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This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the
Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王 ; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into
different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title
for himself, that of "emperor" (Chinese: 皇帝 ; pinyin: huángdì). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of
China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to
the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way
comprehensive.
Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same
emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables
below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters
and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances — "Modi" ( 末帝
; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" ( 末
主 後主
; "last lord"), "Houzhu" ( 少帝
; "later lord"), "Shaodi" ( ; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" ( 少主; "young lord"), "Feidi" ( 廢帝; "deposed
emperor"), etc.; these terms are not temple names, posthumous names or regnal names.
In some cases, the regnal or era name is changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change
occurs in the subsequent year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the first full year of the sovereign's
reign.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the
relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) → Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period) → Chinese emperors family tree
(early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Contents
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ( 三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)
Xia dynasty (夏朝) (2070–1600 BC)
Shang dynasty (商朝) (1600–1046 BC)
Title Name by which most commonly Reign (according to In Chinese Other names
known tradition)
Qi of Xia 2106–2077 BC Qǐ 啟 –
Wu Yi Zi Qú 子瞿 1147–1112 BC Wǔ Yǐ 武乙 –
Di Yi Zi Xiàn 子羡 1101–1076 BC Dì Yǐ 帝乙 –
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given
only as a guide.
Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are
the subject of often vigorous dispute.
Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign1 Posthumous name
Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty. The Duke of Qin, Ying Si ( ), declared himself 嬴駟
king in 325 BC and was given the posthumous name King Huiwen of Qin ( 秦惠文王
). In 256 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty,
and in 221 BC, Ying Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of
Qin." The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.
Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Regnal name
Qin Shi Huang1,2 Yíng Zhèng 嬴政 (246)2 221–210 BC Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇
Qin Er Shi Yíng Húhài 嬴胡亥 209–207 BC Qin Er Shi 秦二世
Ziying3 Yíng Zǐyīng 嬴子嬰 207 BC Qin San Shi 秦三世
1 — Zhaoxiang's reign as king of the State of Qin began in 306 BC before the fall of Zhou. Subsequently, in the absence of a Son of Heaven, historians conventionally used Qin regnal dates to refer
to the years 255 to 222 BC.
2 — Qin Shi Huang began his reign as king of Qin 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC.
3 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin ( 秦王子嬰).
孝
Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" ( ; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by
scholars when they are used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")
Name by which most commonly
Personal name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name Temple name
known
劉恆 179–157
後元 Emperor 孝文皇 太
Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng
BC
Hòuyuán 163–156 BC
Xiaowen 帝 Taizong
宗
Zhōngyuán 中元 149–143 BC
孝景皇
Emperor Jing of Han Liu Qi 劉啟 156–141
Emperor Xiaojing
帝 –
BC
Hòuyuán 後元 143–141 BC
Jiànyuán 建元 140–135 BC
Yuánguāng 元光 134–129 BC
Yuánshuò 元朔 128–123 BC
Yuánshòu 元狩 122–117 BC
Yuándǐng 元鼎 116–111 BC
劉徹 140–87
元封 孝武皇 世
Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che
BC
Yuánfēng 110–105 BC Emperor Xiaowu
帝 Shizong
宗
Tàichū 太初 104–101 BC
Tiānhàn 天漢 100–97 BC
Tàishǐ 太始 96–93 BC
Zhēnghé 征和 92–89 BC
Hòuyuán 後元 88–87 BC
劉弗 Shǐyuán 始元 86–80 BC
Emperor 孝昭皇
Emperor Zhao of Han Liu Fuling
陵 86–74 BC
Yuánfèng 元鳳 80–75 BC
Xiaozhao 帝
Marquis of Haihun Liu He 劉賀 74 BC Yuánpíng 元平 74 BC – –
Běnshǐ 本始 73–70 BC
Dìjié 地節 69–66 BC
Yuánkāng 元康 65–61 BC
劉詢 神爵 Emperor 孝宣皇 中
Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun 73–49 BC Shénjué 61–58 BC
Xiaoxuan 帝 Zhongzong
宗
Wǔfèng 五鳳 57–54 BC
Gānlù 甘露 53–50 BC
Huánglóng 黃龍 49 BC
Yǒngguāng 永光 43–39 BC
孝元皇 高
Emperor Yuan of Han Liu Shi 劉奭 48–33 BC
Emperor
帝 Gaozong3
宗
Jiànzhāo 建昭 38–34 BC
Xiaoyuan 3
Jìngníng 竟寧 33 BC
Jiànshǐ 建始 32–28 BC
Hépíng 河平 28–25 BC
Yángshuò 陽朔 24–21 BC
劉驁 鴻嘉 Emperor 孝成皇 統
Emperor Cheng of Han Liu Ao 32–7 BC Hóngjiā 20–17 BC
Xiaocheng 帝 Tongzong3
宗 3
Yǒngshǐ 永始 16–13 BC
Yuányán 元延 12–9 BC
Suīhé 綏和 8–7 BC
Jiànpíng 建平 6–3 BC
孝哀皇
Emperor Ai of Han Liu Xin 劉欣 6–1 BC Emperor Xiao'ai
帝 –
Yuánshòu 元壽 2–1 BC
劉衎 1 BC – 5
元始 Emperor 孝平皇 Yuanzong3
元
Emperor Ping of Han Liu Kan
AD
Yuánshǐ 1 BC – 5 AD
Xiaoping 帝 宗 3
Jùshè 居攝 6 AD – Oct. 8 AD
Ruzi Ying2 Liu Ying 劉嬰 6–8 – –
Chūshǐ 初始 Nov. 8 AD – Dec. 8
AD
Interregnum (9 AD – 23 AD)
劉炟 元和 Emperor 孝章皇 肅
Emperor Zhang of Han Liu Da 76–88 AD Yuánhé 84–87 AD
Xiaozhang 帝 Suzong
宗
Zhānghé 章和 87–88 AD
Yǒngyuán 永元 89–105 AD
孝和皇 穆
Emperor He of Han Liu Zhao 劉肇 89–105
Emperor Xiaohe
帝 Muzong3
宗
AD
Yuánxīng 元興 105 AD
3
Yǒngchū 永初 107–113 AD
Yuánchū 元初 114–120 AD
孝安皇 恭
Emperor An of Han Liu Hu 劉祜 106–125
Emperor Xiao'an
帝 Gongzong3
宗
AD
Yǒngníng 永寧 120–121 AD
3
Jiànguāng 建光 121–122 AD
Yǒngjiàn 永建 126–132 AD
Yángjiā 陽嘉 132–135 AD
劉保 125–144
永和 Emperor 孝順皇 敬
Emperor Shun of Han Liu Bao
AD
Yǒnghé 136–141 AD
Xiaoshun 帝 Jingzong3
宗 3
Hàn'ān 漢安 142–144 AD
Jiànkāng 建康 144 AD
劉炳 144–145
永嘉 Emperor 孝沖皇
Emperor Chong of Han Liu Bing
AD
Yōngxī 145 AD
Xiaochong 帝 –
劉纘 145–146
本初 孝質皇
Emperor Zhi of Han Liu Zuan
AD
Běnchū 146 AD Emperor Xiaozhi
帝 –
Jiànhé 建和 147–149 AD
Hépíng 和平 150 AD
Yuánjiā 元嘉 151–153 AD
劉志 146–168
永興 Emperor 孝桓皇 威
Emperor Huan of Han Liu Zhi
AD
Yǒngxīng 153–154 AD
Xiaohuan 帝 Weizong3
宗 3
Yǒngshòu 永壽 155–158 AD
Yánxī 延熹 158–167 AD
Yǒngkāng 永康 167 AD
Jiànníng 建寧 168–172 AD
Xīpíng 熹平 172–178 AD
孝靈皇
Emperor Ling of Han Liu Hong 劉宏 168–189
Emperor Xiaoling
帝 –
AD
Guānghé 光和 178–184 AD
Zhōngpíng 中平 184–189 AD
Guīngxī 光熹 189 AD
Prince of Hongnong Liu Bian 劉辯 189 AD – –
Zhàoníng 昭寧 189 AD
Yǒnghàn 永漢 189 AD
Chūpíng 初平 190–193 AD
劉協 189–220
興平 Emperor 孝獻皇
Emperor Xian of Han Liu Xie
AD
Xīngpíng 194–195 AD
Xiaoxian 帝 –
Jiàn'ān 建安 196–220 AD
Yánkāng 延康 220 AD
2 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD.
