SY 2020-2021

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

SHS GRADE 11

1
 CHAPTER 1
Random Variables and
Content standards:
Probability Distributions .
Exploring random
variables
Constructing
probability
distribution
Computing the mean
Decision making is an important aspect in business,
of a discrete
education, insurance, and other real life situations. Many
decisions are made by assigning probabilities to all
probability
possible outcomes pertaining to the situation and then distribution
evaluating results. Computing the
variance of a discrete
This chapter will explain concept of the random variables
probability
and probability distribution. We will learn how to
distribution
construct the probability mass function of a discrete
probability distribution and describe its properties and
characteristics by computing it means and variance.

2
 LESSON
1
Exploring Random Variables
Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).

 distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
 finds the possible values of a random variable.

What’s In
You have learned in your past lesson in mathematics that an experiment is any activity, which can be
done repeatedly under similar conditions. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called
sample space. You have learned how to systematically list the possible outcomes of a given experiment.

To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following activity

ENTRY CARD
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. tossing three coins TTT, TTH,THT,HTT,HTH,THH,HHH
2. rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously
3. drawing a spade from a deck card
4. getting a defective item when two items are
randomly selected from a box of two defective
and three non defective items
5. drawing a card greater than 7 from a deck of
cards.

LET’S LEARN
Example no.1

Defective Cell Phone

Recall that a variable is a characteristic of attribute that can assume different values. We use capital
letters to denote or represent a variable. In this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are associated
with probabilities, called random variables.

Suppose three cellphone are tested at a random. We want to find out the number of defective cell
phones that occur. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value. These are
0,1,2,or 3. If there is no defective cellphone ,we assign the number 0, if there is 1 defective
cellphone , we assign one; if there is 2 defective cellphones, we assign 2; and 3 if there are three
defectives cellphones. The number of defectives cellphones is random variables. The possible
values of random variables are 0,1,2,3. 3
Illustration:

Let D represent the defective cellphone and N represent the non-defective cell phone. If we let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cell phones, can you show the values of the
random variable X? Complete the table below to show the values of the random variables.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variables X

( Number of defective cell phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3

Solution:

Step 1. Determine the sample space. Let N represent non- defective and D represent defective.

The sample space for the above experiment is :

S= { NNN, NND, NDN, DNN, NDD, DND, DDN, DDD}

STEP 2. Count the number of defective (D) in each outcome in the sample space and assign this number
to this outcome.

A Arandom
Random variable is aisfunction
Variable that
a function associates
that a real
associates number
a real to to
number each element
each in the
element sample
in the space.
sample It is
space.
a It
variable whosewhose
is a variable valuesvalues
are determined by chance.
are determined by chance.
Activity 2

2 TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE

A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly,
discrete random variables represents count data, such as the number of defective chairs produced
in a factory.

Example : the number of voter favoring a candidate

A random variable is a continuous random variable it takes on the values on a continuous scales.
Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such as heights, weights , and
temperature.

Example : the average amount of electricity consumed per household per month.

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LEARNING TASK 1
Direction. Analyze the problem and complete the table below to show the values of random variables.

A. Tossing Three Coins

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tails that
occur. Find the values of the random variable Y. Complete the table below.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variables X

( number of tails)

B. Drawing Balls from an Urn

Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of blue balls. Find the values of the random
variable Z. complete the table below.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variables X

( number of blue balls)

C. Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of heads that
occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variables Z

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 D. Let T be a random variable giving the number of heads plus the number of tails in three tosses
coins. List the elements of the sample space S for the three tosses of the coin and assign a value
to each point.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variables T

LEARNING TASK 2
Direction. Classify the following random variables as DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

__________1. The number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer.

__________2. The weight of newborn each year in the hospital
__________3. The number of sibling in each region
__________4. The amount of paint utilized in a building
__________5. The number of dropout in a school district for a period of 10 years
__________6. The speed of car
__________7. The number of female athletes
__________8. The time needed to finish the test
__________9. The amount of sugar in a cup
__________10. The number of people who are playing LOTTO each day.

PERFORMANCE TASK
Answer the following question in your own understanding.

1. How do you find the values of random variable?

2. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?

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 LESSON Constructing Probability Distribution
2
Lesson objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;

 illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties
 computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.

Let’s Review
In your previous study of mathematics, you have learned how to find the probability of an event. In this
lesson, you will learn how to construct a probability distribution of discrete random variable.

ENTRY CARD
A. find the probability of the following events
Events Probability P (E)
1. getting an even number in a single roll of die
2. getting a sum of 6 when the dice are rolled
3. getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck
4. the probability that all children are boys if a
couple has three children
5. getting a sum of 11 if two dice are rolled
B. for the given values of x, evaluate P(X)
4x 2 x−3
x P(x)= P(x)=
x+5 x+5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

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LET’S LEARN
Example No 1.

Number of tails

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tails that
occur. Find the probability of each values of the random variable Y.

