A Study on Transformation of Education

System in India: Then v/s Now

SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
OF SEMESTER VI OF B.COM (PROFESSIONAL)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Submitted by

VISHAKH PADAMA YADAV

Registration No. :– 19313302001

Faculty Supervisor

Dr (CS) Mala Kumari Upadhayay

Assistant Professor

Department of Commerce

St. Xavier’s College of Management & Technology

Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna

 St. Xavier’s College of Management & Technology, Digha-
Aashiyaana Road, Digha Ghat, Patna 800-011

Certificate from the Coordinator

This is to certify that Ms. Vishakh Padma Yadav Reg. No. 19313302001 has successfully
completed research on A Study on Transformation of Education System in India: Then v/s
Now. This research report is prepared after undergoing research field for the period as stipulated
by the College and submitted to St Xavier’s College of Management & Technology, Patna in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of B.Com (Professional).

No part of this report has been submitted for the award of any Degree, Diploma, fellowship or
other similar titles or prizes and the work has not been published in any journal or magazine.

Date:

Place: Patna Signature

 Certificate from Internal Guide

Dr (CS) Mala Kumari Upadhyay

Assistant Professor

St. Xavier’s College of Management & Technology, Patna

I hereby certify that Ms.Vishakh Padma Yadav Reg. No. 19313302001 of B. Com
(Professional) Sixth Semester has completed her research on A Study on Transformation of
Education System in India Then v/s Now. The research report has been prepared by him
under my guidance and supervision. I further certify that this internship report or part thereof
has not been the basis for the award of any other Degree or Diploma or such other similar title.

Date:

Place: Patna (Dr (CS) Mala Kumari Upadhayay)

Assistant Professor
 Declaration

This is to certify that this research report has been prepared by me after undergoing research
work from 25st May 2022 to 10st June 2022. This report is my original work and is being
submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the Degree of B.Com
(Professional).

This report has not been submitted earlier to this college or any other Universities/Institutions
for the fulfillment of the requirements of the course of the study.

Date:

Place: Patna (Vishakh Padma Yadav)

Reg. No.: 19313302001

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my collage St. College of

Management & Technology, Patna all those who gave me the chance to work in this research
field. Special thanks to the principle of our college Fr. Dr. Matin PorasS.J. who decided to
make this paper in our part of course.

I am heartily thankful to the Aryabhatta knowledge university for keeping ‘internship and
viva’ as the part of the syllabus which gives us the golden opportunity to learn and develop
the various skills.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to DR (CS) Mala Kumari Upadhayay for
their guidance and constant supervision as well as providing necessary information regarding
the research and her support in completing this research. Her constant guidance and
willingness to share her vast knowledge made us understand this research work in a better
way and by the help of her, I am able to complete this research report very smoothly.

At last, but not least, my thanks and appreciation also goes to the respondents of my survey
and my colleagues who have willingly helped me out of their ability.

Vishakh Padma Yadav

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 01: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Scope of the study ............................................................................................................ 3

1.3 Period of the study............................................................................................................ 3

1.4 Methodology of the study ................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Review of literature .......................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Limitation of the study ..................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 02: Past Education System ....................................................................................... 7

2.1 The Vedic times ............................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Pre-Independence- British Raj ......................................................................................... 8

2.3 Post-Independence Education Scenario ........................................................................... 8

Chapter 03: Present Education System ............................................................................... 10

3.1 Transformation of the Education System ....................................................................... 11

Chapter 04: Difference between Past and Present Education System in India. .............. 15

4.1 Past Education System ................................................................................................... 15

4.2 Present Education System .............................................................................................. 17

Chapter 5: Findings, Conclusion and Suggestions ............................................................. 21

5.1 Findings .......................................................................................................................... 21

5.2 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 21

5.2 Suggestion ...................................................................................................................... 22

Reference ................................................................................................................................ 24

Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 25

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 Table of Figures

Figures Page No.

Figure 2.1 8

Figure 2.2 9

Figure 2.3 10

Figure 3.1 11

Figure 3.2 12

Figure 3.3 13

Figure 3.4 14

Figure 3.5 15

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 Chapter 01: Introduction

“Reformation is another name for transformation. It is a sign of development.” So is

the case of education in India. Slowly and steadily, it is truly reforming.” The
education system in India has seen rapid changes in the last decade. The emergence of
blended learning, online classes, and experiential learning has changed how students
interact with the educational content.

There has been a dramatic shift in the education ecosystem as a whole, and now online
education and blended classes have become a norm at all levels of education.
Experiential and Project-based Learning is need of the hour. These changes have
impacted India’s education system NEW Education Policy 2020 has made specific
policy inputs to make online education a part of all education efforts in the country.

1. Chalk Boards Replaced by Smart Screen- Remember the times when the teachers
would write all the critical notes on the blackboard and would rub it for the next topic.
In between, we were just racing to match that speed and ensure that nothing is missed.
If it was, then you would ask your partner and friends to get that one crucial part which
you missed.

However, just within a decade, this has seen a dramatic shift. Why? It was because of
the emergence of Smart Classrooms. These are technology-driven smart boards
wherein all the lectures, formulae and concept are holistically described and available
to download anytime. The intelligent class has contributed a significant chunk in
attracting students followed by decrease in dropout rates. India saw the advent of smart
studies around the Year 2013. Ever since then, it has become a norm in primary schools
of the country.

