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Rectangular
Components of Force
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1
 Objectives

• At the end of the lesson, you should be

able
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– resolve a force into components.
– replace multiple forces acting on a
particle with a single equivalent or
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resultant Masterusing
force subtitle component
style
methods.

2
Recall:
A RESULTANT force can be thought of as the TOTAL
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or NET effect of 2 forces (or more) which are combined.
In the same way, given a single force, we can
determineClick
the COMPONENTS which westyle
to edit Master subtitle can think of as
the forces added to get that single (RESULTANT)
force.

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 Outline

• RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A FORCE

–Click to edit
Resolution Master
of Forces title style
and Component Method
in 2D
– Forces in Space
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4
 Resolution of Forces

• Using Parallelogram Law the resultant of two

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concurrent forcesMaster title style
can be determined.

• Of equal importance is the inverse operation

called resolution
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to edit Master which astyle
given force is
replaced by two components which are
equivalent to the given force.

5
 Resolution of Forces

Vector Addition is like ‘combining vectors (forces)’ and

representing them as a single vector (force).
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Vector (force) 1

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Singlestyle
resultant
vector (force)
Vector (force) 2

For 2- dimensional
z-compone 6
 Resolution of Forces

Resolution of a force is like ‘breaking it into parts’.

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x-component

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Individual
vector in space
y-component

For 2- dimensional
z-component
7
 Goals

Let’s focus on the core skills that you need to

develop in relation to this topic:
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Find the component of a force
2. Express a Force in terms of its
Resolution
components
of a Force
a. Master
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notation style
b. angle-bracket notation

3. Use component of forces to find the

Vector
resultant force (COMPONENT
Addition
METHOD) 8
 Resolution of Forces

• Depending on the directions specified,

Non-rectangular
there are infinite number of pairs of
components
Clickcomponents
oblique to edit Master title
of a certain style
vector F that may be found.

• However, it is much more convenient

Clicka toforce
to resolve edit into
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a pair of styleRectangular
perpendicular components. components

Check on the video link to Wiley resources to better

differentiate between these two types 
9
 Resolution of Forces

It is important to note that the rectangular

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components will be used MOST
FREQUENTLY throughout the course.
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10
 Resolution of Forces

A force vector resolved into

perpendicular components so that the
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resulting parallelogram is a rectangle.

 
Fx and Fy are called rectangular
components of F where:
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  style

F  Fx  F. y

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 Resolution of Forces
In vector notation:
Vector components can be
expressed as products of the unit
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of the vector components. That is,

F  Fx i  F y j

𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 i where:
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F  F cos  x

F y  F sin 
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚 j

i is a unit vector along the x axis while j

12
is the unit vector along the y-axis
 Resolution of Forces
No need to indicate i or j besides values of
In vector notation: components. Simply separate with comma and
enclosed inside the angle brackets < > …NOT
parenthesis!
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Equivalently, in terms of angle

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subtitle style
notation,

F  Fx , Fy unit
𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 i
where:
F x  F cos 
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚 j F y  F sin  13
 Resolution of Forces

1. Consider the inclined

force D shown:
Click
Express to inedit
values 5 SF.Master title D=455
style lbf
y
a. Determine the
components
Clickof force
to edit D
Master subtitle style
along the x and y axes.
60ᴼ
b. Express D in terms of
unit vector notation and x
angle-bracket notation. 14
 D=455 lbf
a. Determine the components y
of force D along the x and y
axes.

Dx  D cos  60ᴼ
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 455 cos 60 x
Dx  227.50 lb f expressed in 5 SF

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D y  D sin 
 455 sin 60
D y  394.04 lb f expressed in 5 SF
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 D=455 lbf
b. Express D in terms of: y
unit
 vector notation
D  Dx i  D y j

D  227.50 i  394.04 j  lb f or
60ᴼ


D  Click
227.50 iˆto edit
 394 
.04 ˆjMaster
lb f title style
x
in angle-bracket notation
 Click to edit Master subtitle style
D  Dx , D y

D  227.50 , 394.04 lb f

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 Resolution of Forces

2. Resolve the horizontal force

P into components acting along
the Click
m and rto edit
axes andMaster
determinetitle style
the magnitudes of these
components if P=100 N, a =22ᴼ
and =25ᴼ.
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Express answer in
5 Significant Figures.