Dìhuáng 地皇 20–23 AD
曹 子 220–226
黃初 Emperor 文皇
Cao Pi Cáo Pī
丕 Zihuan
桓 AD
Huángchū 220–226 AD
Wen 帝
Tàihé 太和 227–233 AD
曹 元 226–239
青龍 Emperor 明皇
Cao Rui Cáo Ruì
叡 Yuanzhong
仲 AD
Qīnglóng 233–237 AD
Ming 帝
Jǐngchū 景初 237–239 AD
曹 蘭 Zhèngshǐ 正始 240–249 AD
Cao Fang
Cáo
芳 Lanqing
卿
239–254
Duke Li 厲公
Fāng AD
Jiāpíng 嘉平 249–254 AD
曹 彥 254–260
Zhèngyuán 正元 254–256 AD
Cao Mao Cáo Máo
髦 Yanshi
士 AD
Gānlù 甘露 256–260 AD
–
Cáo 曹 景 260–266
Jǐngyuán 景元 260–264 AD
Emperor 元皇
Cao Huan
Huàn 奐 Jingming
明 AD
Xiánxī 咸熙 264–266 AD
Yuan 帝
劉 玄 221–223
章武 昭烈皇
Liu Bei Liú Bèi
備 Xuande
德 AD
Zhāngwǔ 221–223 AD Emperor Zhaolie
帝
Jiànxīng 建興 223–237 AD
Liú 劉 公 223–263
Yánxī 延熙 238–257 AD
Emperor 孝懷皇
Liu Shan
Shàn 禪 Gongsi
嗣 AD
Jǐngyào 景耀 258–263 AD
Xiaohuai 帝
Yánxīng 炎興 263 AD
Huángwǔ 黃武 222–229
Huánglóng 黃龍 229–231 AD
Sūn 孫 仲 222–252
Jiāhé 嘉禾 232–238 AD
大皇
Sun Quan
Quán 權 Zhongmou
謀 AD
Chìwū 赤烏 238–251 AD
Emperor Da
帝
Tàiyuán 太元 251–252 AD
Shénfèng 神鳳 252 AD
Jiànxīng 建興 252–253 AD
Sūn 孫 子 五鳳
Sun Liang
Liàng 亮 Ziming
明 252–258 Wǔfèng 254–256 AD –
Tàipíng 太平 256–258 AD
孫 子 258–264
永安 Emperor 景皇
Sun Xiu Sūn Xiū
休 Zilie
烈 AD
Yǒngān 258–264 AD
Jing 帝
Yuánxīng 元興 264–265 AD
Gānlù 甘露 265–266 AD
Bǎodǐng 寶鼎 266–269 AD
孫 元 264–280
Jiànhéng 建衡 269–271 AD
Sun Hao Sūn Hào
皓 Yuanzong
宗 AD
Fènghuáng 鳳凰 272–274 AD
–
Tiāncè 天冊 275–276 AD
Tiānxǐ 天璽 276 AD
Tiānjì 天紀 277–280 AD
孝
Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" ( ; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by
scholars when referencing these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")
Era names
Posthumous name
Xiánníng 咸寧 275–280 AD
世
Emperor Wu of Jin Sīmǎ Yán 司馬炎 266–290
Emperor Wu 武皇帝 Shizu
祖
AD
Tàikāng 太康 280–289 AD
Tàixī 太熙 290 AD
Yǒngxī 永熙 290 AD
Yǒngpīng 永平 291 AD
Yuánkāng 元康 291–299 AD
Yǒngkāng 永康 300–301 AD
Yǒngníng 永寧 301–302 AD
司馬衷 290–306
太安 Emperor 孝惠皇
Emperor Hui of Jin Sīmǎ Zhōng
AD
Tàiān 302–303 AD
Xiaohui 帝 –
Yǒngān 永安 304 AD
Jiànwǔ 建武 304 AD
Yǒngān 永安 304 AD
Yǒngxīng 永興 304–306 AD
Guāngxī 光熙 306 AD
司馬熾 307–313
永嘉 Emperor 孝懷皇
Emperor Huai of Jin Sīmǎ Chì
AD
Yǒngjiā 307–313 AD
Xiaohuai 帝 –
司馬鄴 313–317
建興 Emperor 孝愍皇
Emperor Min of Jin Sīmǎ Yè
AD
Jiànxīng 313–317 AD
Xiaomin 帝 –
Jiànwǔ 建武 317–318 AD
司馬睿 317–322
大興 元皇帝 中
Emperor Yuan of Jin Sīmǎ Ruì
AD
Dàxīng 318–321 AD Emperor Yuan Zhōngzōng
宗
Yǒngchāng 永昌 321–322 AD
Yǒngchāng 永昌 322–323 AD
肅
Emperor Míng of Jin Sīmǎ Shào 司馬紹 322–325
Emperor Ming 明皇帝 Suzu
祖
AD
Tàiníng 太寧 323–325 AD
Tàiníng 太寧 325 AD