2. Online Classes – Online classes started with the adoption of technology by private
sector. Players like Byjus, Toppr, Embibe adopted these technology in the first half of
this decade and showed how online education can be an effective tool to personalize
education and at the same time resolves the issue of delivery of quality education to
the masses.
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The importance of online education took dramatic turn during the COVID-19
lockdown and now it has become the main plank of education in the ongoing COVID
crisis.

3. Free Availability of Content: One of the significant changes that took place in the
last decade is the free availability of content. Various You tube channels have come
up with free content for all the courses. Embibe itself has made it a point that the
content should be free. No one should be deprived of basic education and so all our
educational content is free.

The Ministry of Education, NCERT, CBSE and other government bodies have made
educational content available for free for all to access. Initiatives like E-Pathsala,
Online NCERT books, Educational TV channels, NPTEL have been started to provide
content to all for free.

4. Short Term Skill Based Online Courses: This is again a significant change where
top educational institutes are using online medium to provide skill based online
courses at the fraction of cost that was charged earlier. Also, the market is recognizing
these skills and helping students to take up these skills based courses and become a
part of Job market.

5. Experiential and Project Based Learning: Slowly and steadily changes have also
been made to improve the learning outcomes. Experiential and project based approach
has become an important part of curriculum. At the university level Internship has
been made mandatory in almost all the vocational and professional courses.

6. Use of Machine Learning and Artificial Learning: With the development in ML

and AI there has been a rapid adoption of these technologies in test preparation
segment. The adoption of AI and ML has lead to personalization of test preparation
with specific inputs to improve the learning outcome. Embibe is at the forefront of
using ML and AI to improve the learning outcome for students and helps students to
achieve desired score in various competitive exams.

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1.1 Objective of the study

1. To analyze the concept of transformation of education system.

2. To identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities which are present in
education system.
3. To explore challenges encountered by higher education in India and recommend
necessary suggestions.

4. To find out what are the changes which are still required in the education system.

1.2 Scope of the study

This report is basically going to help the students and the teacher to understand that
what the changes are still required in Indian education system. The purpose of this
report is to present how transformation in learning in education for sustainability
requires the commitment of Faculty and the students. And this transformation process
offers an opportunity for rethinking educational practices. In this report, I have made
an honest attempt to understand the system, constitution, transformation, opportunities
and challenges, and to offer necessary suggestions.

1.3 Period of the study

This report is basically about transformation of education system since the ancient,
medieval to present periods of education and that is why I have also taken a reference
from the ancient education system. Like how students are taught in that time during the
Vedic times, everyone wasn’t as privileged to be a part of the Gurukul education system.
It was only the higher casts like the Brahmins and royals who could avail this mainstay
of education but this is not going to be happened in today’s era.

So basically, It is a comparison between how student are taught in that time and how
student are taught in this era and since we know that future is always unpredictable so
no one able to really tell about that what is going to be happened in future . So that is
why l have taken some data from the medieval period time and also taken some data
after independence and some of information regarding with this era.

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 For the primary data, the questionnaire is used for the collection of information which
is distributed all over the India from 25th May to 10th June.

And, for the secondary data the information are collected from the internet, articles and
some research paper.

1.4 Methodology of the study

Research methodology is basically about the technique which is used to analyse the
information about the research topic. In this research report, basically both primary and
secondary data Secondary data are used for the research topic “A Study on
Transformation of Education System in India”.

Research design

As per the requirements of the study descriptive nature is being adopted in research
design. The research study is totally based on descriptive nature. Primary and Secondary
source of data is used for this report in primary source questionnaire and in and Secondary
source published articles were extensively used for the collection of data.

Sample and participants

This research basically uses the snowball sampling technique for collecting the data from
the people. And, this sample basically distributed among all over the India for those
people who are educated means those people who have some the knowledge about the
education system and why it is important for the people.

For this report primary data is collected from the questionnaire and the number of
participant is 83 and the collected sample is represented in the form of chart and graphs.

Data collection techniques

The data is collected by using both primary and secondary sources. Data elicited from
related people through observation, and questionnaires.

1. Questionnaire method

In this questionnaire method I have prepare some questions which are related to
transformation of education system.
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This questionnaire basically deals with the basic changes which are adapted by our
education system and what is the outcome is we are gaining from these changes. And
also this questionnaire is about what are the changes is still required in our education
system.

2. There is some information which is taken from internet.

In this report there are some information which are taken from the internet like in the
ancient period how teacher teach their student and what are the issues faced by the student
in that era.

1.5 Review of literature

Dr. Mabunnaishaik (2021)1, he written in his research report that what are the challenges
faced by the higher education system during pandemic like Higher Education Institutions
may confront a number of challenges, from remarkable shifts in sources of funding
resulting from a wide structural changes in the economy which demands for a greater
responsibility at all levels to the imperative increase in effectiveness and efficiency
through the adoption of current technology. While online learning is not an innovative
concept in India, it has now become a necessity. The way of transmitting education has
changed drastically. Some universities rapidly adapted the change; others struggled as
they lacked the core infrastructure and technical know-how to move to teach online.

