WRITTEN REPORT

On
THEORITICAL

Raymond Catell
Personality Theory
1905 - 1998

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Date Submitted: October 22, 2022
 I. Overview of Factor Analytic Theory
Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck have each used factor analysis to identify traits (that is, relatively permanent
dispositions of people). Cattell has identified a large number of personality traits, whereas Eysenck has extracted only three
general factors.

II. Biography of Raymond B. Cattell

Raymond B. Cattell was born in England in 1905, educated at the University of London, but spent most of his professional
career in the United States. He held positions at Columbia University, Clark University, Harvard University, and the
University of Illinois, where he spent most of his active career. During the last 20 years of his life, he was associated with the
Hawaii School of Professional Psychology. He died in 1998, a few weeks short of his 93rd birthday.

III. Basics of Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is a mathematical procedure for reducing a large number of scores to a few more general variables or
factors. Correlations of the original, specific scores with the factors are called factor loadings. Traits generated through factor
analysis may be either unipolar (scaled from zero to some large amount) or bipolar (having two opposing poles, such as
introversion and extraversion). For factors to have psychological meaning, the analyst must rotate the axes on which the
scores are plotted. Eysenck used an orthogonal rotation whereas Cattell favored an oblique rotation. The oblique rotation
procedure ordinarily results in more traits than the orthogonal method.

IV. Introduction to Cattell's Trait Theory

Cattell used an inductive approach to identify traits; that is, he began with a large body of data that he collected with no
preconceived hypothesis or theory. 

A. P Technique
Cattell's P technique is a correlational procedure that uses measures collected from one person on many different occasions
and is his attempt to measure individual or unique, rather than common, traits. Cattell also used the dR (differential R)
technique, which correlates the scores of a large number of people on many variables obtained at two different occasions.
By combining these two techniques, Cattell has measured both states (temporary conditions within an individual) and traits
(relatively permanent dispositions of an individual).

B. Media of Observation
Cattell used three different sources of data that enter the correlation matrix: 

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 (1) L data, or a person's life record that comes from observations made by 
others; (2) Q data, which are based on questionnaires; and (3) T data, or information obtained from objective tests.

V. Source Traits
Source traits refer to the underlying factor or factors responsible for the intercorrelation among surface traits. They can be
distinguished from trait indicators, or surface traits.

VI. Personality Traits

Personality traits include both common traits (shared by many people) and unique traits (peculiar to one individual).
Personality traits can also be classified into temperament, motivation (dynamic), and ability.

A. Temperament Traits
Temperament traits are concerned with how a person behaves. Of the 35 primary or first-order traits Cattell has identified, all
but        one (intelligence) is basically a temperament trait. Of the 23 normal traits, 16 were obtained through Q media and
compose Cattell's    famous 16 PF scale. The additional seven factors that make up the 23 normal traits were originally
identified only through L data. Cattell believed that pathological people have the same 23 normal traits as other people, but,
in addition, they exhibit one or more of 12 abnormal traits. Also, a person's pathology may simply be due to a normal trait
that is carried to 
an extreme.

B. Second-Order Traits 
The 35 primary source traits tend to cluster together, forming eight clearly identifiable second-order traits. The two strongest
of the second-order traits might be called extraversion/introversion and anxiety.

VII. Dynamic Traits

In addition to temperament traits, Cattell recognized motivational or dynamic traits, which include attitudes, ergs, and sems. 

A. Attitudes
An attitude refers to a specific course of action, or desire to act, in response to a given situation. Motivation is usually quite
complex, so that a network of motives, or dynamic lattice, is ordinarily involved with an attitude. In addition, a subsidiation
chain, or a complex set of subgoals, underlies motivation. 

B. Ergs
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 Ergs are innate drives or motives, such as sex, hunger, loneliness, pity, fear, curiosity, pride, sensuousness, anger, and
greed that humans share with other primates. 

C. Sems
Sems are learned or acquired dynamic traits that can satisfy several ergs at the same time. The self-sentiment is the most
important sem in that it integrates the other sems. 

D. The Dynamic Lattice

The dynamic lattice is a complex network of attitudes, ergs, and sems underlying a person's motivational structure.

