Philippine Politics - Quarter 2 Week 8

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LESSON 9: Research Project on Political

Engagement and Youth Empowerment
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: State and Society
First Edition, 2020
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ownership over them.
Development Team of the Module:
Author: Jonalee S. Yongco

Ivo T. Tolentino
Nelson L. Famenia
Evaluators: Vilma Villa
Vencent Chua
Grace P. Paculba
llustrator: Vianna Dominique B. Gaston
Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V
Asst. Regional Director
Mala Epra B. Magnaong
CES, CLMD
Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr.
Regional ADM Coordinator
Ray Butch M. Mahinay
EPS-Designate- AP
Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Regional Office 10

Office Address: Zone 1, Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro City 9000
Telefax: (088) 880-7071, (088) 880-7072
E-mail Address: region10@deped.gov.ph
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Dear learners! How do you find modules 1 and 2? You have learned from the
previous modules the basic concepts of politics and governance, and how
government administers its roles and functions. This module discussed about the
interaction between the state and the people, the community in general including the
groups outside the government.
Moreover you will learn how government delegates its tasks. Elections and
political parties will also be discussed. In this module, you will also learn about the
importance of civil society organizations and social movements. It will also help you
analyze the methods and goals of civil society and will eventually guide you in giving
opinions in an educative and objective manner regarding civil society organizations’
actions on certain issues. Citizenship and its value will also be discussed in this
module, how it is acquired, and why and how one loses it. In the latter part of this
module, you will be able to apply in actual experiences the concepts/ideas that you
have learned by doing integration. You need to know and understand the issues
related to political engagement and youth empowerment and learn how to deal with
it.
At the end of this module you will be able to assess an existing programs that
addresses certain issues. Lastly, you are required to conduct research regarding
political engagement and youth empowerment that will help your community and our
country, in general.
This module has nine lessons:

● LESSON 1- Decentralization and Local Government
● LESSON 2- Right of Suffrage
● LESSON 3- Political Parties
● LESSON 4- The Concept of Civil Organizations and Social Movements
● LESSON 5- The Role and Contributions of Civil Society Organizations
and Social Movements to Philippine Democracy
● LESSON 6- Citizenship
● LESSON 7- Political Engagement and Youth Empowerment
● LESSON 8- Programs that Address Issues Related to
Political Engagement and Youth Empowerment
● LESSON 9- Research on Political Engagement and Youth
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Empowerment
Enjoy and happy learning!
After going through this module, you are expected to;

1. Identify the different levels of the Philippine local government
HUMSS_PG12IIa-b-1;
2. Explain the roles and functions of the Local Government Unit
HUMSS_PG12IIa-b-2;
3. Examine how decentralization affects governance HUMSS_PG12IIa-b-3;
4. Conduct an interview with barangay officials on community programs
HUMSS_PG12IIa-b-4;
5. Evaluate the performance of a local government unit HUMSS_PG12IIa-b-5;
6. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
HUMSS_PG12IIc-d-6;
7. Identify the types of electoral system HUMSS_PG12IIc-d-7;
8. Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on politics and
governance HUMSS_PG12IIc-d-8;
9. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
HUMSS_PG12IIc-d-9;
10. Discuss the concepts of civil society organizations and social movements
HUMSS_PG12IIe-10;
11. Explain the contributions of civil society organizations and social movements
to Philippines democracy HUMSS_PG12IIe-11;
12. Evaluate the role of civil society organizations and social movements
HUMSS_PG12IIe-12.
13. Explain citizenship HUMSS_PG12IId-13;
14. Assess the various avenues for citizen participation HUMSS_PG12IId-14;
15. Illustrate the value of citizenship HUMSS_PG12IId-15;
16. Identify issues related to political engagement and youth empowerment
HUMSS_PG12IIe-f-16;
17. Determine programs that address issues related to political engagement and
youth empowerment HUMSS_PG12IIe-f-17;
18. Assess an existing program that addresses an issue related to political
engagement and youth empowerment (HUMSS_PG12IIe-f-18); and
19. Conduct research for a draft proposal on a project on political engagement
and youth empowerment HUMSS_PG12IIe-f-20.
To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

● Read and follow instructions carefully.
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● Answer the pre-test to determine how much you already know. You may check
your answer in the given answer key at the end of this module.
● Read each lesson and do all the activities.
● Do all the activities diligently to help you understand the topic.
● Answer the post-test to measure how much you have learned from this module.
● Enjoy learning.
● Familiarize yourself with the following terms:
TERMS DEFINITION
Authority the exercise of legitimate power
work in an organized and active way

Campaign toward a particular goal, typically a
political or social one
refers to the administrative machinery

Citizen of the state
(a) identification of an individual based

Citizenship on a formal-legal status coterminous
with the emergence of states, or (b)
shared membership of a political
community in which [the] conception
[of] citizens [is that of] political actors
constituting political spaces
non-government members of society

Civil Society Organizations that promote the interest of the public
transfer of authority from central to

Decentralization local government
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Electoral relating to elections or electors
Governance refers to the various ways through

which social life is coordinated
Government one of the institutions involved in

governance
Party-list a voting system used with proportional

representation, in which people vote
for a party rather than a candidate.
Each party is assigned a number of
seats that reflect its share of the vote
Politics may be defined as the art of

government, public affairs,
compromise and consensus, and
power
Political Science deals with the study of power in

society, politics, and government
Social Movement a distinct social process, consisting of

the mechanisms through which actors
engaged in collective actions
LESSON 1: Decentralization and the Local Government
WHAT I KNOW
A. Identification: Identify the proper court that is described in each number.

Write your answer on the space before each item.
_________ 1. This Court has the power to "review, revise, reverse,
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modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the
Rules
of Court may provide final judgments or orders of lower

courts".
_________ 2. This Court that has the power to appoint the officials of the
Judiciary.
_________ 3. It is in this court where cases of officials of the executive

branch
who violate the Republic Act 3019 are brought into.
_________ 4. It is in this court where the decisions of the Commissioner of

Internal Revenue on issues concerning taxes can be reviewed.
_________ 5. This Court provides the process and requirements for the
admission in the bar or the practice of law.
B. Fill-in the details: Arrange the political positions in Column A1 from the
highest to the lowest rank. Write your answer in Column A2. For
Column B2, write the local government unit across each position in
Column A2. Choose from Column B1.
Column A1 Column B1
Barangay Chairman/Captain City/Municipality
Mayor Province
Governor Barangay
Sangguniang Bayan Member City/Municipality
Column A2 Column B2
WHAT’S IN
Geographically, the Philippines is an archipelago wherein it is divided into

three large groups of islands namely Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Due to its
geographical location, the Philippine’s three branches of government will not be able
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to directly accommodate the needs and concerns of every Filipinos. The programs
and assistance/aids to the different areas of the country will not be possible if these
three branches will not be working together to address the needs and concerns of
the Filipinos. Public services won’t be able to reach in all the rural and urban areas of
the Philippines. Thus, they need to associate and be in partnership with local
organizations in the different communities with almost the same competencies or
capabilities so that the services will be provided to all inhabitants of the Philippines.
This is where local government units (LGUs) come in.
In this lesson, local government units (LGUs) and their functions will be
discussed. The learner will have the chance to assess its functions and at the same
time provide suggestions to make LGUs’ performance better.
WHAT’S NEW
Picto-Analysis: Direction: From the image below, answer the question in

complete sentences.
Source: “Decentralisation of Authority,”

http://freebcomnotes.blogspot.com/2017/02/decentralisation-of-authority.html
What do you see in the image from the previous page? (Describe in detail)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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WHAT IS IT
Decentralization of the government happens when the responsibility,