Dr. Megha (2020)2, she written in her research report that how digitalization can be
Termed As an Innovation within The Sector of Education the meaning of digitalisation
here is to the Conversion of Paper Mode Or Kind Written Data Into Digital type. The
main purpose of her report is to the Replacement of Old School System, New
Establishment That Boosted Digital Education. Digitalization Is Bringing About
Sweeping Changes In The Education Sector. It Incorporates Development of Orientation
Lecture In Technical Manner.

Dr.Ritu Sharma (2018)3, They write in their research report that how Digital Education
system has changed the way of teaching and learning from Ancient education system to
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the present Digital way of education. The implementation of Hi-Tech technologies in
education system is bridging the gap between the modern and old methods of teaching
and learning. In Ancient India there was different education system-

a) Gurukul education System, where pupils lives with their guru and help them in
their daily chorus and Guru taught them about Spiritual, Religious and Vedas. In
Gurukul education system pupils belonging to different castes were educated.
b) Education in Medieval India: After the Islamic invasion of India education system
has changed. The rising influence of Islam led to establish of Madrassa for
Muslims and Vedic Schools for Hindus.
c) Education in Colonial Period: British stress on English (missionary) schools. The
main aim of the missionaries was to convert the native Indian to Christianity.
d) Present education system: Soon after independence in 1947, giving education to
all was a priority for the government. The present education system in India
mainly comprises of primary, secondary, senior secondary and higher education.
The changing method of teaching and learning from Black board to smart board
to smart class and E-learning has taken a boon in education system. Paper will
highlight on all aspect mention in Para.

1.6 Limitation of the study

Since we know that “The past is inaccurate because we cannot determine how it was in
fact, no matter how hard we try. We must rely on people’s memory, which is treacherous,
because memory is constantly juggling and revising the data of experience”.

• In this report the primary data is collected from several states so it might be
possible that it affect the result.
• Secondary data are collected from the internet and article which are published by
the editor.
• This research basically excludes the people who are not educated.

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 Chapter 02: Past Education System

2.1 The Vedic times

A major chunk of the knowledge that our generation is dealing with has been passed on
to us from the Vedic times. Initially, a Gurukul system of imbibing knowledge was
followed where the students and teachers resided together. However, later with
advancement, the texts were recorded on palm leaves with the use of sharp writing
instruments.

However, during the Vedic times, everyone wasn’t as privileged to be a part of the
Gurukul education system. It was only the higher casts like the Brahmins and royals who
could avail this mainstay of education.

For higher education, students had to travel abroad to countries like Tibet, China, Persia
and Greece as there were no universities in India. The famous Takshila and Nalanda
universities (now in Pakistan) were set up much later. It was only during the Buddhist
period that the two universities were first set up where a multitude of disciplines were
taught including philosophy, mathematics, grammar, astronomy, psychology, and arts.

Figure 2.1

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2.1 Pre-Independence- British Raj

The Vedic tradition of education was followed by the Mughal and British Raj. While the
Mughal period brought Islamic influence in education, the British Raj opened many
Christian Missionary schools and colleges.

Moreover, after the British Raj and the colonial system came into the picture, the use of
English language expanded. The language was now being used everywhere for learning,
giving instructions and even in everyday communication. It would not be wrong to say
that during this time, the entire landscape of education system in India changed. This
period formed the base for higher education during the 20th century.

Figure 2.2

2.3 Post-Independence Education Scenario

After independence, a host of educational institutions were set up by the government to

ensure students do not have to go abroad to pursue higher quality education. From
government schools to IITs and IIMs, many premier institutions were set up to ensure
students receive the proper education. In fact, some of the institutions have been
recognized all over the world for the excellent education they provide.

Besides colleges and universities, government schools changed the map of education in
the country. The government schools provided quality education to students from both
rural and urban background to ensure they compete with top-notch professionals from
around the world.

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Much later, private institutions came into the picture which offered quality education
along with exemplary facilities. Such quality education completely moulded a child’s
personality in a positive direction.

Figure 2.3

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 Chapter 03: Present Education System

Present Education is the latest and contemporary version of education that is taught in
schools and learning institutions in the 21st century. Present education doesn’t just only
focuses on prominent academic disciplines of Commerce, Science and Arts but it also
aims to foster critical thinking, life skills, value education, analytical skills and decision-
making skills in students. Present Education also makes use of the latest technology such
as mobile applications, audio and video platforms like YouTube, Podcasts, E-books,
Movies, etc. to educate learners and make the learning process more engaging and
interesting.

We have all been educated in a teacher-centric classroom, a system where the teacher is
upfront and the students are seated in nice neat rows, listening to the lecture and taking
notes. This system has been, and to some extent, still forms the core of our education
system. Schools have relied on it for decades, and have only recently undergone major
changes. Living in the 21st century, technology has become an integral part of our
everyday lives. None of us can deny that it has brought about nothing short of an overhaul
of our world, and more importantly of our educational system. From chalkboards to
whiteboards and now to smart boards, technology has become our main source of
research, knowledge, and teaching. This blog is going to shed some light on the modern
education system and how it is replacing the traditional methods of teaching.

In the below figure it show that at what percent of people are satisfied with the current
education system.

Figure 3.1:People satisfied with current education system

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In the last decade, private institutions have increased in large numbers. With the increase
in the number of private schools, new trends have encompassed the education system.
Moreover, both private and government schools provide students with ample of
opportunities to be a part of extra-curricular activities like sports, debates, dance
competitions, etc.