司馬衍 325–342
咸和 成皇帝 顯
Emperor Cheng of Jin Sīmǎ Yǎn
AD
Xiánhé 326–334 AD Emperor Cheng Xianzong
宗
Xiánkāng 咸康 335–342 AD
Yǒnghé 永和 345–356 AD
顯
Emperor Mu of Jin Sima Dān 司馬聃 345–361
Emperor Mu 穆皇帝 Xianzong
宗
AD
Shēngpíng 升平 357–361 AD
Lónghé 隆和 362–363 AD
Emperor Ai of Jin Sīmǎ Pī 司馬丕 361–365
Emperor Ai 哀皇帝 –
AD
Xīngníng 興寧 363–365 AD
司馬昱 371–372
咸安 Emperor 簡文皇 太
Emperor Jianwen of Jin Sīmǎ Yù
AD
Xiánān 371–372 AD
Jianwen 帝 Taizong
宗
Níngkāng 寧康 373–375 AD
孝武皇 烈
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Sīmǎ Yào 司馬曜 372–396 Emperor
帝 Lièzōng
宗
AD
Tàiyuán 太元 376–396 AD
Xiaowu
Lóngān 隆安 397–401 AD
Sīmǎ 司馬德 396–418
元興 安皇帝
Emperor An of Jin
Dézōng 宗 AD
Yuánxīng 402–404 AD Emperor An –
Yìxī 義熙 405–418 AD
建 304–307
Jiànxīng
興 AD
劉 光
Liu He
和 7 days in 310 AD Guāngxīng
興 310 – –
嘉 311–315
Jiāpíng
平 AD
劉 a month and some days in 318 Hànchāng (until renaming as Former 漢 隱皇帝
Liu Can
粲 AD Zhao) 昌 318 AD Emperor Yin –
劉 光 318–329
Liu Yao
曜 318–329 AD Guāngchū (until conquest by Later Zhao)
初 AD
– –
成
Cheng ( ) (304–338 AD)
始祖
李 建初 景 Shǐzu
Li Te
特 303 AD
Jiànchū Emperor
Jing 皇 or
or
or or
帝 Shìzu
世祖
303 AD
Jǐngchū 景初 秦
李 several Prince
文
Li Liu
流 months in
303 AD
Wen of
Qin 王
–
李 Jiànxīng 建興 304–305 AD 武
Li
雄
303–334 Emperor
皇 Taizong 太宗
Xiong AD
Yànpīng 晏平 306–310 AD
Wu
帝
李 哀
Li
Ban 班
7 months
in 334 AD
Yùhéng 玉衡 311–334 AD Emperor
Ai 皇 –
帝
李 334–338
漢興 幽
Li Qi
期 AD
Hànxīng 337–338 AD Duke You
公 –
漢
Han ( ) (338–347 AD)
昭
Li 李 338–343 Hànxīng ( 漢興 ) 338–343
漢興 338–343 AD Emperor 文 中宗
Shou 壽 AD AD (continuation) (continuation) Zhaowen 皇 Zhongzong
帝
Tàihé 太和 344–345 AD
李
Li Shi
勢 343–347
Jiāníng 嘉寧
346–347 AD
(until conquest
– –
by Eastern Jin)
Tàihé 太和 328–329 AD
Shi Le 石勒 319–333 AD Emperor Ming 明皇帝 Gaozu 高祖
Jiànpíng 建平 330–332 AD
Yánxī 延熙 333 AD
Yánxī 延熙 333 AD
Shi Hong 石弘 333–334 AD – –
Jiànwǔ 建武 334 AD
張重 Jianxing 建興 320–354 AD
Zhang
Chonghua 華 346–353 AD
Prince
Huan 桓王 –
Jianxing 建興 355–361
Duke
敬悼公
Zhang 張玄 Jingdao
or
Xuanjing 靚 355–363 AD or
–
Shengping 升平 361–376 AD
Prince
Chong 沖王
張天 悼公
Zhang Tianxi
錫 364–376 AD Duke Dao –
Murong Huang 慕容皝 337–348 AD Yànwáng 燕王 337–348 AD Emperor Wenming 文明皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Yànyuán 燕元 349–351 AD
Yuánxǐ 元璽 352–357 AD
Murong Jun 慕容俊 348–360 AD Emperor Jingzhao 景昭皇帝 Liezong 烈宗
Shēngpíng 升平 357 AD (as vassal of Jin)
Guāngshòu 光壽 357–359 AD
Jiànxī 建熙 359–365 AD
Murong Wei 慕容暐 360–370 AD Emperor You 幽皇帝 –
Jiànyuán 建元 366–370 AD