resources, and authority of the central government has been transferred to the lower
government units in the different areas and communities of a country. The
geographical area of the country and its population are things to consider for
decentralization.
The local government “is the lowest level of elected territorial organization
within a state” that has the dual function of providing local public services and the
implementing national welfare policies (Atienza 2006). In the Philippines, drawing
from its indigenous and colonial heritage, the lowest political unit of the state is the
barangay headed by the elected barangay chairman or barangay captain and the
elected members of the barangay council.
The different levels of the Philippine Local government units include
provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other political subdivisions created
by law. Provinces are composed of cities and municipalities while cities and
municipalities are made up of barangays. Let us always remember that the
provinces, cities, and municipalities are the three major levels of local government in
our country. The barangay is considered as a sub municipal unit. Hierarchical
relations put the province over the municipalities and component cities within the
provincial boundaries. At the base of this hierarchy are the barangays. Elected
government officials have three-year terms. Local officials are entitled to three
consecutive terms.
Let us now check the roles and functions of each local government unit (LGU)
here in the Philippines.
1. Province – Provinces are generally larger than cities. One province
manages municipalities and cities under it. These are the political subdivisions in
which the national government provides services to the people. A province is also
assigned on equal distribution of resources to its municipalities and cities (Tapales,
1998: Cabo, 1998). Thus, it is headed by a governor.
The provincial board which is the provincial legislative body is also known
as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The governor, vice governor, and members of
the Provincial Council or Sangguniang Panlalawigan are elected by voters in the
municipalities and cities that constitute the province.
2. City and Municipality – Cities and municipalities are the main units of
local government. Essential services, such as primary health care, street lighting,
collection and disposal of garbage, construction of local roads, and operation of
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public markets, are provided directly by the local government units. With this, they
are in direct contact and close to people.
Cities and municipalities are ruled or led by mayors. The local legislative
body for a city is known as the Sangguniang Panlungsod while the lawmaking body
for a town is called Sanguniang Bayan.
3. Barangay – The barangay, which has long been an integral part of the
Philippine political system, is a sub municipal unit. This makes it possible for easy
communication with people in the community.
The barangays lead the villages to support the services provided by the city
and the municipal governments. A notable achievement of the village is in the area of
dispute resolution. The Peacekeeping Board or the Lupong Tagapamayapa receives
complaints from the residents of the village against other residents of the same
village and try to solve the issues by themselves. If the parties disagree with a
settlement, then they have the option to go to court. Parenthetically, the legislative
body is known as the Barangay Council or Sangguniang Barangay.
Effects of Decentralization
Decentralization has a positive impact in terms of the delivery of basic

services. Just like for example, the Local Government Code provides health
services. Prior to devolution, all hospitals were managed by the central government
through the Department of Health (DOH). Many hospitals especially in areas far from
the central office of Manila are experiencing delays in delivering medicines,
equipments, and other essential items to government hospitals. Due to
decentralization, district, provincial and municipal hospitals will be placed under the
supervision of provincial and city governments. With this, they can now continue to
procure medical supplies and equipments at the local level and thus ensure that no
shortage of supplies and equipments is experienced. In addition, local health boards
were created to help local government units shape local health policies to meet the
specific needs of the locality.
Decentralization also improves the government's responsiveness to
people's needs. Local government units are aware of the needs of their constituents.
In contrast, a centralized form of government may not know what specific assistance
or help is needed in a particular community, while local leaders may be able to voice
out to central government offices the concerns and problems of the community since
each community has varied needs and demands.
In particular, local governments bring the central government to the people.
These peripheral institutions make tasks that the central government cannot do on
its own. Decentralization made it possible for the central government to manage
effectively.
WHAT’S MORE
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Analysis Guide: Answer the questions given.
1. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of a decentralized

government?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Does decentralization achieve more positive or more negative effects? Discuss

your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Direction: Draw a symbol representing the decentralization of the power and

functions of the government through local government units. Write a brief description
of the symbol.
Summary and Reflection Box:
Direction: Summarize what you learned in this lesson in three to five

sentences. Provide additional three or four sentences for your reflection or opinion
on the decentralization of the power and functions of the government and the
performance of local government units.
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Beyond the Wall:

Direction: Interview at least three barangay officials in your respective
barangay. Ask about his/her functions, programs, accomplishments and the
difficulties he/she encountered as an official of your barangay.
LESSON 2: Right to Vote
WHAT’S IN
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Have you exercise your right to vote be it local or national election? If yes,
how was it? If no, do you have any idea on what happen ed before, during and after
every election? This lesson will help you know more about your rights as an
individual.
WHAT IS IT
You will realize how powerful you are as a Filipino citizen. You are given the
freedom to choose the leader you find capable and responsible in leading the people.
A person you believe to be morally and spiritually qualified to represent our country.
In every election your vote really count.
Having the right to choose their leaders shows that people share the
responsibility of building a good government and prosperity for the nation. The
elected officials, on the other hand, must serve as “representatives of the people and
are thus served with the corresponding responsibility” (Defensor-Santiago, 2002).
The right to vote, also known as the right of suffrage, is stated in Section 1,
Article V of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:
Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified
by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at
least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other
substantive requirements shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Suffrage encompasses not only the process of selecting public officers but
also the “expression of the choice of people on a proposed law or enactment
submitted to them for decision” (Ramirez 1969).
The right to vote is not a natural right but a privilege given to the citizens. As a
mere privilege, it can be withheld in cases that privilege becomes detrimental to
others and the system as a whole.
Regular elections for President, Vice President, Senators, Members of the
House of Representatives, and local officials will be held on the second Monday of
May.
These are the basic characteristics of elections:
➢ they are political exercises;
➢ they elect officers to serve for a specified term or period;
➢ they often provide ways for the expression of popular will; and
➢ voter’s decision in fair, free, and honest elections cannot be disputed.

By election, citizens exercise their right to vote or their right of suffrage.
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Types of Elections:
➢ Regular election – one conducted nationwide or in certain political

subdivisions of the country to select, normally through balloting, the
officials who will succeed the incumbents after their full terms have
ended. In the Philippines, the rules on re-election depend on the
elective position.
➢ Special election – one conducted to select, normally through balloting,
the official who shall serve for the unexpired part of the term for which
the incumbent has been elected. The vacancy occurs when the
incumbent dies, is incapacitated, or is recalled.
Under Section 2 of Article V, the Congress shall be the one to formulate the
processes to help maintain the secrecy of the ballots as well as the procedure for the
disabled and therefore the illiterates to vote without the help of other persons.
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is the agency that implements
and administers all laws and regulations on the conduct of elections in the
Philippines. The functions of the COMELEC based on Section 2, Article IX-C of the
1987 Constitution are as follows:
1. Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the

conduct and elections, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
2. Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to
the elections, returns, and qualifications of all elective regional,
provincial, and city officials, and appellate jurisdiction over all
contests involving elective municipal officials decided by trial
courts of general jurisdiction or involving elective barangay official
decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction.
3. Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions
affecting elections, including determination of the number and
location of polling places, the appointment of election officials and
inspectors, and registration of voters.
4. Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement
agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, including the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the exclusive purposes of
ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful credible elections.
5. Register, after sufficient publication, political parties,
organizations, of coalitions which, in addition to other
requirements, must present their platform or program of
government; and accredit citizen’s arms of the Commission on
Elections.
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6. File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in
court for inclusion or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where
appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of elections laws,
including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses,
and malpractices.
7. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize
election spending, including limitation of places where propaganda
materials shall be posted, and to prevent and penalize all forms of
election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidates.
8. Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or
employee it has deputized, or the imposition of any other
disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience to
its directive, order, or decision.
9. Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report
on the conduct of each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum,
or recall.
Elective Officials in the Philippines:
The qualifications for the positions of President, Vice President, Senator, and
Member of the House of Representatives are provided for in the 1987 Constitution.
The Constitution provides that no person may be elected as President unless
he or she is:
a natural-born citizen;
a registered voter;
able to read and write;
at least 40 years of age on the day of the election; and
a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately

preceding such election.
The same qualification is required for the Vice President.
The Constitution also states that no person shall be elected as Senator unless
he or she is:
at least 35 years of age on the day of the election;
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a registered voter; and
a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately
preceding the day of the election.
In a similar manner, the Constitution mandates that no person shall be elected
as a Member of the House of Representatives unless he/she is:
at least 25 years of age on the day of the election;
except for party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in