In the below figure it show the enrollment of private school in India.

Figure 3.2: Enrollment of private school in India

3.1 Transformation of the Education System

If we compare the current education system and the education system in the 90’s, not
much is same. Let us see what all has changed from then to now.

Grades: In the time of 90s, when student’s gets 80% marks it used to be a great thing. In
fact, I remember my dad telling me how proud his parents were when he scored 85% in
class 12. Imagine getting 85% in today’s time-Of course, it is a good thing but not so
good that parents can boast about it to the entire colony.

Extra-curricular Activities: In the 90s, neither parents nor teachers paid much heed to
the extra-curricular activities and ‘focusing on studies’ was the only thing they were
worried about. However, with the changing scenario, both of them have realized the
importance of co-curricular activities. Now, the students are being motivated at schools
and at home for the same to ensure a balance of both.

Methodology: Could you have even imagined downloading our assignments from the
laptop in the 90s or even in early 2000 that time it was not possible but now days it is
become a tradition to download your assignment etc.

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Means, in the 90s, students were handed out assignment sheets or assigned tasks which
had to be completed by the student within the predefined timeframe. Nowadays, all the
teacher has to do is tell you to download the assignment from the school or university
website. We just need to take a printout of the assignment, solve it and submit it to the
teacher.

Here is another scenario: like in 90s students use the newspaper for finding out their class
12 results or running to the school early morning for the same. Can you imagine doing
anything of this sort today? Of course not! We just open the website and fill in our details
to end all the curiosity. It’s much simpler and convenient. Digitalization has changed
everything.

In the below figure it show that at what percent people think that IT sector are beneficial
for the students.

Figure 3.3: IT sector is beneficial for the student

Focus on Girl Child’s Education: Earlier, educating the girl child was not a thing to be
concerned about for the parents. In a house of 4 children, and if the boy wanted to study
and the girls also then parents basically preferred that education of boys are more
important than the educating the girls.

But this phenomenon is changed like now days women getting equal opportunity in all
fields including engineering, medicine, and law and even excelling in them. In fact, the
IAS exam toppers for the past two years have been girls, which show how girls are
leaving behind boys in all the fields.

In the below figure it show the enrollment of girls in the education system.

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 Figure 3.4: Enrollment of girls in education system

Private Schools and Universities: In the 90s, parents preferred that students study in
government schools due to some issues ranging from finance to perfection. However,
with the changing times, the private education system has evolved as well. Private
schools and universities offer extensive facilities to their students. The extra facilities
make the process of learning even more interesting.

Gone are the days when parents used to be adamant about their child going to a
government school to study. Parents want their child to learn more rather than being a
part of a government school and learning even lesser.

Figure 3.5: The tendency of the growth of universities in India from 1950 to 2019

Innovation: In the recent times, teachers are coming up with much more innovative
methods to teach the students which would help to improve their IQ. Teachers have
understood that education is not merely a ladder to get a job but is instead a way of life.
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To teach students effectively, teachers are adopting a host of innovative teaching
methodologies like excursions, seminars and so on. The aim is to combine learning and
fun.

Online Courses- E-Learning: We all know how technology is making a huge impact
on e-learning. As a country, the impact on the common student has been huge. From
online courses to professional courses, everything can be done online. In fact, the people
who have been in the business have earned a lot from it while helping students at large.

Much of the credit for e-learning goes to the government of India as it has paid much
importance to it. The government has launched various schemes, provided low-cost
tablets, ensured proper access of internet in schools and paid much heed to the
technological infrastructure. And, all this for what. To ensure students get best of
education while sitting in the comfort of their homes.

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Chapter 04: Difference between Past and Present Education System in

India.

4.1 Past Education System

Education was strong in ancient days also. In ancient day’s education system changed
based on the periods such as Vedic, Brahmanical, Muslim, British periods. In Vedic
periods schools were becoming boarding and students were handed over to teacher.
Physical education was compulsory at that period. Training was given in the war.

In brahmanical periods, Students were to study Vedic literatures. Main aim of it is to

learn Vedas but it was restricted to low class peoples. It is the main fault of education
system of that period. The objectives of education system totally changed during the
Muslim period. Bring school education for all castes. Vocational education emerged at
that period and it teaches some craft for students. The invasion of British makes some
advantages in the education field. Their contribution towards the education system was
still reminding one. British education gives more importance to school on going.
Established several schools and provided several facilities in education system. Make
some changes in the education syllabus. Education system gives equal importance to both
teachers and students.

Aim of education

The main objective of education was to equip the students with a good quality of
education. The education mostly focused on the enrichment of culture, character, and
personality, development, and cultivationof noble ideals. The objective was gaining the
mental, physical, and intellectual personality of students, to make the students future-
ready and survive in any situation.

During the ancient period, the state government and the people did not interfere in
designing curriculum, payments of fees, regulation of teaching hours. There was a strong
bonding between teacher and student. Every student was allotted with one teacher and
more emphasis was given to the student-teacher relationship, each student used to meet
teachers personally to learn and gain instructions from them. During ancient times, royal

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families, as well as kings of states, used to donate their wealth to improve the education
system and quality. The syllabus was designed in accordance with the demands of that
era. At that time students used to leave their houses went to live with their gurus until
their education was completed. During the early Vedic period, women’s education was
also given more emphasis. The education focuses on the physical and mental
development of students. The course duration was about 10–12 years, as there were no
books so students used to memorize all things, memory played a crucial role during
learning. The education was imparted in forests away from cities and peoples to give
students a pleasant and silent environment of study.

