Write down pros and cons. Make columns and list down the durable including its positive and negative
effects.

-Imagine yourself sooner or later dealing with the outcome of your decisions. Think about what you are
doing and how youʼre feeling. Does it make you happy and fulfilled? Or does it make you regretful and
feeling a little empty? Of course, you must go with the positive outcome.

-Weigh in past decisions. Maybe you have read or heard about the saying “those who donʼt understand
history are doomed to repeat it.” This is the exact reason why you should reflect and find out the things
that you should have considered and should not have considered. Through pondering on past decisions,
you will be able to draw out effects that turned out well and those did not turn out very well.
-Be ready and brace yourself. Itʼs good to be always prepped with the choices youʼll be faced with in your
life; and get ready to bout with upcoming challenges. Foresight is one skill thatʼs useful and experiences
you had in the past will also gear you up.

NOTES - Each members of the group have given their founded Related Studies and Related Literature. The
leader was the one who created the Gap to the bridged.

Reference: https://www.google.com/? client=safari

 CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The present paper will address decision making, in the context of types of decisions people make,
factors that influence decision making, several heuristics commonly researched and utilized in the process
of decision making. Further, the paper will explore what happens after the decision is made, as well as
how present decisions impact future behavior and decision making. Finally, summary comments will be
offered, with implications for future research and practical application of teaching decision making skills
in teens. There are several important factors that influence decision making. Significant factors include
past experiences, a variety of cognitive biases, an escalation of commitment and sunk outcomes,
individual differences, including age and socioeconomic status, and a belief in personal relevance.

We present a theoretical model to clarify the understanding about the main factors affecting the decision
making of Students it is in the figure 1
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Researchers the conceptual paradigm in the figure 2 which explains the objectives of the study.
This study follows the input, process and output model. The inputs of the study determine on how we will
organize a survey for our research. We will create a simple planning specifically on how we will distribute
the questionnaires and receives the result enable for us to understand the sides of every students. The
process will be shows the whole actions we will provide to each of the survey project. It will show the
preparation, asking, retrieval of the questionnaires and determining their answers. The outputs will be
the final respond of every students we will going to prepare those responds for us to understand the every
sides of each on of them.
 CHAPTER 4

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Parental Influence

This is the effects of the parents to their students in choosing and making their decisions. Parents serve
as a major influence in their children's career development and career decision making. Research also
indicates that when students feel supported and loved by their parents, they have more confidence in
their own ability to research careers and to choose a career that would be interesting and exciting.

Environment

The feeling of the student in his/her surroundings which makes him/her think of the things that he/she
could consider on making decisions in life. Some scholars argue that the decision making process is
influenced by the environment, and individuals tend to have an adaptive characteristic. So, the decision-
making behavior of an individual is self-adaptive, resulting from the interaction between the individual
and the individual's environment.

Personality

These personality factors to be considered includes their mental abilities, special abilities and interest if
they are going to make intelligent career plans. We found that decision-makers with lower levels of
extraversion and agreeableness and higher levels of conscientiousness and openness make better
decisions. On the other hand, neuroticism and agreeableness negatively affect confidence in
decisions. Aptitude -these are the factors which defines the choice of the student based on their own
abilities, skills, talents, and specialties.

CHAPTER 5

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study aims to answer the question if what are the factors affecting decision making process of
Students of Bulusan National High School. In this research we are going implement a survey research
usually a survey research implements a face-to-face interview to the High School Students of 2021-2022.
Survey Research is a quantitative research method used for collecting data from a set of panel or
respondents. Generally, the purpose of research questionnaire, the aim is to obtain information suitable
for statistical analysis. As a result, attention is paid to how respondents are selected, the extent to which
questions relate to underlying concepts, and completion rates. Questionnaire surveys are administered
in many different ways. Likewise, survey questionnaire will be distributed to 20 of the high school student
10 of them are junior high school and the 10 of them will be the senior students. Furthermore, the
statistical tools used are frequency count, percentage and ranking.
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS
2nd Semester
CHAPTER 1

INSTRUMENTS OF THE STUDY

This study will use the survey questionnaires as a major tool in gathering such data. In a survey
questionnaires, we will going to use such printed to be filled up by our chosen respondents. First part of
our survey questions was if it is necessary for them to create their own research profile. Second part of
our survey questionnaires will be the most important because it will be asked if what for them are the
factors that can affects the studentʼs ability on decision making they can give a one or more answers it is
up to them. Secondly will be If what maybe proposed to improve decision making capability of senior
students which will be commonly be came from their own prescription and no references like internet
should be used. Then last part will be if there is a significant difference on students perception on decision
making capability. After they answer each of their given responses we will observe each of the answered
printed materials enable for us to gather each data. Those questions are good for students also to teachers
and parents to test also if their responses are all the same students are has the right answers because
they are the primary respondents and we will also see how those parents and teachers observe their
children and classes.

CHAPTER 2

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

First and foremost, we will going to seek permission from our teacher in Inquiries, Investigations and
Immersion to conduct the survey around the school also a permission from our school adviser. On this
upcoming May 2022 we will going to print out those survey questionnaires after our subject teacher gives
as the permission to conduct a survey research around the Bulusan National High School, Bulusan,
Sorsogon. Our printed questionnaires was composed of the personal information but the specific names
should not be included we will use nicknames (example: Senior Student no. 1 or Junior Student no.1) of
our respondents and a total of three survey questions. After printing those survey materials the leader
will make sure that each of the members understand each process enable for them to also discuss about
our research title to our respondents. Each of the members has their assigned respondents three of the
members will conduct to the Junior High School Students and the remaining three group members will
going to conduct to the Senior Students of Bulusan NHS. They will distribute the printed survey materials
house-to-house individually each of the members will not going to distribute questionnaires but they need
also to discuss about our chosen research and its background. After our respondents answered each given
questions the assigned members will collect each of the data and making sure the confidentiality of our
respondentsʼ personal information. Those assigned members will distribute the data to their leader for
the leader to check each data. After the leader checked the data he will give it to their subject teacher for
checking. We will need a twenty respondents ten of them are Senior High School Students and the ten
are Junior High School Students.