Steps Solution
1. determine the sample space. Let H The sample space for this experiment is:
represent head and T represent tail. S= {TTT, TTH,THT, HTT, HHT,HTH,THH,HHH}
2. count the number of tails in each space Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes
and assign this number to this outcome. Variables T
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
3. There are four possible values of the
random variables Y representing the
Possible
number tails. These are 0,1,2, and Probability P(Y)
Outcomes
3.Assign probability values P(Y) to each
value of the random variable.

 There are 8possible outcomes and

1
no tails occurs once, so the 0
probability that we shall assign to 8
1
the random variable 0 is
8

 There are 8 possible outcomes and 3

1
1 tail occurs three times, so the 8
probability that we shall assign to
3
the random variable 1 is
8
3
2
8
 There are 8 possible outcomes and
2 tail occurs three times, so the
probability that we shall assign to
3
the random variable 2 is
8

 There are 8 possible outcomes and

8
 3 tail occurs three times, so the
probability that we shall assign to
1 1
the random variable 3 is 3
8 8

Table 1.1 the probability Distribution or the Probability Mass Function of discrete random Variable Y

Number of Tails (Y) 0 1 2 3

1 3 3 1
Probability P(Y)
8 8 8 8

A Discrete Distribution or A Probability Mass Function consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values.

Properties of probability Distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0 and
1. In symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P ( X ) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1. In
symbol we write it as ∑P ( X )=1

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LEARNING TASK 1
Direction. Construct a probability distribution for the data and draw a histogram of the distribution.

1. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3,4,5,6 or 7 patients in any one day are 0.15, 0.20,
0.25, .0.20 and 0.20 respectively.
1 1 1 1 1 1
2. The probabilities that a bias dies will fall as 1,2,3,4,5,or 6 are , , , , , respectively.
2 6 12, 12 12 12

LEARNING TASK 2
Direction. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in each of the
following situations. Draw the corresponding histogram for each probability distribution.

1. Four coins are tossed. Let z be the random variable representing the number of heads that
occur. find the values of the random variable Z.

Value of the random variable Z Probability P(Z)

2. Let T be a random variable giving the number of heads in three tosses of a coin. List the
elements of the sample space S for the three tosses of the coin and assign a value to each
sample point.

Value of the random variable T Probability P(T)

10
LESSON Computing the Mean of a Discrete
3 Probability Distribution

Lesson Objectives
At the end if this lesson , you should be able to:
1. illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable.
2. interprets the mean of a discrete random variable.
3. solves problems involving mean of probability distributions.

WHAT’S IN
You have learned from your previous study of mathematics how to find the mean and variance of
ungrouped data. You also learned how to describe data using mean and variance. In this lesson, you
will learn how to compute the mean and variance of a discrete probability distribution. To find out if
you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following activities.

Learning Task 1.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following summations.
X 1=¿ ¿4 X 2=¿ ¿2 X 3 =¿ ¿5 X 4=¿¿1
Y 1=¿¿2 Y 2=¿¿ 1 Y 3=¿¿ 0 Y 4 =¿¿2

1. ∑X
2. ∑Y
3. ∑ XY
4. ∑ (X +Y )
5. ∑ 4 XY
B. The following are the score of 40 students in a test compute the mean score.

SCORE Number of students

42 8
50 12
53 9
38 7
46 4

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LET’S LEARN

Example No. 1
Number of Spot

Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spot that would appear?
The following activity will help you answer this question.

STEP 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of the
spots that would appear.

SOLUTION:

Number of Spots Probability P(X)

1
1
6
1
2
6
1
3
6
1
4
6
1
5
6
1
6
6

STEP 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

1 1
1
6 6

12
 1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6

STEP 3. Add the results obtain in No. 2.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6
21
∑ X . P( X)= 6 =3.5

The value obtained in Step 3 is called the mean of the random variable X or the mean of the probability
distribution of X.
The mean tells us the average number of spots that would appear in a roll die. So, the average number of
spots that would appear is 3.5.

Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with discrete probability distribution is:

μ= X 1 . P ¿) + X 2 . P ¿ ) + X 3 . P¿ ) + X 4 . P ¿)+…..,+ X n . P¿ ) or

μ=∑ X . P( X )
where

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 ………., X n are the values of the random variable X; and

13
P ¿) are the corresponding probabilities.
LEARNING TASK 1
A. Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.

1.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

1
1
7
1
6
7
3
11
7
1
16
7
1
21
7
1
5
7

∑ X . P( X)=

2.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

3
1
10
1
2
10

14
 2
3
10
2
4
10
2
5
10
2
6
10

∑ X . P( X)=

3.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

2 0.10

4 0.23

6 0.25

8 0.36

10 0.06

∑ X . P( X)=

Learning Task 2.
Solve the following Problems.

1. A bakeshop owner determines the number of boxes of pandesal that are delivered each day.
Find the mean of the probability distribution shown. If the manager stated that boxes of
pandesal were delivered in one day, do you think that this is believable claim?