Yongxing 永興 357–359 AD
Yànwáng 燕王 384–385 AD
Murong Chui 慕容垂 384–396 AD Emperor Chengwu 成武皇帝 Shizu 世祖
Jianxing 建興 386–396 AD
Murong Bao 慕容寶 396–398 AD Yongkang 永康 396–398 AD Emperor Huimin 惠愍皇帝 Liezong 烈宗
Jianping 建平 398 AD
Murong Sheng 慕容盛 398–401 AD Emperor Zhaowu 昭武皇帝 Zhongzong 中宗
Changle 長樂 399–401 AD
Guangshi 光始 401–406 AD
Murong Xi 慕容熙 401–407 AD Emperor Zhaowen 昭文皇帝 –
Jianshi 建始 407 AD
Baique 白雀 384–386 AD
Yao Chang 姚萇 384–393 AD Emperor Wuzhao 武昭皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Jianchu 建初 386–393 AD
Huangchu 皇初 394–399 AD
Yao Xing 姚興 394–416 Emperor Wenhuan 文桓皇帝 Gaozu 高祖
Hongshi 弘始 399–416 AD
Qifu Guoren 乞伏國仁 385–388 AD Jianyi 建義 385–388 AD Prince Xuanlie 宣烈王 Liezu 烈祖
388–400 AD Taichu 太初 388–400 AD
Qifu Qiangui 乞伏乾歸 Prince Wuyuan 武元王 Gaozu 高祖
409–412 AD Gengshi 更始 409–412 AD
Yongkang 永康 412–419 AD
Qifu Chipan 乞伏熾磐 412–428 AD Prince Wenzhao 文昭王 Taizu 太祖
Jianhong 建弘 420–428 AD
Taian 太安 386–389 AD
Lü Guang 呂光 386–399 AD Emperor Yiwu 懿武皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Linjia 麟嘉 389–396 AD
Hongchang 弘昌 402–404 AD
Tufa Rutan 禿髮傉檀 402–414 AD Prince Jǐng 景王 –
Jiaping 嘉平) 409–414 AD
Shenxi 神璽 397–399 AD
Duan Ye 段業 397–401 AD – –
Tianxi 天璽 399–401 AD
Yongan 永安 401–412 AD
Xuanshi 玄始 412–428 AD
Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙遜 401–433 AD Prince Wuxuan 武宣王 Taizu 太祖
Chengxuan 承玄 428–430 AD
Yihe 義和 430–433 AD
Chengping 承平 442–443 AD
Juqu Wuhui 沮渠無諱 442–444 AD – –
Qianshou 乾壽 443–444 AD
Yanwang 燕王 398–400 AD
Murong De 慕容德 398–405 AD Emperor Xianwu 獻武皇帝 Shizong 世宗
Jianping 建平 400–405 AD
Gengzi 庚子 400–405 AD
Li Gao 李暠 400–417 AD Prince Wuzhao 武昭王 Taizu 太祖
Jianchu 建初 406–416 AD
Longsheng 龍升 407–413 AD
Fengxiang 鳳翔 413–418 AD
Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃 407–425 AD Emperor Wulie 武烈皇帝 Shizu 世祖
Changwu 昌武 418–419 AD
Zhenxing 真興 419–425 AD
Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name
宇文普回
Yuwen Puhui
or
or 293 AD – late 3rd century – –
Yuwen Pubo
宇文普撥
Yuwen
Qiubuqin 宇文丘不勤 late 3rd century – –
Yuwen Mogui 宇文莫圭 late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century
(302?)
– –
Yuwen
Xiduguan 宇文悉獨官 early 3rd century – –
Yuwen
Yidougui 宇文逸豆歸 333–345 AD – –
Duan Ya 段牙 325 AD – –
Yang Yi 楊毅 334–337 AD – –
Tuoba tribe ( 鮮卑 拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)
Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name
2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a
continuation of this table.
