Management consists of four steps: thinking, creating, directing, and supervising. (Holmer, 1964).

Leadership is a social influence link established by 2 or more people who rely on one another to
achieve their objectives. (Robbins & Coulter, 2021). Leadership is concerned with persuading
followers to believe in and understand the leader's vision and to participate with him to reach the
company objectives, whereas leadership is more concerned with operational requirements and
ensuring that day-to-day operations run smoothly. (Ferreira et al., 2017).

There are a few key differences between leaders and managers:

1- Leaders manage, guide, and inspire their subordinates' actions in order for them to achieve
certain goals. A manager, on the other hand, is a supervisor of a business who monitors the
progress of the work of workers and takes appropriate steps as required. (Turcotte, 1983).
2- Leaders can provide vision, specify a course of action, and motivate employees to fulfil the
organization's objectives. They create new formations and combine in unexpected ways.
Managers, on the other side, plan, coordinate, finance, supervise, govern, and perform tasks
inside pre-existing organisations. (Turcotte, 1983).
3- Managers are concerned with functions, whereas leaders are concerned with roles.
4- Leaders direct employees toward the company's goals and objectives, while executives push
them to achieve them. (Turcotte, 1983).
5- Managers guarantee that day-to-day activities operate smoothly, whereas high - level
officials, influence, and encourage others. (Turcotte, 1983).
6- Politicians believe outside the box, whilst management believes within it.
7- Managers are focused on the here and now now, however leaders are focused on the now
and.
8- Managers perform the role of missionaries, whilst leaders perform the role of visionaries.

These differences determine their respective roles within an organisation:

Managerial responsibilities are typically specified in a company's job description. A manager's

primary focus is on accomplishing organizational objectives. The manager is in charge of planning
and scheduling, organisation, and delegating tasks to team members. They are mostly in charge of
monitoring that team members understand their individual jobs and responsibilities. Managers keep
track on, evaluate, and evaluate their employees' progress. Managers are also responsible for
recruiting and training new employees (Ackerman, 1985).

The CEO of a company influences employee behaviour and establishes direction by creating and
executing the company's corporate goal and persuading employees to achieve it. A leader oversees
subordinates' actions and furnishes the organization with the equipment it needs to accomplish its
management and assignment demands. As a guide, he functions as a representative of the company,
encouraging the whole team to communicate and aiding them in performing its duties. A leader
establishes initiatives that benefit both the employee and the company. (Thuis & Stuive, 2019).

Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, is an example of a business leader who connects with and impacts
people's views. Brian Olsavsky, the head of Amazon Finance, on the other hand, is a director who
prioritises departmental work.
To summarise, a corporation's leader performs just one managerial functions, that of sets the
direction, meanwhile the manager performs all management functions, such as thinking, arranging,
equipping, controlling, and managing.

Question 2:

The main functional areas of business are:

1.Operation:

The operation functional area is in control of transforming input materials such as environmental
assets, agricultural products, human capital, including capital into outputs such as services and
goods in adequate amounts to meet customer expectations. (Bolton, 1994). The operation manager
is in charge of overseeing and supervising the company's day-to-day operations. Output budgeting,
transportation, organizing, and controlling are all technical services responsibilities that are crucial
for controlling production, increasing operational efficiency, and managing quality. Effective
operations management may assist the company in flourishing by first maintaining the quality of the
product and items to ensuring that they are fit for consumers. Second, maintain appropriate
productivity, staff employment, and allocation of resources to get the optimal results. Third, by
achieving customer satisfaction, management accounting may help the organization prosper. (Heizer
& Render, 2002).

