‫כיוונים ומגמות‬

‫בנושא‬
‫רישוי מטיסי כטבם‬
‫באירופה‬

‫‪1st EUROCAE WG73‬‬

‫‪UAS-FCL-WORKSHOP‬‬
‫‪BRUSSELS, 27th JUNE 2011‬‬

‫ערן שרוני ‪ -‬תעשייה אווירית ‪ -‬מלט‬

‫רתא ‪ -‬כנס כטבם‬

‫שפיים ‪ 11‬לינואר ‪2012‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫דגשים למהלך ההרצאה‬

‫• רקע כללי לסדנה‬
‫• סוגיות נבחרות‬
‫• הכשרת מטיסים‬
‫• שמירת כשירות‬
‫• מבחנים בהטסה‬
‫• תפיסת הרישוי‬
‫• תקנים רלבנטיים‬
‫• סיכום ומסקנות‬

‫‪2‬‬
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪UAS-FCL‬‬ ‫קבוצת רישוי ציוותי כטבם ‪-‬‬

‫• היו"ר הוא יו"ר איגוד טייסי חברות התעופה באירופה‪.‬‬
‫• מטרת הקבוצה לבצע סינרגיה בנושא רישוי מטיסים‪.‬‬
‫• הקבוצה אינה גוף תקינה עצמאי ופועלת ביורוקונטרול‪.‬‬
‫• הקמת הקבוצה התגבשה במהלך ביקור יו"ר הקבוצה‬
‫בתעשיות הכטבם בארץ במסגרת ביקור של ‪.UAV Net‬‬
‫• הקבוצה כוללת מפעילי כטבם אזרחיים וצבאיים‪ ,‬נציגי‬
‫גופי תקינה כלל עולמית )‪ (ICAO,FAA‬ותעשיות כטבם‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
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- Unclassified -

Presenters
• Dror Fellah, Chief Pilot Elbit Systems, Israel
• Eran Sharoni, pilot instructor, test pilot IAI Malat, Israel
• Maj. Daniel Böhm, Chief Pilot AUS 95, 84th training command,
commander of the 7th UA squadron, swiss airforce
• Doug Davies, Director global UAS Strategic Initiatives, University of
New Mexico (former FAA head of UAS), USA
• Klaus Wohlers, head of type-certification, Rheinmetall Defense,
Germany
• André Johan Clot, CEO EuroUSC (qualified entity for light UAS
airworthiness and operational assessment), United Kingdom
• Jarno Puff, vice-president A2tech, Italy
• Jan Stumpf, CEO Ascending Technology, Germany

4
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- Unclassified -

‫סוגיות נבחרות לדיון‬

• Should the licensing of pilots of unmanned aircraft fit in the
structure of licensing of pilots of manned aircraft (e.g., CPL or ATL
with different ratings)?
• Would it be beneficial if the pilot of an unmanned aircraft has
experience as pilot of manned aircraft, and if yes, what should that
experience be?
• Examinations for pilots of manned aircraft include skill tests;
should this also be part of the examination of pilots of unmanned
aircraft, or should their examination be limited to the examinations
for the rating for a specific type of unmanned aircraft?
• A similar issue applies to the theoretical knowledge: should it be
comparable to that for pilots of manned aircraft, and would it be
independent of the type of unmanned aircraft?

5
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- Unclassified -

‫סוגיות נבחרות לדיון‬

• Do the medical requirements for pilots of manned aircraft also
apply to pilots of unmanned aircraft, or could these be more lenient
because the pilots of unmanned aircraft do not actually become
airborne themselves? Are there other requirements different from
those for manned aviation pilots?
• How do you qualify your pilots and instructors, and how is their
qualification maintained?
• To what extent would/should the specific characteristics of the
pilot station (as distinct from the aircraft) influence the above?
• Is it practical to license UAS pilots for the pilot station rather than
for a specific aircraft ( where the pilot station can support a range
of different types of unmanned aircraft )

6
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ISRAELI UAS OPERATIONS

Military UAS Operations
• UA flights treated as any other manned aircraft flights.

• Military UAV operations under full military ATC control:

– Flight safety/flight clearance under IDF flight safety board

– Flight plan coordination

– Ongoing Communications between UAV Ground Control

Station and ATC.

– Altitude separation rules

7
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- Unclassified -

ISRAELI UAS OPERATIONS

Non military UAV Operations

• Under Civil Aviation Authority of Israel

– Special UAS Permits procedures
– UA Pilot qualification
– Coordination with Civil & Military ATC
– Test Airfield

• Special UAS Type Permits currently granted to

UAS on the basis of previous experience & IDF legacy.

• Special UAS Type Permits to be granted on the

basis of STANAG 4671 for future & new UAS products

8
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪9‬‬
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- Unclassified -

‫מורשת הכטבם בשוויץ‬

• THE 80’s :
– Scout UAV with GCS 1000 (Complete Analog Station).
– Scout UAV with GCS 2000 (IAI First Digital Station).