which he or she is elected; and
a resident of the district for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election.
On the other hand, the qualifications for governor, vice governor, member of
the sangguniang panlalawigan, mayor, vice mayor, member of the sangguniang
panlungsod, member of the sangguniang bayan, punong barangay, and member of
the sangguniang barangay are provided for in RA No. 7160, the Local Government
Code (LGC).
The general qualifications under the LGC for these elective local officials are:
he/she must be a citizen of the Philippines
he/she must be a registered voter in the barangay, municipality, city,

or province, or in the case of a member of the sangguniang
panlalawigan, sangguniang panlungsod, or sangguniang bayan, the
district where he/she intends to be elected;
he/she must be a resident therein for at least one year immediately
preceding the day of the election; and
he/she must be able to read and write Filipino or any other local
language or dialect.
The age requirements under the LGC for the same elective local
officials are:
candidates for governor, vice governor, or member of the sangguniang
panlalawigan, or mayor, vice mayor, or member of the sangguniang
panlungsod of highly urbanized cities must at least be 23 years old on
election day;
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candidates for the position of mayor or vice mayor of independent
component cities, component cities, or municipalities must be at least
21 years of age on election day;
candidates for the position of member of the sangguniang panlungsod

or sangguniang bayan must be at least 18 years old on election day;
and
candidates for the position of punong barangay or member of the
sangguniang barangay must be at least 18 years of age on election
day.
The term limits of elective officials are listed below:
President – has a term of six years and cannot run for more than two
consecutive terms.
Vice President – has a term of six years and cannot run for more than
two successive terms.
Senator – has a term of six years and cannot run for more than two
consecutive terms.
Member of the House of Representatives – has a term of three years
and cannot run for more than three consecutive terms.
Governor – has a term of three years and cannot run for more than
three consecutive terms.
Vice Governor – has a term of three years and cannot run for more
than three consecutive terms.
Board Member – has a term of three years and cannot run for more
than three consecutive terms.
City and Municipal Mayors – have a term of three years and cannot run
for more than three consecutive terms.
City and Municipal Vice Mayors – have a term of three years and
cannot run for more than three consecutive terms.
City and Municipal Councilors – have a term of three years and cannot
run for more than three consecutive terms.
Barangay Chairman – has a term of three years and cannot run for
more than three consecutive terms.
Barangay Councilman – has a term of three years and cannot run for
more than three consecutive terms.
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The candidate who will win the highest vote will be announced as the winner.
During the election, we may follow the plural election system (first -in-post or winner-
take-all election). Here the winner is the one with the most votes whether they had
the majority or not (King 2000). This is the process, the majority means 50% of all
votes and at least 1 vote (50% +1). Saying to a class of 100 students who voted for a
class president, most would be at least 51 votes. In an electoral system, even if the
winner receives only 5 votes from 100, as long as he has the most votes, he is
declared as the winner.
Other electoral systems are the majority electoral system and the proportional
representation. In the majority electoral system (second ballot system), the winner
must get at least 50% + 1 vote. If no one is able to reach the cut-off, another stage of
the election will be done with all original candidates or just a few selected criteria
(like top five, averaging, etc.) (King, 2000). If all or not one candidate receives 50% +
1 vote, the maximum declared winner although ruling may vary from one place to
another.
In proportional representation, the people vote for parties and each party will
be given the same or almost the same percentage of positions in the government as
the percentage of votes they garnered during the elections (King 2000). For
example, the Right Party won 70% of the votes while the Left Party only won 30% of
the total votes in an election. In a government of 100 positions, the Right Party will
be given 70 of those positions while the Left Party will be given 30. Of course, there
are further formulas in determining the percentage and the positions that will be
given to the winners since it is more complex in real-life application.
WHAT’S MORE
Analysis Guide: Direction: Answer the questions given below in your

own words.
1. Why is the right of suffrage very important?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think people sell their votes?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Does one vote ever make a difference in our political system? Why or why
not?
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Knowledge Checker: Direction: Research the definitions of
the following terms. Cite your sources.
Suffrage
Election
Referendum
Recall
Plebiscite
Initiative
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Summarize what you learned in this lesson in three to five
sentences. Provide additional three or four sentences for your reflection or
opinion on the right of suffrage and the election process in the Philippines.
Beyond the Wall:
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Direction: Interview three persons who already have experiences in voting in
a barangay or national election. Ask about the issues, problems, concerns that they
experienced during the election. Make a narrative report of your interview and
propose an action plan that can address the concern/s they have raised.
LESSON 3: Political Parties
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WHAT’S IN
One of the ways where the citizens can participate or engage in the
government is through political parties.
Each political party represents a group of people in society, ensuring that their
rights and advocacies are expressed directly to the government. This representation
is often made by legislative bills and resolutions; hence, many political parties are
trying to get a place in the legislative branch to have their own voice in government.
In this lesson, the students will learn the techniques used by various political
parties so that they may know how to engage and participate in government
activities or events as well as in school affairs through student government councils.
WHAT’S NEW
Direction: Draw inside the box an interpretation of a political party. Write
a brief explanation of your drawing.
Write your explanation here:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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WHAT IS IT
Miriam Defensor-Santiago (2002) defined a political party as a “group of

people that is organized for the purpose of winning government power”. Other
definitions of a political party have a similar idea and a common emphasis on the
participation of these groups in elections and the “interest to gain public offices and
mandates” (Grabow and Hofmeister 2011).
One feature of a political party that differs from other organizations and
interest groups is that, while most interest groups focus on single issues, “a political
party is expected to express itself in all issues relevant for government” (Grabow and
Hofmeister 2011).
Participation in political parties in the elections and the government serves a
number of functions such as:
➢ Expressing and aggregating social interests, thus "persuading the
voter to support various issues" and "lending coherence to voter
choices" (UNDP, n.d., p.9; Grabow and Hofmeister 2011, p. 16);
➢ Recruiting and training future politicians (Defensor-Santiago 2002,
p. 228; Grabow and Hofmeister 2011, UNDP, n.d.);
➢ Formulating policies and programs for the government as
commonly seen in their platforms (Defensor-Santiago 2002;
Grabow and Hofmeister 2011, UNDP, n.d.)
➢ Providing a medium for “political socialization and participation of

the citizens” (Defensor-Santiago 2002; Grabow and Hofmeister
2011)
➢ Organizing the government by providing a degree of stability and
coherence, that is, when they fill up vacant positions in the
government (Defensor-Santiago 2002; Grabow and Hofmeister
2011); and
➢ Legitimizing the political system by embedding the processes and

system into the consciousness of the participants (Grabow and
Hofmeister 2011).
According to one of our sources from the book “Philippine Politics and
Governance” written by Renan E. Ramos, there are three different groups that may
participate in the party-list system:
➢ national parties or organizations or coalitions;
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➢ regional parties or organizations or coalitions; and
➢ sectoral parties or organizations or coalition.
A party is considered national when its constituency is spread over the

geographical territory of at least a majority of the regions. On the other hand a party
is considered regional when its It is a regional party when its constituency is spread
over the geographical territory of at least a majority of the cities and provinces
comprising the region.
National and regional parties or organizations or coalitions thereof do not
need to organize along sectoral lines nor represent any marginalized and
underrepresented sector.
Sectoral parties refer to an organized group of citizens whose principal
advocacy pertains to the special interest and concerns of the following sector: labor,
peasant, fisherfolk, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, elderly,
handicapped, women, youth, veterans, overseas workers, and professionals.
A sectoral organization refers to a group of citizens or a coalition of groups of
citizens who share similar physical attributes or characteristics, employment,
interests, or concerns.
Types of Electoral Systems:
Electoral systems pertain to the set of rules which are applied to govern the conduct
of elections.
The electoral systems adopted by different countries are:
1. Proportional System – this system applies the principle that parties should be
awarded seats in direct proportion to their share of the votes.
A. List System
This is the most common form of proportional system where citizens vote for a
slate of the party’s candidates rather than for each candidate of a party. The number
of votes garnered by a party determines how many candidates are elected from that
party’s list. The order in which candidates appear on the list submitted will be
decisive as to who are to represent that party.
The Philippines has adopted this system for the election of the party-list
representatives in Congress.
B. Single Transferrable Vote
Voters list the names of candidates according to their preference. A candidate