17
2. Resolve the horizontal force P into components acting along
the m and r axes and determine the magnitudes of these
components if P=100 N, a =22ᴼ and =25ᴼ.
Express answer in 5 Significant Figures.
 P cos
cos
rrrPPcos
PPP
Pr
100
100 cos
100cos 25
25
cos25
P
r 
Click
P r 90.631 N
P 90
90 ..631
631 N
N
tor- edit
expressed
Master
component
in 5 SF
title style
r

m component
Pm= −68.200Click
N to edit Master subtitle style
expressed in 5 SF
The NEGATIVE sign on Pm means
that the component of P is along the Pm
negative side of m-axis.

Thus, the magnitudes are:

Pr=90.631 N and Pm= 68.200 N 18
 Component Method of
Vector Addition

Resolution may be used in finding resultant of 2 or more concurrent

forces. Resolve each into rectangular components, then add the
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components in each direction.
B
By j

Click
O
to edit Master Asubtitle
i style
Bi
x
Ci x
x

Cyj
A
C Ayj

       
R  R X i  R y j  A x i  A y j  Bx i  By j  C x i  C y j
R  A B C  
 A x  Bx  Cx  i   A y  By  Cy  j
  19
 
 Component Method of Vector Addition

A 2-D vector (like the resultant force) can also be

represented with
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a magnitude and angle (direction).

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R style
R  Rx2  R y2  ref  tan 1 y

Rx
NOTE: The direction (angle with
respect to x-axis is not always equal
to the reference angle, θref.
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 Component Method of
Vector Addition

NOTE:   tan R R ref is a reference angle. Specific directions may

1
Ry
R ref
x

be obtained by knowing the Quadrant wherein R is located and

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solving for R ,as necessary.
Sign of Sign of Quadrant Representation  R
Rx Ry (location of R) of R (direction of R)

 R   Rref
R
+ + QI 
Click to edit Master subtitle style Rref

R
- + QII   R  180   Rref
Rref

Rref
- - QIII  R  180   Rref
R

+ - QIV Rref  R  360  21Rref

R
3. Three forces act on bolt A as shown.
Determine the resultant of the force on the
bolt.Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

22
 For Vector addition by COMPONENT
Method, you may tabulate your
solution as follows:

The NEGATIVE /positive signs on X

and y components depend on the
SIGN of x and y on each Quadrant
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X component title
magnitude Reference Angle style
Y component
(acute angle wrt
x axis)

F1 50 N 70ᴼ -50 cos 70ᴼ 50 sin 70ᴼ

Quadrant II
110 N
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edit Master subtitle style
F2 0 -110
F3 100 N 15ᴼ 100 cos 15ᴼ -100 sin15ᴼ
Quadrant IV

Rx=79.49157546 Ry=-88.89727347
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Rx= sum of all x components ; Ry= sum of all y components
 Solve for the MAGNITUDE of
resultant force, R


R  Rx2  R 2y

R  119.2545001 N
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1 Ry
ref  tan
R Rx REMEMBER:
This is NOT YET the direction of R
ref  48.197
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R

Examine the SIGNs of Rx and Ry to know the Quadrant location of R.

Rx=positive
Ry=negative R is on Quadrant IV
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Refer to the following TABLE to know the formula for determining the direction of R
 Refer to the following TABLE to know the formula for determining the direction of R

NOTE:   tan R ref R is a reference angle. Specific directions may

1
Ry
R ref
x

be obtained by knowing the Quadrant wherein R is located and

Click to edit Master title style
solving for R ,as necessary.
Sign of Sign of Quadrant Representation  R
Rx Ry (location of R) of R (direction of R)
R
+ + QI   R  ref R
Click to edit Master subtitle style ref R

R
- + QII  R  180  ref R
 ref R

ref R
- - QIII  R  180  ref R
R

+ - QIV ref R  R  360  ref

25 R
R
 Determine the DIRECTION of R

Since RClick to edit

is on Quadrant IV, Master title
 R  360  ref
R
style
 R  360  ref
R
 360  48.197
 R Click to edit
 311.80 Master subtitle style

The FINAL ANSWER if magnitude angle direction is required is


R  119.25 N , 311.80
26
Click to edit Master
EXPLORE : Othertitle style
possible ways to
express

the ANSWER
R  119.25 N , 311.80
are style
Click to edit Master subtitle

R  119.25 N , 48.197 S of E

R  119.25 N , S: 41.803 E

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 Final Master
Click to edit answer title style
a. in terms of unit vector notation :
R   79.492 i  -88.897 j N

R  Master
Click to edit i  88.897
79.492 subtitle j N
style
b. In terms of angle bracket
notation:

R  79.492 , :88.897 N
28
 References

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See uploaded list of references/
textbook on BBL

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29
Click to edit Master title style
End of Lecture
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