3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu ( 始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
Dengguo 登國 386–
396
Huangsh 皇始 396–
398 道武皇
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪 386–
409
Emperor Daowu
帝
Tianxing 天興 398–
404
Tianci 天賜 404–
409
Yongxing 永興 409–
413
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern
拓拔嗣 409–
神瑞 414– Emperor 明元皇
Wei
Tuoba Si
423
Shenrui
416 Mingyuan 帝
Taichang 泰常 416–
423
Shiguang 始光 424–
428
Shenjia 神䴥 428–
431
Yanhe 延和 432–
拓拔燾 424–
434
太武皇
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Tuoba Tao
452
Taiyan 太延 435–
440
Emperor Taiwu
帝
太平真 440–
Taipingzhenjun
君 451
Zhengping 正平 451–
452
Xingguang 興光 454–
455 文成皇
Emperor Wencheng of Northern
Wei
Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬 452–
465
Emperor
Wencheng 帝
Tai'an 太安 455–
459
Heping 和平 460–
465
Tian'an 天安 466–
467 獻文皇
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘 466–
471
Emperor Xianwen
帝
Huangxing 皇興 467–
471
Yanxing 延興 471–
476
Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba 元宏 (拓跋 471–
承明 孝文皇
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
Hong) 宏) 499
Chengming 476 Emperor Xiaowen
帝
Taihe 太和 477–
499
Jingming 景明 500–
503
Zhengshi 正始 504–
508 宣武皇
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Yuan Ke 元恪 499–
515
Emperor Xuanwu
帝
Yongping 永平 508–
512
Yanchang 延昌 512–
515
Xiping 熙平 516–
518
Shengui 神龜 518–
520
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern
元詡 516– 孝明皇
Wei
Yuan Xu
528 Zhengguang 正光 520–
525
Emperor Xiaoming
帝
Xiaochang 孝昌 525–
527
Wutai 武泰 528
Jianyi 建義 528
孝莊皇
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern
Yuan Ziyou 元子攸 528– Emperor
帝
Wei 530
Yong'an 永安 528–
530
Xiaozhuang
元恭 531–
普泰) 531–532 普泰 531– 節閔皇
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei Yuan Gong
532 Putai ( 532
Emperor Jiemin
帝
Yuan Lang Yuan Lang 元朗 531–
532
Zhongxing ( 中興) 531– 中興 531–
532
–
532
Taichang 太昌 532
1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of the Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.
Tianping 天平 534–537
Yuanxiang 元象 538–539
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei Yuan Shanjian 元善見 534–550 Emperor Xiaojing 孝靜皇帝
Xinghe 興和 539–542
Wuding 武定 543–550
Emperor Wen of Western Wei Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 535–551 Datong 大統 535–551 Emperor Wen 文皇帝
Emperor Fei of Western Wei Yuan Qin 元欽 552–554 – –
Emperor Gong of Western Wei Tuoba Kuo 拓拔廓 554–557 – Emperor Gong 恭皇帝
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi Gao Yang 高洋 550–559 Tianbao 天保 550–559 Emperor Wenxuan 文宣皇帝
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi Gao Yin 高殷 559–560 Qianming 乾明 560 –
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi Gao Yan 高演 560–561 Huangjian 皇建 560–561 Emperor Xiaozhao 孝昭皇帝
Taining 太寧 561–562
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Gao Zhan 高湛 561–565 Emperor Wucheng 武成皇帝
Heqing 河清 562–565
Tiantong 天統 565–569
Longhua 隆化 576
明皇帝
Emperor Ming
宇文 557–
武成 or
or
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yu
毓 560
Wucheng 559–560
Emperor
Xiaoming
孝明皇帝
Baoding 保定 560–565
宇文 Tianhe 天和 566–572
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
Yuwen
邕
561–
Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Yong 578
Jiande 建德 572–578
Xuanzheng 宣政 578
宇文 578–
大成 宣皇帝
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yun
贇 579
Dacheng 579 Emperor Xuan
宇文 Daxiang 大象 579–581
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
Yuwen
闡
579–