VIII. Genetic Basis of Traits

Cattell and his colleagues provided estimates of heritability of the various source traits. Heritability is an estimate of the
extent to which the variance of a given trait is due to heredity. Cattell has found relatively high heritability values for both fluid
intelligence (the ability to adapt to new material) and crystallized intelligence (which depends on prior learning), suggesting
that intelligence is due more to heredity than to environment.

Introduction to Eysenck's Factor Theory

Compared to Cattell, Eysenck (1) was more likely to theorize before collecting and factor analyzing data; (2) extracted fewer

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 factors; and (3) used a wider variety of approaches to gather data.

X. Biography of Hans J. Eysenck

Hans J. Eysenck was born in Berlin in 1916, but as a teenager, he moved to England to escape Nazi tyranny and made
London his home for more than 60 years. Eysenck was trained in the psychometrically oriented psychology department of
the University of London, from which he received a bachelor's degree in 1938 and a Ph.D. in 1940. Eysenck was perhaps
the most prolific writer of any psychologist in the world, and his books and articles often caused world-wide controversy. He
died in September of 1997.

XI. Measuring Personality

Eysenck believed that genetic factors were far more important than environmental ones in shaping personality and that
personal traits could be measured by standardized personality inventories.

A. Criteria for Identifying Factors

Eysenck insisted that personality factors must (1) be based on strong psychometric evidence, (2) must possess heritability
and fit an acceptable genetic model, (3) make sense theoretically, and (4) possess social relevance.

B. Hierarchy of Measures
Eysenck recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization: (1) specific acts or cognitions; (2) habitual acts or
cognitions; (3) traits, or personal dispositions; and (4) types or superfactors.

XII. Dimensions of Personality

Eysenck's methods of measuring personality limited the number of personality types to a relatively small number. Although
many traits exist, Eysenck identified only three major types.

A. What Are the Major Personality Factors?

Eysenck's theory revolves around only three general bipolar types: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and
psychoticism/superego function. All three have a strong genetic component. Extraverts are characterized by sociability,
impulsiveness, jocularity, liveliness, optimism, and quick-wittedness, whereas introverts are quiet, passive, unsociable,
careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Eysenck, however, believes that the principal
differences between extraverts and introverts is one of cortical arousal level. Neurotic traits include anxiety, hysteria, and
obsessive compulsive disorders. Both normal and abnormal individuals may score high on the neuroticism scale 

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 of the Eysenck's various personality inventories. People who score high on the psychoticism scale are egocentric, cold,
nonconforming, aggressive, impulsive, hostile, suspicious, and antisocial. Men tend to score higher than women 
on psychoticism. 

B. Measuring Superfactors
Eysenck and his colleagues developed four personality inventories to measure superfactors, or types. The two most
frequently used by current researchers are the Eysenck Personality Inventory (which measures only E and N) and the
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (which also measures P).

C. Biological Bases of Personality

Eysenck believed that P, E, and N all have a powerful biological component, and he cited as evidence the existence of these
three types in a wide variety of nations and languages.

D. Personality and Behavior

Eysenck argued that different combinations of P, E and N relate to a large number of behaviors and processes, such as
academic performance, creativity, and antisocial behavior. He cautioned that psychologists can be misled if they do not
consider the various combinations of personality dimensions.

E. Personality and Disease

For many years, Eysenck researched the relationship between personality factors and disease. He teamed with Ronald
Grossarth-Maticek to study the connection between characteristics and both cancer and cardiovascular disease and found
that people with a helpless/hopeless attitude were more likely to die from cancer, whereas people who reacted to frustration
with anger and emotional arousal were much more likely to die from cardiovascular disease.

XIII. Related Research

The theories of both Cattell and Eysenck have been highly productive in terms of research, due in part to Cattell's 16 PF
questionnaire and Eysenck's various personality inventories. Some of this research has looked at personality factors and the
creativity of scientists and artists. In addition, some of Eysenck's research attempted to show a biological basis of
personality.

A. Personalities of Creative Scientists and Artists

Early research using the 16 PF found that creative scientists, compared with either the general population or less creative

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 scientists, were more intelligent, outgoing, adventurous, sensitive, self-sufficient, dominant, and driven. Other research found
that female scientists, compared to other women, were more dominant, confident, intelligent, radical, and adventurous.
Research on the personality of artists found that writers and artists were more intelligent, dominant, adventurous,
emotionally sensitive, radical, and self-sufficient than other people. Later research found that creative artists scored high on
Eysenck's neuroticism and psychoticism scales, indicating that they were more anxious, sensitive, obsessive, impulsive,
hostile, and willing to take risks than other people.