Methods of learning

The teachers at that time paid special focus to their students and teach them according to
their knowledge and skill level. Teaching was basically via orals and debates, and the
different methods were as follows:

• At that time books were not there, so students had the habit to learn and memorize
all the things taught in the class, and teachers also helped them in memorizing.
• The students used to deep dive into the concepts taught by their teachers and
explore new methods to learn it.
• Listening, Contemplation, and concentrated contemplation were some new
methods of exploring the way of learning.
• The teachers used the storytelling methods to teach the students.
• Students used to ask questions about the topics taught by the teachers and these
topics were discussed and then answered to the students.
• The education of that time mainly focused on practical knowledge of the topics
taught in the class.
• The students got plenty of knowledge through seminars and debates conducted at
frequent intervals.

Educational institutions

Gurukul was the hometown of teachers where students come after completing their
initiation ceremony and learn until the completion of their study. The parishads or
academies were the places of higher learning and education where students learn through
discussions and debates. Conferences were the places where the kings of the states used

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to invite scholars from every institute to meet and exchange their views. Ashramas or
hermitages were the other learning centers where students from various parts of the
country used to come and learn from saints and sages. Vidyapeeth was the place of
spiritual learning founded by great Acharya, Sri Shankara in places like Sringeri, Kanchi,
Dwarka, and Puri, etc. Agraharas was an institution of Brahmins in villages where they
used to teach. Viharas were the educational institutions founded by Buddhists where the
students were taught the subjects related to Buddhism and philosophy.

Advantages

• The system focuses on the all-round development of students.

• More emphasis was given to practical knowledge rather than theoretical
knowledge.
• The students were not just involved in bringing the ranks, but their main focus
was on knowledge.
• Classrooms were built-in forests which provide a pleasant study environment to
the students.
• There was no pressure laid on students related to studies so that they can learn
effectively.
• The government did not interfere with the formation of curriculum, kings at that
time helped in the development of education.

Disadvantages

• Women were not admitted to the Gurukuls.

• There was caste discrimination as only Kshatriya was allowed; Eklavya was not
given admission to the Gurukul.

4.2 Present Education System

Present education have great different from the past. It does not playing a significant role
to develop the future of the youth. The main aim of modern education system is to make
money. Education institution owners utilize the education for their financial growth.
Don’t try to understand its importance.

There are some education institutes which give degree and diploma to the students
without any knowledge. Because of this business minded education students are not
qualified for the proper job. Education is not only for good degree but also to study some
17
moral things in life. New generation students have no idea about the cultural values and
the importance of society. Like, in this present education systems teachers are not ready
to teach there subject it properly. Today’s education system does not trained students that
what they want in their practical life. That is why today most of them are disqualified
during the interview process. Now a day’s education gives more importance to
technology. Online education system has both advantages and disadvantages.

Aim of education

The objective of modern education was to inculcate values in students such as equality,
secularism, education for all, and environmental protection, etc. To understand the
culture as well as people of our country, every student must be provided at least a
minimum level of education and also to provide education to the people who cannot
afford it, to prepare the students with the ever-increasing demands.

The student-teacher relations remained the same as it was in ancient and medieval, but
students did not live in the teacher’s house. As technology is increasing day by day, the
education sector is also following the trend of technology by teaching the students
through online lectures and Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). In Aviation and the
medical sector, more emphasis is on practical knowledge as compared to other sectors.
Women’s education is giving more importance, and the Government has launched many
programs to encourage women’s education. In the modern era electronics gadgets like
projectors, Light Emitting Diode (LED), and computers are used to teach the students.
The Government has established many programs and there are many organizations that
promote education in India.

Methods of learning

• Students mostly learn concepts through online platforms like YouTube, Coursera,
and Udemy.
• Students refer to the notes given by the teacher’s side by side while learning
online.
• During class hours doubts are solved through discussions, debates, etc.
• Pupils were assessed based on mid-semester written exams and practical exams
to check their practical knowledge.

Educational institutions

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1. Schools: Schools are the educational institutes where children are sent for their
primary education. There are many private and government schools situated in India,
primary education means education from Nursery to 10th standard. Children at their
early ages are sent to schools to learn poems, grammar, prayers, alphabets, etc. besides
this, the other subjects taught in the schools are English, mathematics, science, history,
geography, and other regional languages. Schools are situated inside the city, also
there are many cultural programs and sports events conducted in schools for the
students to develop their interpersonal and physical skills. Private schools are run by
organizations and the principal manages the academics and cultural activities in
schools.
2. Colleges: After completing primary education from schools, students are sent to
colleges for secondary education. After primary education, students are required to
give entrance exams to take entry into colleges and according to the marks scored in
entrance exams students are allotted colleges. In some states, during college, they are
advised to choose a stream from science and commerce and then further carry on their
secondary education. College education consists of 11th and 12th standard. Different
subjects taught in secondary education according to their streams are physics,
chemistry, geometry, algebra, accounts, and many other regional languages.
3. University: After the secondary education, students are required to give the entrance
exams like Joint Engineering Entrance (JEE) and other state-level exams to take
admissions in universities. Students are given choices to choose a stream like a
computer, electronics, civil, and Mechanical and then start their career in it. The
University provides undergraduate and postgraduate course comprising of course
duration of 4 and 3 years, different universities in India are Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Mumbai University, and many other aided non-aided and private
universities. There are many cultural and sports events conducted in universities for
giving students some time to joy and relax from studies.