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

35 0.10

36 0.20

15
 37 0.30

38 0.40

39 0.50

∑ X . P( X)=

2. The following table gives the probabilities that a probation officer will receive 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
reports probation violations on any given day.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

0 0.15

1 0.25

2 0.36

3 0.18

4 0.04

5 0.02

∑ X . P( X)=

PERFORMANCE TASK
Read the following question and answer in your own understanding.

1. What does the mean of probability distribution tells us?

2. How do you interpret the mean of a probability distribution?

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LESSON Computing the Variance of a Discrete
4 Probability Distribution
Lesson Objectives
At the end if this lesson , you should be able to:
1. illustrates and calculate the variance of a discrete random variable;
2. interprets the variance of a discrete random variable;
3. solves problems involving variance of probability distributions.

What’s In
ENTRY CARD
Compute the variance of this frequency distribution
SCORE NUMBER OF STUDENTS
5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3

Follow the steps below:

1. Compute the mean by using the formula X́ =

∑ fX
n
SCORE Number of Students
fX
X f
5 3 15

17
 8 5 40
10 4 40
12 5 60
15 3 45
N=20 ∑ fX = 200

X́ =
∑ fX = 10
n

2. Subtract the mean from each score. Square the results.

X f x- x́ (x- x́ ¿ 2
5 3 -5 -25
8 5 -2 -4
10 4 0 0
12 5 2 4
15 3 5 25
n = 20

2
3. Multiply the results by the corresponding frequency. Add the results in the (x- x́ ¿ column .

X f x- x́ (x- x́ ¿ 2 f(x- x́ ¿ 2
5 3 -5 -25 -15
8 5 -2 -4 -20
10 4 0 0 0
12 5 2 4 20
15 3 5 25 15
n = 20 ∑ f ¿ ¿= 0

2
4. To compute the variance using the formula σ = ∑ f ¿¿¿
0
σ 2=
20
= 0

The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the
items in a distribution.

Example No 1.
Number of cars sold
The number of cars sold per day at the local car dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities,
is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the probability
distribution by the following given steps.

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 Number of Cars Sold Probability P(X)
1
0
10
2
1
10
3
2
10
2
3
10
2
4
10

Steps in finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution using formula μ= ∑ X . P( X )

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X)

3
0 0
10
3 2
1
10 10
3 6
2
10 10
2 6
3
10 10
4 8
4
10 10
22
μ=∑ X . P( X )= =2.2
10

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.

Number of Spots X Probability P(X) X.P(X) X- μ

3
0 0 0-2.2=2.2
10

19
 3 2
1 1-2.2= -1.2
10 10
3 6
2 2-2.2 = -0.2
10 10
2 6
3 3-2.2 = 0.8
10 10
4 8
4 4-2.2=1.8
10 10

3. Square the result obtained in Step 2.

Number of Spots X- μ ¿
Probability P(X) X.P(X)
X
3
0 0 2.2 4.84
10
3 2
1 -1.2 1.44
10 10
3 6
2 -0.2 0.04
10 10
2 6
3 0.8 0.64
10 10
4 8
4 1.8 3.24
10 10

4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.

Number of Probability
X.P(X) X- μ ¿ ¿.P(X)
Spots X P(X)
3
0 0 2.2 4.84 0.484
10
3 2
1 -1.2 1.44 0.288
10 10

20
 3 6
2 -0.2 0.04 0.012
10 10
2 6
3 0.8 0.64 0.128
10 10
4 8
4 1.8 3.24 0.648
10 10

5. Get the sum of the results obtained in step 4. The result is the value of the variance. So the
formula of the variance is:
σ 2=∑ ¿¿

σ 2= 1.56
6. Get the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation.
σ = √ 1.56= 1.25

Formula of the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

2
Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution: σ =∑ ¿¿
Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution: σ 2= √∑ ¿ ¿ ¿

LEARNING TASK 1
A. Complete the table below and find the variance and standard deviation of the following
probability distribution.
1.

X P(X) X.P(X) X- μ ¿ ¿.P(X)

1
1
7
1
6
7
1
11
7
1
16
7
1
21
7

Variance ____________
Standard Deviation ____________
2.

X P(X) X.P(X) X- μ ¿ ¿.P(X)

21
 3 0.15

6 0.35

8 0.40

10 0.10

Variance ____________
Standard Deviation ____________
3.

X P(X) X.P(X) X- μ ¿ ¿.P(X)

2 0.10

4 0.23
6 0.25

8 0.36

10 0.06

Learning Task 2
Read and solve the following problems.

1. The number of inquiries received per day by the office of Admissions in a certain university is
shown below. Find the variance and standard deviation.

Number of Spots Probability P(X)

22 0.08
23 0.19
24 0.36
25 0.25
26 0.07
27 0.05

2. Find the probabilities of machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in one day are
0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025 and 0.005, respectively. Find the variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.

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PERFORMANCE TASK :
Conduct a survey on the number of sports related activities your classmates/friends are involve in.
construct a probability distribution and compute the mean, variance and standard deviation

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