Emperor Jing 靜皇帝
Chan 581
Dading 大定 581
Emperor Wen of Liu Song Liu Yilong 劉義隆 424–453 Yuanjia 元嘉 424–453 Emperor Wen 文皇帝
Xiaojian 元嘉 454–456
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song Liu Jun 劉駿 454–464 Emperor Xiaowu 孝武皇帝
Daming 大明 457–464
Yongguang 永光 465
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song Liu Ziye 劉子業 465 –
Jinghe 景和 465
Taishi 泰始 465–471
Emperor Ming of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉彧 465–472 Emperor Ming
明皇帝
Taiyu 泰豫 472
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉昱 473–477 Yuanhui 元徽 473–477 Prince Cangwu 蒼梧王
Emperor Shun of Liu Song Liu Zhun 劉準 477–479 Shengming 昇明 477–479 Emperor Shun 順皇帝
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 479–482 Jianyuan 建元 479–482 Emperor Gao 高皇帝
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Xiao Ze 蕭賾 482–493 Yongming 永明 483–493 Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Xiao Zhaoye Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業 493–494 Longchang 隆昌 494 –
Xiao Zhaowen Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文 494 Yanxing 延興 494 Prince Gong 恭王
Jianwu 建武 494–498
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 494–498 Emperor Ming 明皇帝
Yongtai 永泰 498
Xiao Baojuan Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷 499–501 Yongyuan 永元 499–501 Marquess Yang 煬侯
Emperor He of Southern Qi Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融 501–502 Zhongxing 中興 501–502 Emperor He 和皇帝
Tianjian 天監 502–519
Putong 普通 520–527
Datong 大通 527–529
Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan 蕭衍 502–549 Zhongdatong 中大通 529–534 Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Datong 大同 535–546
Taiqing 太清 547–549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang Xiao Gang 蕭綱 549–551 Dabao 大寶 550–551 Emperor Jianwen 簡文皇帝
Xiao Dong Xiao Dong 蕭棟 551–552 Tianzheng 天正 551–552 –
Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi 蕭繹 552–555 Chengsheng 承聖 552–555 Emperor Xiaoyuan 孝元皇帝
Xiao Yuanming Xiao Yuanming 蕭淵明 555 Tiancheng 天成 555 Emperor Min 閔皇帝
Shaotai 紹泰 555–556
Emperor Jing of Liang Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智 555–557 Emperor Jing 敬皇帝
Taiping 太平 556–557
Emperor Wu of Chen Chen Baxian 陳霸先 557–559 Yongding 永定 557–559 Emperor Wu 武皇帝
Tianjia 天嘉 560–566
Emperor Wen of Chen Chen Qian 陳蒨 559–566 Emperor Wen 文皇帝
Tiankang 天康 566
Emperor Xuan of Chen Chen Xu 陳頊 569–582 Taijian 太建 569–582 Emperor Xiaoxuan 孝宣皇帝
Zhide 至德 583–586
Chen Shubao Chen Shubao 陳叔寶 583–589 –
Zhenming 禎明 587–589
Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Reign Posthumous name
known years
2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen
許
Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu ( ) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually
regarded as a legitimate emperor.
3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself,
establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The
legitimacy of his reign is disputed.
Empero
Emperor Shenya
Gaozu of
Tang
Lǐ Yuān 李渊 618–626 Wude 武德 618–
626
Dashen
Daguan
Xiao
Empero
Emperor Wenwu
Taizong of
Tang
Lǐ Shìmín 李世民 627–649 Zhenguan 貞觀 627–
649
Dashen
Daguan
Xiao
Yonghui 永徽 650–
655
Xianqing 顯慶 656–
661
Longshuo 龍朔 661–
663
Linde 麟德 664–
665
Qianfeng 乾封 666–
668
Zongzhang 總章 668–
670
Empero
Emperor Xianheng 咸亨 670–
Tianhua
Gaozong
of Tang
Lǐ Zhì 李治 650–683
674
Dashen
Dahong
Shangyuan 上元 674–
676 Xiao
Yifeng 儀鳳 676–
679
Tiaolu 調露 679–
680
Yonglong 永隆 680–
681
Kaiyao 開耀 681–
682
Yongchun 永淳 682–
683