Advantages

• Use of technology in learning, students is learning free-lancing and many other

new technologies.
• Many programs and missions have started to increase the employment of India.
• Top class universities and colleges with good infrastructure and environment.
19
Disadvantages

• Lack of quality teaching as well as the environment in government schools and

colleges.
• Increase in fees of schools and colleges of private institutes.
• Lack of practical knowledge orientation.
• Due to the increase in fees, the family, which is below the poverty line, cannot
afford education and hence there is an increase in the number of laborers in India.
• Lack of connectivity of the students who lived in rural areas.

20
 Chapter 5: Findings, Conclusion and Suggestions

5.1 Findings

For this current education system, Students are not much more satisfied with this
education system because they may be not much sure that this education helps in skill
development or not, better communication or decision making. This is happened because
of the unemployment increasing in India like there are number of youth who are
unemployed in spite if that they are much educated.

Like the data which I collected from the questionnaire method in that only 40 percent of
the people are nearly satisfied with the current education system.

Indian Education system basically does not help to propagate Entrepreneurial mindset.
And, Indian Education System does not provide practical knowledge to the students that
are required for the job market.

But overall, what I found that most of the people think that the IT sector like smart
classes, ppt presentation and online courses are much more beneficial for the students.
Like, if the students give presentation in to his/her classroom then the hesitation of those
students goes out.

5.2 Conclusion

It is difficult to say that which education is better. Both the types have their own
importance. Both the types are also similar to each and different to each other. Modern
education is inherited from the traditional education. But due to modern education,
traditional education is being neglected which would result in losing our culture. The
traditional education and the modern education, both should be given equal importance.

Like, education is a system by which an individual’s body, mind, and personality are
shaped and strengthened. It is the organization of head, heart, mind and thus allowing a
person to develop an optimum personality recognizing the best in him or her. In the last
decades, Indian higher education has leaped forward but it is not equally accessible to
all. Opportunities are available but how to reap the benefits and make them accessible to
21
all is a matter of concern. In order to achieve sustainable development in India, there is a
need to increase the quantity and quality of higher education institutes.

Like in the modern era, industries and technology are increasing day by day. Every
industry sector is looking for a person who best suits their industry. With the ever-
increasing demand for industrial sectors, our current education system also needs to be
upgraded. In universities, students are learning just for competing with each other to
come first, no practical knowledge is gained. There is a lot of pressure and burden of
work and studies on them, due to this student are committing suicide. Our education
system needs to learn from ancient and medieval education system regarding the
implementation of practical knowledge, student-teacher relations, ways of life student
lived in that age, the contribution of kings towards the education, there was no stress laid
on students and much more. The future of industries and commercial sectors will be very
tough and ever demanding, so our government has to provide such an education system
which will bring all-round development in students and make them future-ready and also
teach them to live in any critical situation.

5.2 Suggestion

• There is a need to implement innovative and transformational approach form primary

to higher education level to make Indian educational system globally more relevant and
competitive.

• In higher educational institutes Industrial co-operation must be there for the

development of curriculum, organizing expert lectures, internships, live projects, career
counseling and placements.

• Higher educational institutes need to improve quality, reputation and establish

credibility through student exchange, faculty exchange programs, and other
collaborations with high- quality national and international higher educational
institutes.

22
• Government must promote collaboration between Indian higher education institutes
and top International institutes and also generates linkage between national research
laboratories and research centers of top institutions for better quality and collaborative
research.

• There is a need to focus on the graduate students by providing them such courses in
which they can achieve excellence, gain deeper knowledge of subject so that they will
get jobs after recruitment in the companies which would reduce unnecessary rush to the
higher education.

23
 Reference

1. Dr.MabunniShaik,(2021), Associate Professor, Department of Management

Sciences, RVR&JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh, India
2. Dr.MeghaSharma, (2020), Assistant Professor, Department of Accountancy, KES
Shroff College of Arts and Commerce, Mumbai
3. Dr.Ritu Sharma,(2018), Associate Professor, HAS, Atharva College of Engineering,
Mumbai University, India

Websites

• https://archives.palarch.nl
• https://srinivaspublication.com
• https://www.internationalconference.in

24
 Appendix

Questionnaire:

Survey on Transformation of Education System in India: Then v/s now.

1. Name

2. City

3. Gender

Mark only one oval.

Male

Female

Other

4. Occupation

5. Age

Mark only one oval.

15 to 30

30 to 45

45 to 60

Above60

25
6. In what capacity are you associated with the education system?

Mark only one oval.

As a teacher

As a professor

As a lecturer

As a student

Other:

7. What is the purpose of education?

8. How long you have been associated with the education system?

Mark only one

oval.

Less than 1 year

1year

2year

3-5year

Morethan5year

9. What percent are you satisfied with this current education system?

Mark only one oval.

10-25%

25-50%

50-75%

75-100%

27
10. Do you think that there should be one education system in the country?

Mark only one oval.

Yes

No

11. IT sector is beneficial for the student for learning purpose

Mark only one oval.

