Universidad de Colima

Facultad de Ingeniería
Electromecánica

“Resumen de los modelos

atómicos en ingles”

Alumna: Mónica Anett Quiroz

Reyes.

Profesora: Wong de la Mora

Mayli.

Asignatura: Química para

Ingeniería.

Semestre y grupo: 1 C.

Fecha de Entrega: 19 de Septiembre del 2022.

Democritus Atomic Model (450)
What Democritus demonstrated through his atomic model was that there was
indeed a limit. He assumed that matter was made up of small particles that could
not be broken down into smaller ones. It was Democritus who called these
particles “atoms. Democritus posits that:
 The impossibility of infinite division of matter.
 Aue the atom is equal indivisible.

Dalton's Atomic Model (1803)

Dalton in his theory assumed the existence of minimal and indivisible particles of
matter, for which he kept the name that Democritus had given him. Although many
of the experiments did not prove that this theory was necessarily true, there were
many other experiments that provided evidence of the existence of atoms and
allowed us to discover their properties. Dalton's model postulated that:
1. The atoms of the elements are the basic particles of matter. They are
indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed.
2. The atoms of a given element are identical, have the same weight and have
the same chemical properties.
3. The atoms of the different chemical elements combine with each other, in
relation to simple numbers, to form compound molecules.
4. The atoms of the elements can combine with each other, in more than a
simple integer proportion, to form more than one compound.

Lewis Atomic Model (1902)

Lewis proposed a graphic representation of the structure of nonpolar atoms and
molecules distributed in the form of a cube, in whose eight vertices were electrons.
His theory was published in 1916, the aim was to explain the phenomenon of
atomic valence. The Lewis model postulated that:
 Single covalent bonds form when two atoms share an edge and these result
in the exchange of two electrons.
 Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of an electron from one cube to
another without sharing an edge.
 An intermediate state in which only one corner is shared. His atomic model
was known as the "Cubic Model".

Thompson Atomic Model (1904)

Thompson proposed a model that described the structure of atoms. This was
known as the plum pudding model or the Thompson model. According to
Thompson, the electrons were distributed on a uniform positively charged surface,
their position on this surface being determined by electrostatic forces. Thompson's
model postulated:
 The discovery of the electron.
 That in its atomic model it is formed by negatively charged electrons
embedded in a positively charged sphere as in a “raisin pudding”.
 Electrons are distributed evenly throughout the atom.
 The atom is neutral so that the negative charges of the electrons are offset
by the positive charge.

Rutherford Atomic Model (1911)

The Rutherford model describes the atom as a planetary system, with a central
nucleus like the Sun around which electrons revolve like planets. Rutherford
postulated the existence of a positively charged nucleus formed by the protons
where the mass of the atom was. Rutherford's model influenced:
 The discovery of alpha and beta particles.
 The discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911.
 The discovery of the proton in 1919.
 The hypothesis of the existence of neutrons in 1920.
 During the First World War he studied the detection of submarines using
sound waves, so he was one of the forerunners of sonar.

Bohr Atomic Model (1913)

Bohr's model. It was a modification to the Rutherford model, so the characteristics
of a small central core with most of the mass were maintained. In the same way,
the electrons orbited around the nucleus similar to the planets around the sun,
although their orbits are not flat. Bohr's model postulates that:
 Electrons describe stable circular orbits around the nucleus of the atom
without radiating energy.
 Electrons can only be found in certain orbits (not all orbits are allowed). The
distance from the orbit to the nucleus is determined according to the
quantum number n (n=1, n=2, n=3...).

Sommerfeld Atomic Model (1916)

Sommerfeld's atomic model was to modify Bohr's model, which consisted of him
explaining the behavior of electrons, stating that within the same energy level there
could be different energy sublevels, which caused different energy variations to
occur in a same level. Sommerfeld's model posits that:
 Within the same energy level (n) there are different sublevels.
 There are not only circular orbits but also elliptical orbits determined by the
azimuthal quantum number (l) that takes values from 0 to n-1:
  l = 0 → forms the s orbital
 l = 1 → forms the p orbital
 l = 2 → forms the d orbital
 l = 3 → forms the f orbital
 Adapts the Bohr model to relativistic mechanics since electrons move at
speeds close to those of light.
 The electron is an electric current.

Schrödinger Atomic Model (1926)

It was the quantum model of the atom that starts from the Schrödiger equation.
With this equation it was possible to know the possibility of finding an electron in a
certain point of an atom.
 Electrons are distributed in orbitals, which are regions of space with a high
probability of finding an electron.
 The following quantum numbers are taken into account: o Principal quantum
number (n) o Secondary quantum number o Azimuthal (l) o Magnetic
quantum number (m) o Spin number(s).
 In an atom there can be no electrons with the same four quantum numbers.

Heisenberg Atomic Model (1925)

He began to develop a system of quantum mechanics, called matrix mechanics, in
which the mathematical formulation was based on the frequencies and amplitudes
of the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atom and on the energy levels of the
atomic system. Heisenberg's model posits that:
 The uncertainty about the linear momentum and the exact position of an
electron need not be observed.
 The orbital moment traced by the electron around the atomic nucleus is
taken as reference.
 His postulates on the movement of electrons contributed to the quantum
approach to orbital patterns and the electron cloud.

Bibliographic reference:

 https://books.google.com.mx/books?
id=1bvEJPkLfI0C&pg=PA13&dq=model+de+democrito&hl=es-
419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGtYi9i5z6AhX1BUQIHa4hCDwQ6AF6BAgFEAI#
v=onepage&q=model%20de%20democrito&f=false