– ADS-90 :
Ranger UAV with IAI GCS 2001
(skid landing with GND CAM).
• THE 90’s :
– ADS-95 :
Ranger UAV with IAI GCS 2005
(skid landing with laser tracker).

10
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- Unclassified -

Major Component Overview

11
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫פרופיל משימות כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪12‬‬
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫בזל‪-‬שוויץ – הערכות לתעבורת כטבם‬

‫‪13‬‬
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- Unclassified -

Ground Control Station (GCS)

14
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AGCS - The Modular Control Station

15
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- Unclassified -

Ground Segment
Including:
• Training & Simulation
• C4I Systems

16
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫תצורת מפעילים בתחנת רנג'ר‪-‬שוויץ‬

‫‪17‬‬
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫הכשרת מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‬

‫‪24‬‬
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Mission Simulator (MISIM)

25
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫מטיסי כטבם בשוויץ‪-‬שמירת כשירות‬

‫‪26‬‬
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

UAS’ Pilots Certification - CAAI

• IAI – MALAT employing 45 certified UAS pilots.
• All 11 External Pilots (EP) are certified by CAAI.
5 of the EPs are also CAAI certified UAS’ pilot.
• 4 UAS’ pilots were nominated as practical flight
examiners by CAAI to support pilot certification.
• Most of IAI UAS’ pilots are active IDF UAS’ pilot.
• 10 UAS pilot & 5 EPs had to take practical exam.
• 5 UAS’ pilot were trained from scratch without
having previous UAS’ or airmanship experience.

27
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫תכולת מבחנים תיאורטיים –חוקה‪AIP ,‬‬

‫ו‬ ‫ה‬
‫בח כ‬
‫ו‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ו‬
‫כח‬ ‫י‬ ‫ת‬ ‫ק‬ ‫ו‬‫מ‬
‫ד‬ ‫י‬ ‫ת‬ ‫תאם ת ה דע‬
‫ע‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ו‬ ‫א‬
‫ת‬ ‫ב‬ ‫כטב יר‬
‫ב‬ ‫ע‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ם‬
‫ר‬‫ו‬ ‫‪..‬‬
‫ה‬

‫‪28‬‬
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Heron UAS in the Himalayas, RWY altitude above 10,000 ft ASL

!!! ‫יש חריגים‬...‫אפילו להוצאת נושא החמצן מהמבחן‬...

2929
 ‫‪-Secret-‬‬
‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫תכולת מבחנים תיאורטיים )המשך(‬

‫• מטאורולוגיה‬
‫• ניווט אווירי‪.....‬‬
‫)‪(DL,GPS‬‬
‫קי ונו‬
‫ים ת ר‬ ‫• רישיון ‪ RT‬אווירי‪.‬‬
‫וש‬
‫פע בה‬

‫• ספר מטוס פתוח‬

‫רי‬
‫דע‬

‫• ספר מטוס סגור‬

‫תעודה רפואית סוג ‪ 3‬ומעלה‬

‫‪30‬‬
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫רישום שעות טיסה ומבחני רמה‬

‫• קיימת הסכמה בנושא הצורך בניהול ‪.Log Book‬‬

‫• קיימת עמימות‪ ...‬בנושא רישום שעות טיסה כאשר‬
‫מתחלפים מטיסים ובהעברת שליטה בין תחנות‪.‬‬
‫• הסכמה לגבי מבחן רמה – פער בנושא המרווח‪.‬‬

‫• סוגיה נגזרת היא פער בהגדרת הטסה ‪ /‬מנוחה‪.‬‬

‫• סוגיה נגזרת היא עדכון לגבי ספר מטוס )שביט(‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
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- Unclassified -

In flight Key Points….

• Various available Sources of Meteorological data.

• Cloud check and Ice Detection / De-Icing systems.

• Situational Awareness via ATC & RT communication.

• Vertical and Lateral Separation from other traffic.

• Emergencies and potential forced landing event.

• Return Home and communications reestablishment.

32
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- Unclassified -

Weather Radar Information

33
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Integration in Civil Airspace

34
Does one type of education
-Secret-
- Unclassified -

really satisfy all needs?

35
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Licensing of civil UAV-Ps of small systems

36
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

...‫מה מותר הטיסן מהכטבם‬

37
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- Unclassified -

External Pilot Aspects

• Manual takeoff & landing is performed by EP .
• The external pilot (EP) is identified by most of
the UAV users as a very problematic function :
– Most of the accidents during takeoff & landing
are due to human mistakes linked with the EP.

– Basic skills needed for being an EP, are high.

– EP’s training is relatively long and expensive.

– Keeping EP qualified require dedicated flights.

– EP Operation require solid eye contact to UAV.