is required to reach a number of votes or quota to be elected. All candidates who
21
exceed this quota as first preferences are considered elected. The excess votes are
then distributed to the second preferences as written on the ballot. When no
candidate has reached the quota, the bottom candidate is eliminated and the votes
for the said candidate are also transferred. This process is repeated until all the
seats are filled up.
2. Non-proportional System
In this type of electoral system, the parties are not rewarded in proportion to
the share of the total number of votes they obtain.
A. Plurality and Majority Systems
1. Simple plurality – This is also known as the first past the post system where
the winning candidate is the one who receives the most number of votes. This
system has been adopted by the Philippines.
2. Absolute majority – In this system, the voters rank candidates. If no
candidate wins a majority of first preferences, then the bottom candidate is
eliminated and his or her votes are redistributed according to second preferences.
This is repeated until a candidate obtains a majority of the votes cast.
3. Two-ballot system – A candidate must obtain a majority of votes in order to
win. When no candidate obtains a majority of the votes cast, the leading candidates
(usually top two) compete in a run-off election. (Hague, et al. p. 148)
3. Mixed System
As the name suggests, the plurality and proportional systems are used
together. The mixed system combines the geographical representation of the
plurality method with the party representation of the proportional method.
A. Mixed member majoritarian
Some candidates are elected through electoral districts and other candidates
through proportional representation. Citizens have two votes. One is for the district
election (using the plurality method) and the other for the proportional representation
contest (using party-list).
B. Mixed member proportional
The party vote determines the number of seats to be won by each party.
Elected candidates are drawn first from the party’s winners on the district contests,
topped up as required by candidates from the party’s list.
The party-list system aims to provide a balanced representation in Congress.
Party-list representatives represent 20% of the total number of representatives of the
House of Representatives. Party-list solely registered with the COMELEC may
participate in party-list elections and one person may only be nominated by a party
22
as its deputy. This representative should be a Filipino citizen as well as a registered
voter.
Impact of Electoral Systems:
Voters have a direct hand in choosing politicians to occupy national and

local elections. Voters can choose the best candidate for the position that is based
on character. Another key to choosing a candidate is sincere and lasting involvement
in community-building activities.
At the end of the day, the power of voters to influence better governance
cannot be overstated. Civil society can exercise this power through voter education.
If voters know that good governance can increase their benefits, they will make sure
that only the right people are elected to the public office.
WHAT’S MORE
Analysis Guide: Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. Is it possible that the government can regulate the number of political parties
involved in the election? How?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What do you think must be the function of the political parties in the
Philippines? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Do you think everyone knows what a political party is? Explain your
answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
23
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Direction: Create a concept map based on what you learned about political
party.
24
LESSON 4: The Concepts of Civil Society Organizations and Social
Movements
WHAT IS IT
“Liberty is a right that inheres in every one of us as a member of the human

family. When a person is deprived of his right, all of us diminished and debased for
liberty is total and indivisible.”
(Ordonez v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. 115576, Aug. 4,
1994)
According to R.A. Pawilen and Reidan M. Pawilen (2017) in their book

Philippine Politics and Governance, civil society organizations are basically non-
government members of society that promote the interest of the public. They are
known to champion issues of the marginalized members of the society, such as
issues on human rights, labor rights, environmental protection, and poverty.
At present civil societies are actively participating and initiating in different
social movements. We can hear in radio and watch in the TV news that some of
these social movements were in the streets participating in rallies to voice out their
concerns whether political or social issues. Thus, many of these social movements in
the Philippines, even before the start of the Philippine Revolution or what we call
“EDSA 1”, in the late 19th century, they have been initiated by leaders that aimed to
liberate their people from taxes, land grabbing, and corruption. (Gripaldo et al. 2005)
Social movement as described by Mario Diani as “a distinct social process,
consisting of the mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective actions”
(Della Porta and Diani 2006). The three main characteristics of social movements:
1. are involved in conflictual relations with a clearly identified opponent;
2. are linked by dense informal networks; and

3. shared a distinct collective identity. (Della Porta and Diani 2006)
Conflictual collective action. Social movement actors are involved in some kind of
conflict, whether cultural or political, with another identified opponent, such as
another group, program, system, or idea, to promote or oppose social change. (Della
Porta and Diani 2006)
Dense informal networks. Wherein rules within the social movement and the
actions, as well, are not standardized but are constantly negotiated by the actors.
Each member, no matter how powerful, cannot claim that they alone represent the
group as a whole (Della Porta and Diani 2006).
25
Collective identity. The members share a sense of collective identity wherein the
organized actors or members develop a common connection and shared purpose in
their actions as part of the movement (Della Porta and Diani 2006).
WHAT’S MORE
Direction: Using a graphic organizer, give your ideas about civil society
organizations. Write your answer below. You may use your graphic organizer if you
want.
Civil Society
Organizations
Civil Society as a Unifying Framework (Racelis, 2004)
1. NGO and POs (People’s Organizations, or CBOs) within the Philippines
➢ Enshrined in the Constitution of the Philippines, and recognized as

significant players in the evolution of society
➢ Over 30,000 NGOs and POs are registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, along with registered cooperatives; an
estimated 5,000 NGOs are considered to be genuine non-profit
groups active at grassroots levels.
➢ Genuine NGOs work toward organizing autonomous, democratic,

and active community groups, or POs, able to address their
26
priority issues; this entails empowerment and capacity building,
advocacy for and with grassroots groups.
➢ Most genuine NGOs of the post-Marcos era are engaged in critical

collaboration with the government toward sustainable development
and social justice but retain their right to oppose government
actions that they believe are detrimental to the well-being and
rights of excluded poor and disadvantaged groups.
2. Civil society may be seen as fulfilling three roles (Racelis, 2004)
➢ as part of society
Organized groups (not the family, and outside the market and the
state), mainly, community-based organizations (CBOs), non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), trade unions, cooperatives,
religious and faith-based groups, academia, media, (possibly)
indigenous peoples
➢ as a kind of society
Promoter of selected values and norms, like poverty eradication,

human rights, gender equity, environmental sustainability,
international fair trade regimes, peace, anti-small-arms and
landmines, and meeting social goals
➢ as the public sphere
Arena for broad-based debate and institutional collaboration;

partnerships and networks; guarding of public democratic spaces,
monitoring government and sometimes private sector performance;
self-monitoring.
27
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Direction: Below are the logos of different departments, agencies, and organizations
of the Philippines. Identify whether the said logo is a civil social organization (CSO)
or not.
Logo CSG or NOT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Direction: Write down the social movements you have observed in your community.
Follow the column below. You may add an additional column if the need arises.
Name of Social Found in your Found in your Purpose

Movement barangay City
1.
28
2.
3.
LESSON 5: The Role and Contributions of Civil Society Organizations and

Social Movements to Philippine Democracy
WHAT IS IT
According to Dr. Aisha Ghaus-Pasha (2004) in her writing Role of Civil