2.Human resources (HR):

Employees are the human resources of an organization. A company's Human Resource management
is in duty of recruiting, training, reviewing, and motivating staff to assist the company achieve the
objectives (Bolton, 1994). Hiring and developing the appropriate individual, job analysis, forecasting
and planning, learning & support, success assessment procedures, and compensation and benefits
are all instances of HR tasks (Helm & Utteridge, 2010). The performance of an organisation is
determined by its human resources. The hr department maximises employee productivity while also
protecting the organisation from any problems that may arise within the workforce. Human
resources establishes compensation and benefits policies to ensure that the firm's salaries are
competitive with those of other companies in the region, in the same sector, or competing for
people with comparable skills. HR also helped to the institution's security by remaining up to date on
any laws that may effect the company and its employees (Helm & Utteridge, 2010).

3.Sales and Marketing:

Advertising is all about finding and satisfying the demands and desires of customers (Bolton, 1994).

Undertaking and analyze the market research to obtain feedback on new and existing goods and
services, as well as discussing the findings and implications with management.

Using a range of advertising and promotional venues to market goods and services, including as
magazines, broadcast, the website, sales promotion, and sponsorships.

Developing, managing, and marketing the company website (Pride & Ferrell, 2020).
Promotional tools assist to an organization's growth in a range of methods, such as: For starters, it
promotes sales by informing buyers about item availability. Second, marketing generates income.
Decreased production expenses, as well as media marketing and promotions, are revenue-boosting
and customer-attracting techniques. Furthermore, marketing may assist the company in developing
its goals by using certain marketing techniques, growing the recognition of their business, and
encouraging the company to maintain its reputation. As a consequence, the company will set
specific goals for their employees to grasp their aims, and marketing will assist the organization by
influencing decision-making. (Pride & Ferrell, 2020).

4.Information technology (IT):

Information technology refers to the procedures and technologies used to process and manage
information. It enables a company to analyse specific data, manage its business course effectively,
overcome difficult challenges, and plan for the future. The Internet has revolutionised many
companies and sectors. Businesses employ information technology for everything from day-to-day
activities to strategic decision-making. (Conaway, 2019).

IT is critical to a performance of the company for a variety of reasons. To begin, it may influence
decision-making by acquiring accurate data like Big Data, Google Analytics, and Microsoft CRM.
Furthermore, it assists a company in doing market research by using survey online, newsgroups,
blogs, and group conversations on the World Wide Web. Second, IT assists a company in improving
its marketing strategy. Digital marketing is a relatively recent phenomenon that is being used to
advertise businesses and services worldwide. It comprises search engine marketing (SEO), blogging,
emails, SMS, social media marketing, and Smartphone app advertising. Businesses have recently
recognised that they cannot able to work successfully economic strength unless they have a digital
presence, which explains the expansion of the internet industry. Third, effective communication is
essential for comprehending customer desires, difficulties, and overall satisfaction. Businesses have
benefited from the Internet's ability to connect in real time without millions of prospective or
present customers, which has contributed to increased (Conaway, 2019).

5. Finance and accounting

Every company is significantly reliant on financial data. Revenue, expenditures, assets, and liabilities
must all be managed by businesses (Horner, 2000). Accountants provide managers with the
information they require to make choices on how to allocate business resources. The primary
goal of this role is to ensure that a company's financial transactions are adequately reflected
to both various stakeholder groups, including government authorities and the company's
owners and investors. The finance function, while closely connected to accounting, is
involved with the development, acquiring, and management of a company's money (Horner,
2000). Financial data is critical to an organization's business and has an influence on
decision-making:

Financial Accountants are primarily responsible for preparing financial statements to assist entities
both inside and outside the firm in examining the company's financial health.
Managerial accountants assist managers in making decisions by giving information on expenditures,
budgeting, investment strategy, and performance evaluation.

Finance managers plan for short- and long-term financial capital needs, and also the influence of
borrow on the corporation's economic well-being and the long-term consequences of financing
decisions (Horner, 2000).

