LR1.3 - Forces in Space - MMI - MEC101

Dear MEC101 class,
From time to time you’ll be seeing

the professor’s image on this
presentation.
Click to editSimply
Master taketitle
it asstyle
Ma’am Monette/Ma’am Isles
saying some important remarks on
specific slides
Click to of thissubtitle
edit Master lecture.style
1
Click to edit Master title style
Forces in Space
Click to edit Master subtitle style
2
Objectives
• At the end of the lesson, you should be

able
Clickto: to edit Master title style
– resolve a force into components.
– replace multiple forces acting on a
particle with a single equivalent or
Click to edit
resultant Masterusing
force subtitle component
style
methods.
3
Recall:
Forces can beto
Click resolved
edit into COMPONENTS.
Master title The most
style
common of which is the Rectangular Components.
Given a force’s magnitude and direction (expressed as the

angle withClick
respect to theMaster
to edit horizontal axis. The
subtitle x and y
style
components are obtained by F x  F cos  and F y  F sin 
respectively.
4
Recall:
A 2D force can be expressed into COMPONENTs and
Clickasto
expressed edit Master
follows:   title  style
F  Fx  Fy
That is, 
in unit vector notation: F  Fx i  F y j
Click to edit Master
 subtitle style
in angle bracket notation: F  Fx , Fy
5
Outline
• RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A FORCE

Click
–
R in 2D to
Resolution edit
of Master
Forces and title
Component style
Method
F– Forces in Space
6
Goals
Today’s session is simply an extension of the

Click tolastedit Master
topic on 2D forces. title style
The same skills are expected to be
Resolution developed for 3D forces. These are:
of a Force 1. determining components of a force
2. edit
Click to expressing
Mastera force in terms
subtitle of its
style
components
Vector 3. finding the resultant force using

Addition component method
7
Resolution of Forces
Click to edit Master title style x-component
Individual y-component
Clickinto
vector edit
space Master subtitle style
z-component
For 3- dimensional
8
9
The technique/formulas to be used in

finding the components will vary
depending on the given information.
10
CASE 1. magnitude of force and

directional angles are given
Click to edit Master title style 
If cos θ , cos θ , and cos θ are the direction cosines for F
x y z
   
F  Fx i  F y j  Fz k
The Force components are obtained by:
Fx  F cos θ x F y  F cos θ y Fz  F cos θz 11

If cos θx , cos θy , and cos θz are the direction cosines for F

cos 2 θ x  cos 2 θ y  cos 2 θ z  1
Fx Fy Fz F
  
Click to edit cos θsubtitle
Master x cos θ y style
cos θ z 1
The directional cosines are related by the

equation above. This will be useful in
cases when not all directional angles are
provided.
12
1. Find thetorectangular
Click edit Master title style
components of the
force P given that its
magnitude to 45
Click is edit N .
Master subtitle style
13
1. Find the rectangular
components of the force
P given that its
magnitude is 45 N.
Solution:
First, draw the points O and W

to create the axis OW.
Click to edit Master subtitle style W
O
14
P given that its
magnitude is 45 N.
Force P is a vector in the
plane bounded by the z-axis
and the ow-axis so we can
solve for the components of P
along this two axes.
Pz  45N sin 50 
Pz  37.472 N
CAUTION: Do not round

Pw  45N cos 50  off yet since this is not 15
yet the final answer.
P given that its
magnitude is 45 N.
Consider the Py  Pw cos 30
top view 
 45 cos 50  cos 30
Py  25.050 N
Px w Px   Pw sin 30
  45 cos 50  sin 30
30ᴼ
+y Px  14.463 N
Py
NEGATIVE sign since direction
16
+x of Px is towards the –x axis
P given that its
magnitude is 45 N.
The components of P are:
Conclude:
Pz  37.472 N
Py  25 .050 N
Px  14.463 N
To check: Use the extended
Pythagorean Theorem and the result
must be equal to 45N if no rounding off
is done.
17
CASE 2. coordinates of line of action

Click of force are given
to edit Master title style
M  x1,y1,z1  and
 
N  x2,y2,z2 
 
x  x 2  x1
y  y 2  y1
z  z 2  z1
d x2  y2  z2 18
CASE 2. coordinates of line of action

Click of force are given
to edit Master title style
Using Proportionality of Force Components to Distance
Components: F F x F y Fz
    Fm
Click to edit
d xMaster
y subtitle
z style
where Fm is the value of the equal ratios and is known as
the force multiplier.
The Force components are obtained by:
x y z
Fx  F Fy  F Fz  F
d d d 19
2. The cable attached to the eyebolt shown in the

figure is pulled with the force F of magnitude of
100 N. Determine the rectangular components of
this force.
20
Solution: RECOGNIZE first the INITIAL and FINAL position/
points along the line of action of Force F