38
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

External Pilot Vs ATOL

• Autoimmunization of takeoff, landing & taxi phases,
reduces required skill and the experience required.
• ATOL is preferred for takeoff & landing on unstable
surfaces such as shipboard in high sea conditions.
• EP is less tolerant for adverse weather conditions,
low visibility and battlefield environment Vs ATOL .
• EP may not be deployed along the runways of large
aerodromes at the scenario of mixed environment.

• ATOL as an Expert System synergies the know-how

and expertise of External Pilot and Internal Pilot with
the leverage of various ATOL sensors’ technology.

39
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- Unclassified -

External Pilot Perception in IAI

• EPs should be experts involved in UAS’ flight tests.
• Since EP’s training is relatively long and expensive
EPs should not get their initial EP qualification in IAI.
• EPs should have previous experience with IAI’s UAS
mainly gained through military service as EP in IDF.
• EPs will be provided with supplementary instruction
and training required to support new UAS flight tests.
• EPs should be potential EP instructor for supporting
IAI & legacy customers’ EPs currency & qualification.
• It is desired that all EPs will be qualified as RPA pilots.

40
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Replacing the External Pilot….

• The external pilot (EP) is the key function during
the take-off and landing phases .
• Suppressing the EP function requires to fulfill at
least the following tasks :
– Automatic UAV guidance and control in
aerodrome’s CTR and the runway area.
– Use of External Spotter / Tower in CTR
– Transfer the UAV monitoring to the IP.
– Handle potential emergency situations.
– See & Avoid and Situational Awareness.
– Accurate runways & taxiway information.

41
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

ATOL Capabilities

• Existence of integrated Standby (STBY) Mode.

• Manual Taxi and Automatic Taxi on taxiways.
• Automatic Line-Up, Take-Off & Departure (SID).
• Automatic Arrival (STAR), Landing & Vacation.
• Abort Take-Off (RTO) and Abort Landing (G/A).
• Automatic response to systems’ malfunctions.
• Full redundancy of ATOL critical subsystems.
• Emergency-Landing (alternate / emergency sites).

42
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- Unclassified -

!!!...‫אחרת‬.... ‫תפישת הטסה‬

43
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

!!!...‫ואפשר גם כך‬

44
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‫‪- Unclassified‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫האדרת נשים ‪ ....‬במטוסים ללא טייס !!!‬

‫‪45‬‬
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

...‫משפטי מפתח‬
• Most UAS-pilots don‘t have manned aviation background (Dror Fellah, Elbit
Systems)
• „When you close your eyes, they all feel the same“ (Eran Sharoni, IAI Malat)
• Keeping manned aviation framework and licensing-methodology could
expedite the process (Eran Sharoni, IAI Malat)
• Workshare in the GCS treated as crew-approach (Maj. Böhm, Swiss
airforce)
• GCS is the weakest area in UAS-development (Doug Davis, University of
New Mexico)
• Autonomy is market talk: there is a man-in-the-loop and he is responsible
(Klaus Wohlers, Rheinmetall-defence)
• They should see themselves as airman and not as high-end video-gamers
(Klaus Wohlers, Rheinmetall-defence)

46
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

...‫משפטי מפתח‬
• If you can get the piloting skills out of the equation, it makes it much more
attractive (Dewar Donnithorne-Tait, CCUVS)
• The worst applicants are the ones with manned aviation experience (Andrè
Clot,EuroUSC)
• We are not competitors to manned aviation aerial work, we are
complimentary (Jarno Puff, A2Tech)
• Aerial work is not done far away, but only some kilometers (Jarno Puff,
A2Tech)
• Piloting skills still essential for non-normal operation (Jan Stumpf, Ascending
technologies)
• The available information looks more like a submarine than an aircraft
cockpit!(Klaus Wohlers, Rheinmetall-defence)

47
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- Unclassified -

...‫דגשים עיקריים‬
• No manned aviation experience necessary, but
beneficiary to become qualified UAS-pilot
• UAS-pilot as ‚external pilot‘ (i.e. commanding RPA from
outside-view) is dying out, exception: VLOS-pilot:
• VLOS-UAS still need considerable piloting skills in non-
nomral modes
• Protection of the advent of UAS in common airspace by
keeping the standards high
• Theoretical knowledge comparable/identical to manned
aviation, practical skills completely different

48
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Summary & Conclusions

• Cultural change of mind related to UAS is needed.
• It is not mandatory for RPA pilot to be a manned
aircraft pilot - Some common points are required.
Having manned aircraft pilot experience is beneficial
• UAS pilots should share airmanship RT phraseology.
• Common aviators should share UAS terminology
• Keeping manned aircraft pilot licensing methodology
for UAS pilot may expedite the certification process.
• UAS pilots should have RPA type rating and should
be familiar with the various available GCS for that RPA.

49
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

Questions
?

50
 -Secret-
- Unclassified -

THANK YOU

51