Society Organizations in Governance, civil society has been widely recognized as an
essential ‘third' sector. Its strength can have a positive influence on the state and the
market. Civil society is therefore seen as an increasingly important agent for
promoting good governance like transparency, effectiveness, openness,
responsiveness, and accountability.
Heywood (2007) as cited by defined civil society as a social movement is a
particular form of collective behavior in which the motive to act springs largely from
the attitudes and aspirations of members, typically acting within a loose
organizational framework. A movement is different from spontaneous mass action
(such as an uprising or rebellion) in that it implies a level of intended and planned
action in pursuit of recognized social goals. Not uncommonly, social movements
embrace interest groups and may even spawn political parties, trade unions, and
socialist parties, for instance, as part of a broader labor movement.
Based on Merriam Dictionary, democracy is a government in which the
supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly
through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.
Moreover, democracy is a form of political association among the people of
a state within a specified geographical area where sovereignty rests with the people
asserting that sovereignty is made through a vote to select the heads of state in the
government.
More importantly, as the Philippines embraces democratic traditions of
participation and the freedom of choice and expression, the longer-term challenge
remains to deepen the quality of its democracy. Establishing political parties on
ideology and merit instead of personality, strengthens accountability mechanisms
within government, creates alternative sources of reliable information, and allows
voters to make decisions.
29
Issues and Concerns confronting Philippine Social Movements from 2000-2013
The issues and concerns confronting Philippine social movements from 2000
to 2013 may be categorized into two major themes which are important in laying
down the foundations of the democratization process.
These are:
1. “Good governance”
Good governance generally refers to solving the problems

related to political concerns such as addressing massive corruption
and the creation of an environment of peace and stability. Related to
the latter, is the issue of human rights.
2. “Redistributive economic policies”.
As for redistributive economic policy concerns, these mainly
refer to development programs that are able to address poverty and
the glaring socioeconomic inequalities in the country. These include
the implementation of a genuine agrarian reform program and
affordable social services such as health and education. Good
governance issues thus seem to relate to non-class issues as issues
of corruption and peace and stability as well as human rights cut
across classes in society. And as for the second concern of
redistributive economic policy, this directly addresses the problems of
the big gap between the rich and the poor. In reality, however, points
out that the concern for good governance and redistributive economic
policy are not mutually exclusive. That is, the reason why there is a
lack of good governance in the country, because of the wide gap
between the rich and the poor as a result of the absence of
redistributive economic policy. This can only be attributed to the
continuing control of wealth in Philippine society by only a few as
epitomized by the continuing dominance of political dynasties in the
country which has bred patrimonialism (Tadem, 2016)
WHAT’S MORE
Direction: Before we move forward, let us have this exercise. How do you define
democracy in the following situations: Write your answer in the graphic organizers
provided in this module.
30
What democracy means to me?
A. When I am with my family, democracy means:
Democracy means:
1.
2.
B. When I am in school, democracy means:
Democracy means:
1.
2.
C. When I am in the community, democracy means:
Democracy means:
1.
2.
31
Civil society can further good governance:
1. by policy analysis and advocacy;
2. by regulation and monitoring of state performance and the action and

behavior of public officials;
3. by building social capital and enabling citizens to identify and articulate their
values, beliefs, civic norms and democratic practices;
4. by mobilizing particular constituencies, particularly the vulnerable and
marginalized sections of masses, to participate more fully in politics and public
affairs; and
5. by development work to improve the wellbeing of their own and other
communities (Ghaus-Pasha, 2004).
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
A. Direction: Here are some situations. Think wisely by analyzing the situation
presented. In what way the civil society organizations and social movements
help foster good governance in the situation presented? Choose the letter of
your answer.
a. policy analysis and advocacy
b. regulation and monitoring of performance
c. building social capital and empowering citizens
d. mobilizing particular constituencies

e. development work to improve the wellbeing
Situation 1
ABC Club advocates wellness program and end of TB and Polio in your locality.
Situation 2
Tolentino’s Elite Club advocates for this slogan “Right Vote, Clean Conscience, Right
People”.
Situation 3
32
ETT Animal Welfare Association advocates for the protection of Endangered Animal
Species in the Philippines.
Situation 4
FSL Association a group of environmentalists advocates for the protection of the

environment and fights against illegal and irresponsible mining in the Philippines.
Situation 5
VAMC Association advocates against domestic violence in the Philippines whether

the victim is a woman or man.
B. Direction: Read the case below and answer the questions that follow.
Our country had been a witness to a massive social movement that was joint
by different sectors and civil society. Just like the 1986 EDSA Revolution that ousted
the then President Ferdinand Marcos who had been holding power for almost 20
years. In 2001, a similar movement called EDSA People Power II that ousted former
President Joseph Ejercito Estrada (R.A. Pawilen and Reidan M. Pawilen, 2017).
In a democratic country, such as the Philippines, the power always resides
with the people and the citizens can, directly and indirectly, affect their government.
The contribution of these social movements and civil society organizations to the
democracy, is that they provide an avenue where the people can voice out their
concerns to the government as well as help out the government in making and
implementing a program. In some cases, there are organizations that initiate
programs that may help other people if the government does not have the
appropriate actions to address the problems of the people. These social movements
become the watchers or observers of the government, calling the attention of both
the government and the people to act. At certain times, these actions may result in
the changes of leaders or even the government, like what happened in the 1986
EDSA Revolution (R.A. Pawilen and Reidan M. Pawilen, 2017).
1. If you are going to establish a social movement, what would be your advocacy?
Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Is rally or mass protest an effective means to voice out people’s concerns

regarding political or social issues of a country? What are other methods that people
can voice out their concerns?
33
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
C. Direction: Make a one-page essay on the effects of civil society and social
movements in keeping democracy and good governance in our country.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Rubrics for Essay Writing

Excellence Good Satisfactory Need
Improvement
(31-40) (21-30) (11-20)
(1-10)
➢ The essay ➢ The essay ➢ The essay ➢ The essay
was written was written had little had no style
in an in an style or or voice
extraordinar interesting voice ➢ Gives no
y style and style and ➢ Gives some new
Quality of voice voice new information
Writing ➢ Very ➢ Fairly information and very
informative informative but poorly poorly
and well and organized organized
organized organized
➢ Almost no ➢ Few ➢ A number ➢ So many
spelling, spelling of spelling, spelling,
punctuation and punctuatio punctuation
Grammar, or punctuatio n or and
Usage, grammatical ns errors, grammatic grammatica
and errors minor al errors l errors that
Mechanics grammatic it interferes
al errors with the
meaning
34
LESSON 6: Citizenship
WHAT IS IT
In a short moment, read the excerpt and make a short reflection.
Image courtesy https://i.pinimg.com
Answer the following questions:
1. What part of the excerpt touches you the most? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Does it give you a significant meaning?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. In your own idea, what is the main theme of the excerpt?
35
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Article IV Sec.1. The following are citizens of the Philippines
➢ Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the adoption of this constitution;
➢ Those whose father or mother are citizens of the Philippines;
➢ Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mother, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the legal age of majority; and
➢ Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Let’s go and define some terms!
1. Citizenship - It signifies membership or status of being a citizen of a particular

country.
2. Citizen - A person having the title of citizenship and a member of a democratic
country who enjoys full constitutional rights.
3. Alien or Foreigner - A citizen of a particular country who is not a legal citizen of the
country in which he lives; a non-citizen or a stranger of a country who is not given all
the rights of citizenship, such as the right to suffrage.
4. Nationality - The state of belonging to a particular country or being a citizen of a
particular nation.
How to acquire citizenship?
In general, there are two ways:
1. Involuntary method
By birth, which is typically acquired through place-of-birth (“Jus Soli”)
Example: The parents were Filipino and their child was born in Canada. By
virtue of “Jus Soli”, the child acquired the Canadian citizenship.
Through lineage (“Jus Sanguinis”). Ex. The parents were Filipino and their
child was born in America. By virtue of “Jus Sanguinis”, the child acquired
the Filipino citizenship.
2. Voluntary Method – A foreigner can acquire Philippine citizenship through the
process of naturalization in consonance with Commonwealth Act 473, or the
Revised Naturalization Law.
Section 2. Qualifications
First. He must be not less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the
hearing of the petition;
36
Second. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of
not less than ten years;
Third. He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles
underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a
proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in
the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with
the community in which he is living.
Fourth. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five
thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative
trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
Fifth. He must be able to speak and write English or Spanish and any one of
the principal Philippine languages; and
Sixth. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the
public schools or private schools recognized by the Office of Private
Education 1 of the Philippines, where the Philippine history, government and
civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the
entire period of the residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the
hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen.
These two modes of acquiring citizenship correspond to the two kinds
of citizens: natural born and naturalized citizens.
Direction: In two sentences, write your own understanding and concept of