Yes

No

12. There is a learning difference between the students who are provided with smart
classes and who are not provided with smart classes.

Mark only one oval.

Yes

No

13. What percent do you think that a good campus helps a student to learn the thinks
in an easier way? (It includes, a smart class room, Laboratory, Library, computer
lab and a playground, etc.)

Mark only one oval.

0-25%

25-50%

50-75%

75-100%

28
14. What percent do you think it depends on the students- teacher relationship to make a
classroom effective and efficient?

Mark only one oval.

0-25%

25-50%

50-75%

75-100%

This content is neither created nor endorsed by Google.

Forms

29
A Study on Transformation of Education
System in India: Then v/s Now

Synopsis
Submitted
For Review 1
to
Department of Commerce
2022

Submitted by
Vishakh Padma Yadav
Registration No. :– 19313302001

Faculty Supervisor
Dr (CS) Mala Kumari Upadhayay
Assistant Professor
Department of Commerce
St. Xavier’s College of Management & Technology, Patna
1. Rationale behind the study

Education is a platform in which young generations are trained and make them future-ready.
Education is very important for the development of individual person personality as well as
society. Education provides knowledge and skills which help the person to be employable.
The Indian education system is very popular and diversified among other countries’
education systems due to its change in the evolution from ancient to the modern education
system. During the ancient and medieval periods of education, students were trained by
teachers in such a manner that they can survive and live in that era. After independence, there
is a tremendous growth in the Indian education system providing teaching and training in all
aspects, but it does not satisfy the global demands of the market. This report focuses on
teaching methodology, curriculum, characteristics, methods of learning, aims of the Indian
education system during the ancient and medieval period and how it differed in today’s
modern education and what are the things that our today’s modern education need to learn
and implement from ancient and medieval education.

This report is basically about what are the issue that still student are facing in the Indian
education system and I have made an honest attempt to understand the system, constitution,
transformation, opportunities and challenges that are faced by the students. Through this
report my main focus is that students, teachers will get to know the difference in the
education system and what else to be adapted in the future to overcome all the problems.

1.1 Introduction

“Reformation is another name for transformation. It is a sign of development.” So is the

case of education in India. Slowly and steadily, it is truly reforming.” The education
system in India has seen rapid changes in the last decade. The emergence of blended
learning, online classes, and experiential learning has changed how students interact with
the educational content.

There has been a dramatic shift in the education ecosystem as a whole, and now online
education and blended classes have become a norm at all levels of education. Experiential
and Project-based Learning is need of the hour. These changes have impacted India’s

31
education system NEW Education Policy 2020 has made specific policy inputs to make
online education a part of all education efforts in the country.

1. Chalk Boards Replaced by Smart Screen- Remember the times when the teachers
would write all the critical notes on the blackboard and would rub it for the next topic. In
between, we were just racing to match that speed and ensure that nothing is missed. If it
was, then you would ask your partner and friends to get that one crucial part which you
missed.

However, just within a decade, this has seen a dramatic shift. Why? It was because of the
emergence of Smart Classrooms. These are technology-driven smart boards wherein all the
lectures, formulae and concept are holistically described and available to download
anytime. The intelligent class has contributed a significant chunk in attracting students
followed by decrease in dropout rates. India saw the advent of smart studies around the
Year 2013. Ever since then, it has become a norm in primary schools of the country.

2. Online Classes – Online classes started with the adoption of technology by private
sector. Players like Byjus, Toppr, Embibe adopted these technology in the first half of this
decade and showed how online education can be an effective tool to personalise education
and at the same time resolves the issue of delivery of quality education to the masses.

The importance of online education took dramatic turn during the COVID-19 lockdown
and now it has become the main plank of education in the ongoing COVID crisis.

3. Free Availability of Content: One of the significant changes that took place in the last
decade is the free availability of content. Various you tube channels have come up with
free content for all the courses. Embibe itself has made it a point that the content should be
free. No one should be deprived of basic education and so all our educational content is
free.

The Ministry of Education, NCERT, CBSE and other government bodies have made
educational content available for free for all to access. Initiatives like E-Pathsala, Online
NCERT books, Educational TV channels, NPTEL have been started to provide content to
all for free.

4. Short Term Skill Based Online Courses: This is again a significant change where top
educational institutes are using online medium to provide skill based online courses at the

32
fraction of cost that was charged earlier. Also, the market is recognizing these skills and
helping students to take up these skills based courses and become a part of Job market.

5. Experiential and Project Based Learning: Slowly and steadily changes have also
been made to improve the learning outcomes. Experiential and project based approach has
become an important part of curriculum. At the university level Internship has been made
mandatory in almost all the vocational and professional courses.

6. Use of Machine Learning and Artificial Learning: With the development in ML and
AI there has been a rapid adoption of these technologies in test preparation segment. The
adoption of AI and ML has lead to personalization of test preparation with specific inputs
to improve the learning outcome. Embibe is at the forefront of using ML and AI to
improve the learning outcome for students and helps students to achieve desired score in
various competitive exams.

1.2 Objective of the study

1. To analyse the concept of transformation of education system.

2. To identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities which are present in education
system.

3. To explore challenges encountered by higher education in India and recommend necessary

suggestions.