INITIAL is at point A and Direction of movement sign of x,y,z
FINAL is at point B. This from A to B
will be your guide in Along x: backwards NEGATIVE
thinking the SIGNS to Along y: to the right POSITIVE
use for x,y and z Along z: downwards NEGATIVE
21
Solution: USING :SCALAR APPROACH
we have the following values
x  4 m
y  6m
z  3m
d x 2  y 2  z 2  61m
z
x
Fy  F
y Fz  F
Fx  F d
d Click to edit Master
d subtitle style 3
4 6  100 N
 100 N  100 N 61
61 61
 300
 400 600 Fz  N
Fx  N Fy  N 61
61 61
To check: Use the extended Pythagorean Theorem and the 22

result must be approximately equal to 100N
Solution:
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:
In terms of vector notation:

• The points are A( 4,0,3 ) and B( 0,6,0 )
If we moved from A to B,
we walked – 4 units along x
• Vector AB is  4i  6 j  3k (inward), 6 units along y
(rightward), and -4 units
along z (downward). 23
Solution:
The magnitude of AB
AB  4i  6 j  3k
Click to edit Master
d  AB  4  6  3  61
2 2 title
2 style
The force coordinates are
z
x y Fz  F
Fx  F Click to F
editFyMaster subtitle style d
d d
3
4 6  100 N
 100 N  100 N 61
61 61
 300
 400 600 Fz  N
Fx  N Fy  N 61
61 61
24
Fx  51.215 N Fy  76.822 N Fz  38.411N
Alternative Solution: We can solve the problem
using vector ( i, j, k )
notation.
• Given F = 100N
•
The magnitude of AB  4i  6 j  3k is d  61
• The force vector is given by 
F  F
Click to4iedit
 6 j Master
3k  subtitle style
F  100 N  
The symbol λ is the
 61  unit vector along
 400i  600 j  300k AB.
F N
61
• Thus, Fx  51.215 N Fy  76.822 N Fz  38.411N 25

Component Method
2. Determine the Master title style

Click to edit
resultant of the two
forces shown on the
figure.
26
Solution:
USING :SCALAR APPROACH
First, label initial and final

points of the lines of action of
two forces if not indicated.

You may want to
B
tabulate results of A
x,y,z,d determination
for simpler solution
Force x y z d
AB -4 3 0 5
AC 0 3 -5 √34 C
27
Solution:
USING :SCALAR APPROACH
Force x y z d
AB -4 3 0 5
AC Click
0 to3 edit-5Master
√34 title style
magnitude X component Y component Z component
F1 120 N Click 4  3 

120to edit
 Master
120  subtitle
 style 0
 5  5 
F2 100 N 0  3 
100 
 5 
100 
 34   34 
Rx=-96 Ry=123.4495755 Rz=-85.74929257

28
Rx= sum of all x components ; Ry= sum of all y components; Rz= sum of all z components
Solve for the MAGNITUDE of
resultant force, R

R  Rx2  R 2y  Rz2

R  178.35 N
REMEMBER:
the direction of R is given by the directional angles
Click
Rx  to edit 1  R y subtitle
Master style 1  Rz 
1  y  cos  z  cos  
x  cos    R 
 R     R
x  122.57 y  46.197 z  118.74
29
Solution:
USING :VECTOR APPROACH
Force x y z d
AB -4 3 0 5
AC Click
0 to3 edit-5Master
√34 title style
4   34 
FAB  120  i  120 j
 5   5 
 3   5 
FAB  100  j  100  k
 34   34 
R   96 i  123.45 j  85.750 k  N
30
References

See uploaded list of references/
textbook on BBL
31
End of Lecture
32

LR1.3 - Forces in Space - MMI - MEC101

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Dear MEC101 class,

From time to time you’ll be seeing

• At the end of the lesson, you should be

Given a force’s magnitude and direction (expressed as the

• RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A FORCE

Today’s session is simply an extension of the

Vector 3. finding the resultant force using

Click to edit Master title style x-component

Click to edit Master subtitle style

The technique/formulas to be used in

CASE 1. magnitude of force and

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master title style

The directional cosines are related by the

First, draw the points O and W

CAUTION: Do not round

CASE 2. coordinates of line of action

CASE 2. coordinates of line of action

2. The cable attached to the eyebolt shown in the

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

To check: Use the extended Pythagorean Theorem and the 22

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

• Thus, Fx  51.215 N Fy  76.822 N Fz  38.411N 25

2. Determine the Master title style

First, label initial and final

Click to edit Master title style

F1 120 N Click 4  3 

Rx=-96 Ry=123.4495755 Rz=-85.74929257

Click to edit Master title style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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