citizenship.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Avenue for Citizen Participation
Citizens and civil society groups have greater opportunity to engage and
actively involve in their community activities or government to improve the quality of
their life. For example, citizens may involve in the community decision-making policy;
local residents engage in community voluntary work; organize litter-clearing
campaign; form local cooperative; and citizens participating in the community to
develop and create a safe, healthy and sustainable community.
39
37
“The World Bank firmly believes in the role of partnership in tackling
development challenges and good governance. Partnership with the government,
civil society groups, citizens’ groups, peoples’ organization academe and
development partners make us more effective in our efforts to support the country’s
agenda for achieving more inclusive growth,” said World Bank.
The Theory of Citizen Participation
Citizen participation is a process which provides private individuals an

opportunity to influence public decisions and has long been a component of the
democratic decision-making process. The roots of citizen participation can be traced
to ancient Greece and Colonial New England. Before the 1960s, governmental
processes and procedures were designed to facilitate "external" participation. Citizen
participation was institutionalized in the mid-1960s with President Lyndon Johnson's
Great Society programs (Arcilla-Serapio 2016).
Public involvement is meant to ensure that citizens have a direct voice in
public decisions. The terms "citizen" and "public," and "involvement" and
"participation" are often used interchangeably. While both are generally used to
indicate a process through which citizens have a voice in public policy decisions,
both have distinctively different meanings and convey little insight into the process
they seek to describe. Mize reveals that the term "citizen participation" and its
relationship to public decision-making has evolved without a general consensus
regarding either it's meaning nor its consequences (Arcilla-Serapio 2016).
Cogan and Sharpe (1986) identify five benefits of citizen participation in the
planning process:
Information and ideas on public issues;
Public Support for planning decisions;
Avoidance of protracted conflicts and costly delays;
A reservoir of goodwill which can carry over to future decisions; and
Spirit of cooperation and trust between the agency and the public.
The Value of Citizenship according to Arcilla-Serapio
➢ Holding national citizenship can provide significant social and economic

benefits.
➢ Gaining citizenship allows natural residents and naturalized immigrants alike
the opportunity to enjoy higher wages, which provides short-term and long-
term financial benefits both for the individuals and the national economy.
38
➢ Providing certainty for workers and their employers and building a sense of
unity among national residents.
➢ Entitles individuals to many more rights and opportunities.
➢ An individual classified as legal residents.
Direction: Illustrate the value of citizenship.
1) Purpose: My life has its purpose and reason.

2) Freedom: I have the option to do good and avoid evil.
3) Money: I am fully accountable of my money.
4) Home: My family is my home.
5) Help: I can help anybody at any time.
6) Life: Life is too ambiguous.
7) Love: It is the greatest gift of all.
Direction: Given the example above, create your own illustration that signifies the
value of citizenship.
39
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
LESSON 7: Political Engagement and Youth Empowerment
WHAT IS IT
Hi, learner! Before you start with this lesson, let us first know your idea about
the concept of political engagement and youth empowerment.
Use the graphic organizer below and write your answer on the empty
boxes. You may add other boxes if possible.
Political
Engagement
Youth
Empowerment
40
Learners! Did you know that the youth has a big role in our society?
A. Role of the Youth
As stated in our 1987 Constitution under Article II, Sec. 13 “The State
recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect
their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in
the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and
civic affairs.”
B. Youth, definition.
As defined in Republic Act no. 8044, Section 4 paragraph (a) “Youth” shall
refer to those persons whose ages range from fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years old.
C. Issues related to Political engagement and youth empowerment
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as cited by
R. Chaskin (2018):
When young men and women understand their rights, they can become
empowered to engage in civil society, public service, and political processes, at all
levels. They need to know the channels through which they may exercise their civil
and political rights and contribute to decision-making processes that impact their
lives. Channels for engagement include formal political processes such as youth
advisory boards at the local level, youth parliaments or shadow councils at the
national level, and engagement with United Nations processes at the global level, for
example (UNDP, 2014: 3).
According to the European Union (2009) as cited by R. Chaskin (2018) in his

book “ Supporting Youth Civic and Political Engagement: Supranational and National
Policy Frameworks in Comparative Perspective:”
Full participation of young people in civic and political life is an increasing

challenge, in light of the gap between youth and the institutions . . . particularly
41
regarding support of youth organizations, participation in a representative democracy
or ‘learning to participate'. Policy-makers must adapt to communicating in ways
receptive to young people – including on civic and European issues–particularly in
order to attract unorganized or disadvantaged youth (European Union, 2009: 8).
Obstacles to Participation Faced by Young People
According to R. Chaskin (2018), coexisting alongside the notion of the young

person as an asset and contributor is the perspective that young people are often
blocked from realizing their potential in this regard. Chaskin mentioned that those
underprivileged and deprived backgrounds, in particular, are an untapped resource
and often left out of decision-making processes.
Apathetic in today’s situations in our society is another issue that hinders the
youth in political engagement.
There is a strong emphasis placed in the English policies, such as Positive for
Youth, on how negative stereotyping of young people by media and advertising for
example, is a challenge that needs to be addressed through working in partnership
with young people and their families (R. Chaskin, 2018).
Young people’s non -participation is seen as particularly likely, and particularly
problematic, with regard to youth who are disadvantaged. This lack of participation is
seen to fundamentally limit young people’s potential. For example, the European
Union’s strategy Investing and Empowering notes the limits imposed on young
people due to educational and employment barriers (R. Chaskin, 2018).
42
Direction: In your own idea, what are the other issues that hinder the youth from
involvement in the society or political engagement in your community or in our
ISSUE/S REASON/S
country in general? Write your answer below and explain.
LESSON 8: Programs that Address Issues Related to Political Engagement

and Youth Empowerment
WHAT IS IT
Because of the issues mentioned in lesson 1, the government has formulated

and established programs for youth empowerment and various youth-related
agencies. This is mandated by our 1987 Philippine Constitution.
We can now determine programs that address issues related to political

engagement and youth empowerment. Some of these existing programs are the
following:
National Youth Commission

- This is mandated by a Republic Act no. 8044 or also known as
“Youth in Nation-Building Act”.
43
SECTION 2. Policy – The State recognizes its responsibility to enable the youth
to fulfill their vital role in nation-building and hereby establishes the National
Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth Development, creates the
structures to implement the same and appropriate adequate funds to provide
support for the program and implementing structures on a continuing sustained
basis.
The State hereby declares that “Youth” is the critical period in a person’s
growth and development from the onset of adolescence towards the peak of
mature, self-reliant and responsible adulthood comprising the considerable sector
of the population from the age of fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years.
The State further declares the National Comprehensive and Coordinated

Program on Youth Development shall be based on the following principles:
a. Promotion and protection of the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and

social well-being of the youth to the end that the youth realize their potential
for improving the quality of life;
b. Inculcation in the youth of patriotism, nationalism and other basic desirable
values to infuse in the faith in the Creator, belief in the sanctity of life and
dignity of the human person, a conviction for the strength and unity of the
family and adherence to truth and justice;
c. Encouragement of youth involvement in character-building and development
activities for civic-efficiency, stewardship of natural resources, agricultural and
industrial productivity, and an understanding of world economic commitments
on tariffs and trade and participation in structures for policy-making and
program implementation to reduce the incidence of poverty and accelerate
socio-economic development; and
d. Mobilization of youth's abilities, talents and skills and redirecting their
creativity, inventive genius and wellspring of enthusiasm and hope for the
freedom of our people from fear, hunger, and injustice.
46
44
SEC. 8. Objectives of the Commission. – The Objectives of the Commission are:
a. To provide the leadership in the formulation of policies and in the setting of

priorities and directions of all youth promotions and development programs
and activities;
b. To encourage wide and active participation of the youth in all governmental
and non-governmental programs, projects and activities affecting them;
c. To harness and develop the full potential of the youth as partners in nation-
building; and
d. To supplement government appropriations for youth promotion and
development with funds from other sources.
Sangguniang Kabataan
- This mandated by the Republic Act no. 10742 also known as

“Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act of 2015”
SEC. 2. Declaration of State Policies and Objectives. – The State recognizes the
vital role of the youth in nation-building .and thus, promotes and protects their
physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being, inculcates in them
patriotism, nationalism and other desirable values, and encourages their involvement
in public and civic affairs.
Towards this end, the State shall establish adequate, effective, responsive and
enabling mechanisms and support systems that will ensure the meaningful
participation of the youth in local governance and nation-building.
SEC. 5. Powers and Functions of the Katipunan ng Kabataan. – The Katipunan ng

Kabataan shall:
(b) Serve as the highest policy-making body to decide on matters affecting the
youth in the barangay. As such, the Sangguniang Kabataan shall consult and secure
the concurrence of the Katipunan ng Kabataan in the formulation of all its, programs,
plans and activities.
Philippine Youth Development Plan
The Philippine Youth Development Plan is mentioned under Republic Act no.
8044 and Republic Act no. 10742. The purpose and function of the Philippine Youth
Development Plan is to order all duty of the state, whether national or local levels, in
45
maximizing the participation of the youth in building the nation as a responsible and
hands-on member of the society.
Thus, the Philippine Youth Development Plan also to notify other civil groups
and NGOs, the church, media, and other community groups or associations to give
the youth a social, economic and ethical opportunity of fully engaging them in their
respective programs.
The National Youth Commission is the sole policy-making coordinating body

of all youth-related institutions, programs, projects and activities of the government.
Direction: Before we move forward, let us have this activity. Name some programs
that address issues related to political engagement and youth empowerment.
SCHOOL PROGRAM:
Program Purpose
BARANGAY PROGRAM:
Program Purpose
46
Direction: Make a one-page essay regarding the purpose and effects of existing
programs that address issues related to political engagement and youth
empowerment.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Excellence Good Satisfactory Needs

Improvement
(31-40) (21-30) (11-20)
(1-10)
47
organized organized
al errors with the
meaning
LESSON 9: Research Project on Political Engagement and Youth Empowerment
WHAT IS IT
Direction: Make a one-page essay.
If you are a youth leader in your barangay, what program/s will you implement and
what would be your objectives to help address the issues and concerns related to
political engagement and youth empowerment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
48
Improvement
(31-40) (21-30) (11-20)
(1-10)
organized organized
al errors with the
meaning
Hi learners!
In the previous lessons, you have learned the different issues and programs
relating to political engagement and youth empowerment. Now let us utilize what
have you learned.
Learners! In this lesson, you will conduct a research project in the barangay.
This can be done individually or by group.
The research is about a proposal program that relates to political engagement
and youth empowerment. Apply all the knowledge that you learned from your
Practical Research subject. Use Long Bond Paper for your research.
(100 POINTS)
Content of the Research
I. Introduction
II. Statement of the Problem

III. Chapter 1
49
a. Barangay Official Profile
b. Committees handled by each barangay officials
c. Barangay civil society organization and its purposes
d. Barangay fulfilled and future projects

IV. Chapter 2
a. Barangay existing program relating to political engagement and

youth empowerment
b. Problem/Issues in the Barangay relating to political engagement
and youth empowerment
c. A proposed program relating to political engagement and youth
empowerment
V. Conclusion and Summary
VI. References
Research Timeline
1-7 days – Introduction, Statement of the Problems and Chapter 1

8-14 days – Chapter 2, Conclusion and Summary and References
15-21 days – Checking and final drafting of the paper

Improvement
(31-40) (21-30) (11-20)
(1-10)
50
➢ The ➢ Fairly ➢ The ➢ The
research is informative research- research-
very and content is content has
informative organized. not always no
and well ➢ It has related to relevance
Content, organized. Adequate the topic to the topic
details, and ➢ It has many details and poorly and no
organization details and organized. organizatio
interesting ➢ It has a few n
to read. details ➢ No details.
punctuation and punctuatio punctuatio
Grammar, or punctuatio n or n and
Usage, and grammatical ns errors, grammatic grammatic
Mechanics errors minor al errors al errors
grammatic that it
al errors interferes
with the
meaning
POST-TEST
(Lessons 1-2-3)
Test I: Multiple Choice
Direction: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is the agency that enforces and administers all laws and regulations relative to
the conduct of elections in the country.
A. Supreme Court B. COMELEC C. Government D. Senate
2. When more than two parties compete with almost equal capabilities in affecting
and winning in the political competition.
51
A. One-party B. Two-party C. Multiparty D. Uniparty
3. It is not a natural right but a privilege given to the citizens.
A. Vote B. Election C. Decentralization D. Law 4. There is a

monopoly of power for there is just one party existed.
A. One-party B. Two-party C. Multiparty D. Uniparty
5. The responsibility, resources, and authority of the central government has been
transferred to the lower government units in the different areas and communities of a
country.
A. Vote B. Election C. Decentralization D. Law
Test II. Essay
Direction: If ever you will be chosen as one of the Philippine Senators, what would
be your bill and why? Write your answers below.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(Lesson 4-5)
True or False. Write the letter “TRUE” if the statement is true and “FALSE” if the
statement is false. Write your answers on the space provided before each number.
______ 1. Social movements become the watchers or observers and calling the
attention of government only.
______ 2. Civil Society organizations are government members of society that

promote the interest of the public.
______ 3. According to Mario Diani, social movement is a distinct social process,

consisting of the mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective actions.
_______ 4. In conflictual collective action, rules within the social movement and the
actions are not standardized but are constantly negotiated by the actors.
_______ 5. In dense informal networks, social movement actors are involved in

some kind of conflict, whether cultural or political, with another identified opponent,
52
such as another group, program, system, or idea, to promote or oppose social
change.
_______ 6. In collective identity, the members share a sense of exclusive identity
wherein the organized actors or members develop an uncommon connection and
unshared purpose in their actions as part of the movement.
_______ 7. In a democratic country, power always resides with the citizens.
_______ 8. Social movements and civil society organizations provide an avenue
where the people can voice out their concerns to the government as well as help out
the government in making and implementing a program.
_______ 9. There are organizations that initiate programs that can help other people
if the government does not have the appropriate actions to address the problems of
the people.
_______ 10. Civil society organization is known to champion issues of the
marginalized members of the society.
(Lessons 6-7-8-9)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The Philippine Constitution recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building
and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social
well-being.
a. 1937 Constitution c. 1986 Constitution
b. 1980 Constitution d. 1987 Constitution
2. A Republic Act that defines youth as those persons whose ages range from fifteen
(15) to thirty (30) years old.
a. Republic Act no. 8043 c. Republic Act no. 8045
b. Republic Act no. 8044 d. Republic Act no. 8046

3. He is our national hero who said that, "the youth is the hope of our fatherland".
a. Andres Bonifacio c. Jose P. Rizal

b. Apolinario Mabili d. Juan Luna
4. The following statements are the objectives of the National Youth Commission,
EXCEPT.
a. To encourage wide and active participation of the youth in all

governmental and non-governmental programs, projects and activities
affecting them.
53
b. To harness and develop the full potential of the foreign youth as
partners in nation-building.
c. To provide the leadership in the formulation of policies and the setting
of priorities and direction of all youth promotion and development
programs and activities.
d. To supplement government appropriations for youth promotion and
development with funds from other sources.
5. According to R. Chaskin in his writing “Supporting Youth Civic and Political

Engagement: Supranational and National Policy Frameworks in Comparative
Perspective” the issues that hinder the youth in participating are the following,
EXCEPT.
a. apathetic
b. underprivileged and deprived backgrounds
c. educational and employment barriers
d. elite
6. What Republic Act that established the Sangguniang Kabataan?
a. Republic Act no. 10742 c. Republic Act no. 10742

b. Republic Act no. 10743 d. Republic Act no. 10742
7. It is the Powers and Functions of the Katipunan ng Kabataan referred under