4. To find out what are the changes which are still required in the education system.

1.3 Scope of the study

This report is basically going to help the students and the teacher to understand that what
the changes are still required in Indian education system. The purpose of this report is to
present how transformation in learning in education for sustainability requires the
commitment of Faculty and the students. And this transformation process offers an
opportunity for rethinking educational practices. In this report, I have made an honest
attempt to understand the system, constitution, transformation, opportunities and
challenges, and to offer necessary suggestions.

33
1.4 Period of the study

This report is basically about transformation of education system since the ancient,
medieval to present periods of education and that is why I have also taken a reference
from the ancient education system. Like how students are taught in that time during the
Vedic times, everyone wasn’t as privileged to be a part of the Gurukul education system.
It was only the higher casts like the Brahmins and royals who could avail this mainstay
of education but this is not going to be happened in today’s era.

So basically, It is a comparison between how student are taught in that time and how
student are taught in this era and since we know that future is always unpredictable so no
one able to really tell about that what is going to be happened in future . So that is why l
have taken some data from the medieval period time and also taken some data after
independence and some of information regarding with this era.

For the primary data, the questionnaire is used for the collection of information which is
distributed all over the India from 25th May to 10th June.

And, for the secondary data the information are collected from the internet, articles and
some research paper.

34
2. Methodology of the study

Research methodology is basically about the technique which is used to analyse the
information about the research topic. In this research report, basically both primary and
secondary data Secondary data are used for the research topic “A Study on Transformation
of Education System in India”.

Research design

As per the requirements of the study descriptive nature is being adopted in research design.
The research study is totally based on descriptive nature. Primary and Secondary source of
data is used for this report in primary source questionnaire and in and Secondary source
published articles were extensively used for the collection of data.

Sample and participants

This research basically uses the snowball sampling technique for collecting the data from the
people. And, this sample basically distributed among all over the India for those people who
are educated means those people who have some the knowledge about the education system
and why it is important for the people.

For this report primary data is collected from the questionnaire and the number of participant
is nearly 100 and the collected sample is represented in the form of chart and graphs.

Data collection techniques

The data is collected by using both primary and secondary sources. Data elicited from related
people through observation, and questionnaires.

1. Questionnaire method

In this questionnaire method I have prepare some questions which are related to
transformation of education system.

35
This questionnaire basically deals with the basic changes which are adapted by our education
system and what is the outcome is we are gaining from these changes. And also this
questionnaire is about what are the changes is still required in our education system.

2. There is some information which is taken from internet.

In this report there are some information which are taken from the internet like in the ancient
period how teacher teach their student and what are the issues faced by the student in that era.

2.1 Review of literature

Dr.Mabunnaishaik[1], (2021), he written in his research report that what are the challenges
faced by the higher education system during pandemic like Higher Education Institutions
may confront a number of challenges, from remarkable shifts in sources of funding resulting
from a wide structural changes in the economy which demands for a greater responsibility at
all levels to the imperative increase in effectiveness and efficiency through the adoption of
current technology. While online learning is not an innovative concept in India, it has now
become a necessity. The way of transmitting education has changed drastically. Some
universities rapidly adapted the change; others struggled as they lacked the core infrastructure
and technical know-how to move to teach online.

Dr.Megha[2], (2020), she written in her research report that how digitalization canbe Termed
As an Innovation within The Sector of Education the meaning of digitalisation here is to the
Conversion of Paper Mode Or Kind Written Data Into Digital type. The main purpose of her
report is to the Replacement Of Old School System, New Establishment That Boosted Digital
Education. Digitalization Is Bringing About Sweeping Changes In The Education Sector. It
Incorporates Development Of Orientation Lecture In Technical Manner.

Dr.Ritu Sharma[3], (2018), They write in their research report that how Digital Education
system has changed the way of teaching and learning from Ancient education system to the
present Digital way of education. The implementation of Hi-Tech technologies in education
system is bridging the gap between the modern and old methods of teaching and learning. In
Ancient India there was different education system-

36
 a) Gurukul education System, where pupils lives with their guru and help them in their
daily chorus and Guru taught them about Spiritual, Religious and Vedas. In Gurukul
education system pupils belonging to different castes were educated.
b) Education in Medieval India: After the Islamic invasion of India education system has
changed. The rising influence of Islam led to establish of Madrassa for Muslims and
Vedic Schools for Hindus.
c) Education in Colonial Period: British stress on English (missionary) schools. The
main aim of the missionaries was to convert the native Indian to Christianity.
d) Present education system: Soon after independence in 1947, giving education to all
was a priority for the government. The present education system in India mainly
comprises of primary, secondary, senior secondary and higher education. The
changing method of teaching and learning from Black board to smart board to smart
class and E-learning has taken a boon in education system. Paper will highlight on all
aspect mention in Para.

2.2 Limitation of the study

Since we know that “The past is inaccurate because we cannot determine how it was in fact,
no matter how hard we try. We must rely on people’s memory, which is treacherous, because
memory is constantly juggling and revising the data of experience”.

 In this report the primary data is collected from several states so it might be possible that
it affect the result.
 Secondary data are collected from the internet and article which are published by the
editor.
 This research basically excludes the people who are not educated.

37
3. Proposed chapter

Chapter I: Introduction

Chapter II: Past education system in India

Chapter III: Present education system in India

Chapter IV: Difference between past and present education system in India

Chapter V: conclusion, findings and suggestion

38