B. Biology and Personality

If personality has a strong biological foundation, then researchers should find very similar personality types in various
cultures around the world. Studies in 24 countries found a high degree of similarity among these different cultures. Eysenck's
later work investigated personality factors across 35 European, Asian, African, and American cultures and found that
personality factors are quite universal, thus supporting the biological nature of personality.

XIV. Critique of Trait and Factor Theories

Cattell and Eysenck's theories rate high on parsimony, on their ability to generate research, and on their usefulness in
organizing data; they are about average on falsifiability, usefulness to the practitioner, and internal consistency.

XV. Concept of Humanity

Cattell and Eysenck believe that human personality is largely the product of genetics and not the environment. Thus, both
are rated very high on biological influences and very low on social factors. In addition, both rate about average on conscious
versus unconscious influences and high on the uniqueness of individuals. The concepts of free choice, optimism versus
pessimism, and causality versus teleology do not apply to Cattell and Eysenck.

16 Personality Factors (16PF) 

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 Abstractedness imaginative versus practical
 What is it?
Apprehension insecure versus complacent
     In 1949, Raymond Cattell Dominance aggressive versus passive
published the 16PF.  The 16PF, or
the 16 personality factors, is an Emotional calm and stable versus high-strung and
assessment device based off of the Stability
technique developed by Charles
Liveliness enthusiastic versus serious
Spearman.  Spearman was a
mathematician who created a Openness to liberal versus traditional
mathematical formula known as Change
factor analysis.  Factor analysis takes
data and puts it into separate Perfectionism compulsive and controlled versus indifferent
groupings.  Cattell believed that Privateness pretentious versus unpretentious
everyone has every trait, but
depending on the person, certain Reasoning abstract versus concrete
traits are displayed more than others.  Rule moralistic versus free-thinking
The 16PF is a list of traits that a Consciousness
person can use to determine the
measures of each trait they have. Self-Reliance leader versus follower
Sensitivity sensitive versus tough-minded
 
Social Boldness uninhibited versus timid
Who did Cattell get help from? 
Tension driven and tense versus relaxed and easy going
     Cattell created the 16PF with Vigilance suspicious versus accepting
much help from other scientists. 
Allport and Odbert, who also made a Warmth open and warmhearted versus aloof and critical
list of traits in 1936, and Baumgarten,
who studied similar things such as
the dimensions of personality, gave

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Date Submitted: October 22, 2022
 guidelines to Cattell for his studies. 
Allport and Odbert worked on the
development of taxonomy.  With that,
the two discovered that adjectives
could be seperated into categories. 
This means that the factors could be
split up into different traits.  For
example, with Cattell's 16PF theory,
the factor of reasoning is split up into
abstract and concrete.

How Does It Work?

     The 16PF is a list of different

personality traits.  It is a key that is
used to determine what type of
person you are.  To use the 16PF 
one must first take a test.  The test
incluedes a list of statements and for
each you have to show how accurate
each statement applies to you.  At the
end of the test, for each of the words
listed to the right, it shows you how
much that factor applies to you.  For
example if you got a high score for
liveliness you would be considered
enthusiastic, however, if you received
a low score for liveliness you would
be considered a more serious person.

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What are the problems?

    Like all theories, Cattell's 16PF has

its own pros and cons.  One thing that
is looked down upon with his theory is
that it has never been completely
replicated.  Other scientists tested his
theory and tried to prove what was
wrong with it.  For example, Howarth
and Brown found that 10 factors and
their descriptions did not match up
completely.  Another down side to
Cattel's theory is that many
reaserchers questioned the reliability
of his ideas.  Although there
was critism, Cattell made various
attempts to prove others that his
research was reliable and true.

Online Sources:
https://sites.google.com/site/ubmichel
lebadillo/theories-of-personality/

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Date Submitted: October 22, 2022
 cattell-dispositional-theory

    

Submitted by: Submitted to

Kimberly D. Abalde Sr. Rosalie Ubo, A.R.

Student Instructress

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Date Submitted: October 22, 2022