6.Project management:

We've observed an increase in the utilisation of projects to produce results faster as the commercial
market has grown, necessitating the development of cross-functional teams. From conception to
completion, project managers plan, organise, and manage projects (Conaway, 2019). Project
management is a critical approach for completing a project while maintaining within a
predetermined budget and deadline and creating an acceptable service or product. Project manager
role represents a useful as well as incredibly effective arrangement that assist in recognising and
continuing to focus on priority areas, giving leadership to tasks, locating and assessing results,
resolving difficulties, trying to address unique events as those who emerge, and attaining superior
performance, that all lead to a company's performance (Morris, 2013). 

To recapitulate, these six functions are critical to the running of every organisation since these
contribute to its success.

Question 3:

Companies unite the core business functional areas across their whole organisation using four
primary business tools.

Control refers to the ability to guide and influence people's behaviour or the course of events (Eliot,
1974). It is the process through which managers guarantee that resources are collected and utilised
efficiently in order to achieve the organization's goals. Control is a key strategy that organisations
utilise to unify company functional divisions throughout their whole organisation. To begin with, it is
a dynamic function that is linked to another 3 functions of management of organizing, executing,
and guiding. It enables managers to assess the efficacy of each of these three responsibilities.
Second, control systems influence employee behaviour in order to achieve the company's objectives.
Third, control systems enable staff operations to be coordinated and resources to be integrated
across the organisation (Misun & Misunova Hudakova, 2020). Managers use control, for example, in
the project management functional area to ensure that projects are completed on time and every
person in the group understands the assignment.

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1985) Culture is defined as a people's way of life, which reporting at least,
ideals, and structures transmitted down through the ages (Kroeber et al., 1985). Organizational
culture has an impact on all company functional areas. All commercial functional areas are
influenced by organisational culture. The way workers are treated in conformity with the company's
ideals and aims is influenced by organisational culture. It has an influence on customers, sales, and
distribution as well. It may also have an impact on a company's appraisal and decision to enter a new
market or produce new products. Understanding the corporate culture, who they are dealing with,
as well as the differences in time and ethics, is critical for effective business partnerships and the
achievement of company objectives (Kroeber et al., 1985). Managers in human resource
organizational functions, for example, must research variances in cultural context of the company's
workers in order to properly manage them. Organizational culture is extremely important in the
marketing and advertising functional area since it specifies the type of product to be advertised as
well as the manner of promoting to be employed.

Choosing an organisational structure for a firm is one of the most essential decisions that a business
owner must make. An aspirational description that explains the allocation and distribution of specific
responsibilities in order to achieve the goals of an organisation (Locker, 1991). The system is an
essential method for linking business specific functions inside an institution. Organizational
structures of many types (disciplinary, hierarchical, and matrix) provide employees with higher
transparency, involve controlling expectations, help to improved judgement, and provide regularity.
It assures the adherence to rules and procedures. It also delegated authority, delegated tasks,
allocated resources, and ensured that critical actions were accomplished on time. When these
characteristics are combined, they make it more efficient and, as a result, production (Locker, 1991).
A particular operational design, for one, is employed in the administration to guarantee that all
programs and products run smoothly as possible. To maintain the economic stability of the firm, the
structure of an organization is equally vital in the finance subject department.

Technology is the total of all knowledge, processes, operations, and practices used in the production
of goods or services or the achievement of goals such as scientific research (Betz, 1998). Companies
employ technology to improve the entire performance and effectiveness of their items, services, and
solutions, and therefore how they create and maintain customer relationships, growing fast and
efficiently. Because of the world wide web and artificial intelligence, a firm may operate physically
and electronically with or without an office. It reduces administrative costs while increasing the
organization's capabilities and profitability (Betz, 1998).

Technology is undeniably significant in the Information Systems functional area; technology impacts
organisational dynamics. Technology is important to a company's ability to compete (Betz, 1998).
Moreover, technique is implemented to advertise and expand its customer base in the advertising
and marketing functional department. Firms use online ads to persuade clients. Software has also
evolved into an integral element of a firm's marketing mix, assisting in income generating (Betz,
1998).