Republic Act no. 10742 Sec. 5.
a. Serve as the highest policy-making body to decide on matters

affecting the youth in the barangay.
b. Serve as the highest policy-making body to diminish on matters
c. Serve as the highest policy-making body to amend on matters
d. Serve as the highest policy-making body to control on matters
8. What Article and Section of the Philippine Constitution that mandated the
government to establish programs for youth empowerment?
a. Article I, Sec. 1 c. Article I, Sec. 1
54
b. Article II, Sec. 13 d. Article II, Sec. 16
9. What government agency is the sole policy-making coordinating body of all youth-
related institutions, programs projects and activities of the government?
a. Nation Youth Agency c. National Youth Commission
b. Nation Youth Commission d. National Youth Agency
10. Under the constitution, the following shall be inculcated in the youth, EXCEPT.
a. activism c. nationalism
b. encouragement d. patriotism
POST-TEST ANSWER KEY
ANSWER KEY ON ACTIVITIES:
Lesson 1: What I Know
A. Identification
1. Supreme Court
2. Supreme Court
3. Sandiganbayan
4. Court of Tax Appeals

5. Supreme Court
55
B. Arranging Accordingly
Column A2 Column B2
Governor Province
Mayor City/Municipality
Sangguniang Bayan Member City/Municipality
Barangay Chairman/Captain Barangay
Lesson 1: What’s New
Picto-Analysis: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Lesson 1: What’s More
Analysis Guide: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Lesson 1: What I Have Learned
Symbol Making: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
Summary and Reflection: Answers may vary according to the students’

understanding.
Beyond the Wall: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Knowledge Checker: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
Summary: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Beyond the Wall: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
Lesson 3: What’s New
Interpretation on Political Party: Answers may vary according to the students’

understanding.

Concept Map: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
56
Graphic Organizer: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

CSO or Not:
1. not civil society organization
2. civil society organization

4. civil society organization

Social Movements: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Democracy Definition: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
A. Situational Analysis: Answers may vary according to the students’

understanding.
B. Case Analysis: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
C. Essay: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
Lesson 6: What Is It
Excerpt: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Concept of Citizenship: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Value of Citizenship: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Graphic Organizer: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Obstacles to Participation Faced by Young People: Answers may vary according to

the students’ understanding.
Programs: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
57
Essay: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Essay: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.

Research Making: Answers may vary according to the students’ understanding.
ANSWER KEY ON POST-TEST
Lesson 1-2-3
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. c
Essay
58
Lesson 4-5
1. False 6. False
2. False 7. False
3. True 8. True
4. False 9. True
5. False 10. True
Lesson 6-7-8-9
1. D 6. A
2. B 7. A
3. C 8. B
4. B 9. C
5. D 10. A
REFERENCES
Books
1987 Philippine Constitution
Republic Act no. 8044 also known as “Youth in Nation-Building Act”
Republic Act no. 10742 also known as “Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act of 2015”
Arcilla-Serapio, MP (2016). Philippine Politics ang Governance. Mindshapers Co.,

Inc.
59
Chaskin, R. 2018. Supporting Youth Civic and Political Engagement: Supranational
and National Policy Frameworks in Comparative Perspective. Available at
http://www.childandfamilyresearch.ie/media/unescochildandfamilyresearchcentre/
Full-Report-1.pdf. Retrieved on January 21, 2019.
Della Porta, D. and M. Diani. 2006. Social Movements: An introduction, 2nd ed.
United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
Ghaus-Pasha, Aisha. 2004. Role of Civil Society Organizations in Governance.

Available at https://bit.ly/2RBkh2L. Retrieved on January 18, 2019.
Gripaldo, E et al. 2005. Kasaysayan ng Filipino at mga institusyong Filipino. Q.C:
UPD-SWF.
Ordonez v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. 115576, Aug. 4, 1994.
Pawilen, RA and Pawilen, Reian M. (2017) Philippine Politics and Governance.

Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Racelis, M. (2004) Contributions, and Contradictions: Philippine Civil Society and the
Millennium Development Goals. Institute of Philippine Culture Ateneo de Manila
University.
Ramos, Renan E. (2016) Philippine Politics and Governance, 1253 Gregorio Araneta
Avenue, Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Rivas, Dionesio C. and Nael, Michael M. (2010) Politics, Governance, and the
Philippine Constitution. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Tandem, T. (2016) Philippine Social Movements: Challenging the Rule of the

Oligarchy. 24th World Congress of Political Science, International Political
Science Association (IPSA). “Politics in a World of Inequality”. Poznan, Poland.
Task Force Detainees (2019) Philippine Human Rights Groups. Available at

https://www.tfdp.net/links/20-philippine-human-rights-groups. Retrieved on
January 19, 2019.
ONLINE SOURCES
Informal Essay Rubric: https://bit.ly/2WatltI

https://bit.ly/2FFtzUX
Mohandas Gandhi: https://bit.ly/2syZ8qW
Manuel Quezon: https://bit.ly/2MnsSjI
https://bit.ly/2Mnt16K
https://www.bworldonline.com/philippine-democracy/
Official Gazette. The Judicial Branch. Retrieved from the Philippine Government
Website: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/
60
Arellano Law Foundation. Republic Act No. 3019. Retrieved from Lawphil Website:
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1960/ra_3019_1960.html
IMAGE SOURCES
Decentralisation of Authority,
https://freebcomnotes.blogspot.com/2017/02/decentralisation-of-authority.html
https://bit.ly/2RBSO0H
https://Shrinx.it/hivh
https://bit.ly/2CB2JsW
https://bit.ly/2HmAZhy
https://bit.ly/2RDk1Ah
https://i.pinimg.com
61

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82

LESSON 9: Research Project on Political

Development Team of the Module:

Author: Jonalee S. Yongco

Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Regional Office 10

This module has nine lessons:

and Social Movements to Philippine Democracy

● LESSON 9- Research on Political Engagement and Youth

Enjoy and happy learning!

After going through this module, you are expected to;

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

● Do all the activities diligently to help you understand the topic.

● Familiarize yourself with the following terms:

Authority the exercise of legitimate power

work in an organized and active way

refers to the administrative machinery

(a) identification of an individual based

non-government members of society

transfer of authority from central to

Governance refers to the various ways through

Government one of the institutions involved in

Party-list a voting system used with proportional

Politics may be defined as the art of

Political Science deals with the study of power in

Social Movement a distinct social process, consisting of

LESSON 1: Decentralization and the Local Government

A. Identification: Identify the proper court that is described in each number.

of Court may provide final judgments or orders of lower

_________ 3. It is in this court where cases of officials of the executive

_________ 4. It is in this court where the decisions of the Commissioner of

Geographically, the Philippines is an archipelago wherein it is divided into

Picto-Analysis: Direction: From the image below, answer the question in

Source: “Decentralisation of Authority,”

Decentralization of the government happens when the responsibility,

Decentralization has a positive impact in terms of the delivery of basic

1. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of a decentralized

2. Does decentralization achieve more positive or more negative effects? Discuss

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Direction: Draw a symbol representing the decentralization of the power and

Summary and Reflection Box:

Direction: Summarize what you learned in this lesson in three to five

Beyond the Wall:

LESSON 2: Right to Vote

➢ voter’s decision in fair, free, and honest elections cannot be disputed.

➢ Regular election – one conducted nationwide or in certain political

1. Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the

able to read and write;

at least 40 years of age on the day of the election; and

a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately

The same qualification is required for the Vice President.

at least 35 years of age on the day of the election;

a registered voter; and

at least 25 years of age on the day of the election;

able to read and write;

except for party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in

he/she must be a citizen of the Philippines

he/she must be a registered voter in the barangay, municipality, city,

candidates for the position of member of the sangguniang panlungsod

Analysis Guide: Direction: Answer the questions given below in your

1. Why is the right of suffrage very important?

Knowledge Checker: Direction: Research the definitions of

the following terms. Cite your sources.