Hongdao 弘道 683
Sisheng 嗣聖 684
Li Xian 李显 684
Empero
Emperor
Zhongzong
or or and Shenlong 神龍 705–
707
Dahe
Dashen
of China
Li Zhe 李哲 705–710
Dazhao
Xiao
Jinglong 景龍 707–
710
Wenming 文明 684–
690
684–690
Empero
Emperor
Ruizong of Li Dan 李旦 and Jingyun 景雲 710–
711
Xuanzh
Dashen
Tang Daxing
710–712 Taiji 太極 712 Xiao
Yanhe 延和 712
Interregnum (690–705)
Emperor
Shang of
Tang
Li Chongmao 李重茂 710 Tanglong 唐隆 710
Empero
Shang
Tianbao 天寶 742–
756
Jide 至德 756–
758
Qianyuan 乾元 758–
760 Empero
Wenmin
Emperor
Suzong of
Tang
Li Heng 李亨 756–762
Wude
Dashen
Daxuan
Shangyuan 上元 760–
761
Xiao
Baoying 寶應 762–
763
Dali 大曆 766–
779
Jianzhong 建中 780–
783
Emperor Empero
Dezong of
Tang
Li Gua 李适 780–805 Xingyuan 興元 784 Shenwu
Xiaowe
Zhenyuan 貞元 785–
805
Empero
Emperor Zhide
Shunzong
of Tang
Li Song 李誦 805 Yongzhen 永貞 805 Hongda
Dashen
Da'an X
Empero
Zhaowe
Emperor
Xianzong
of Tang
Li Chun 李純 806–820 Yuanhe 元和 806–
820
Zhangw
Dashen
Zhishen
Xiao
Empero
Emperor
Muzong of
Tang
Li Heng 李恆 821–824 Changqing 長慶 821–
824
Ruishen
Wenhui
Xiao
Empero
Emperor
Jingzong
of Tang
Li Zhan 李湛 824–826 Baoli 寶曆 824–
826
Ruiwu
Zhaom
Xiao
Dahe 大和
or or 827– Empero
Emperor 835
Wenzong
of Tang
Li Ang 李昂 826–840
Taihe 太和 Yuansh
Zhaoxia
Xiao
Kaicheng 開成 836–
840
Emperor
Wuzong of
Li Yan 李炎 840–846 Huichang 會昌 841–
846
Empero
Zhidao
Tang Zhaosu
Xiao
Empero
Yuansh
Zhiming
Chengw
Emperor
Xuanzong
of Tang
Li Chen 李忱 846–859
Xianwe
Ruizhi
Zhangr
Dachong 大中 847–
859 Shenco
Yidao
Daxiao
Empero
Emperor
Yizong of
Tang
Li Cui 李漼 859–873
Zhaosh
Gonghu
Xiao
Xiantong 咸通 860–
874
Qianfu 乾符 874–
879
Guangming 廣明 880–
881 Empero
Emperor
Xizong of
Tang
Li Xuan 李儇 873–888 Zhonghe 中和 881–
885
Huishe
Gongdi
Xiao
Guangqi 光啟 885–
888
Wende 文德 888
Longji 龍紀 889
Dashun 大順 890–
891
Jingfu 景福 892–
893
Empero
Emperor
Zhaozong
of Tang
Li Ye 李曄 888–904 Qianning 乾寧 894–
898
Shengm
Jingwe
Xiao
Guanghua 光化 898–
901
Tianfu 天復 901–
904
Tianyou 天佑 904
Empero
or
Emperor Ai
of Tang
Li Zhu 李柷 904–907 Tianyou 天佑 904–
907
Empero
Zhaoxu
Guangl
Xiao
Tianshou 天授 690–
692
Ruyi 如意 692
Changshou 長壽 692–
694
Yanzai 延載 694
Zhengsheng 證聖 695
天冊 695–
Tiancewansui
萬歲 696
武 萬歲 Empress Regnant
天冊金輪 則天順
Wu Zetian
Wǔ
Zhào 曌
690–
705
Wansuidengfeng
登封 696 Tiance Jinlun
Shengshen 聖神皇帝
Empress Consort
Zetian Shunsheng1 聖皇后
1
–
萬歲 696–
Wansuitongtian
通天 697
Shengong 神功 697
Shengli 聖曆 698–
700
Jiushi 久視 700
Dazu 大足 701
Chang'an 長安 701–
705
1 — While Wu Zetian was empress regnant from 690 to 705, she was posthumously honored as empress consort of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang.
Wángbà 王霸 878–880
Huang Chao Huang Chao 黃巢 881–884 –
Jīntǒng 金統 881–884
Kaīpíng 開平 907–911
Zhū Wēn 朱溫 907–912 Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng Xiao 神武元聖孝皇帝 Taizu 太祖
Qiánhuà 乾化 911–912
Qiánhuà 乾化 912–913
Zhu Yougui 朱友珪 912–913 – –
Fengli 鳳曆 913
Qiánhuà 乾化 913–915
Lóngdé 龍德 921–923
Tianfu 天復 907
Wucheng 武成 908–910
Tianhan 天漢 917
Guangtian 光天 918
Wang 王宗 918–
Qiande 乾德 918–925
Zongyan 衍 925
–
Xiankang 咸康 925
–
Qianzhen 乾貞 927–929
Yang Pu 楊溥 921–937 Emperor Rui 睿皇帝 –
Dahe 大和 929–935
Tianzuo 天祚 935–937
Tianbao 天寶 908–923
王 太
Wang
Shenzhi 審 909–
925
Emperor Zhaowu Xiao 昭武孝皇帝 – Taizu
祖
知
王
Wang
Yanhan 延 925–
926
– – –
翰
王 Longqi 龍啟 933–935
惠
Wang
延 926–
Emperor Qisu Mingxiao 齊肅明孝皇帝 Huizong
宗
Yanjun
鈞
935
Yonghe 永和 935
王 聖神英睿文明廣武應道 康
Wang
Jipeng 繼 935–
939
Emperor Shengshen Yingrui Wenming Guangwu
Yingdao Dahong Xiao 大弘孝皇帝 Tongwen 通文 936–939 Kangzong
宗
鵬
王 睿文廣武明聖元德隆道 景
Wang
Yanxi 延 939–
944
Emperor Ruiwen Guangwu Mingsheng Yuande
Longdao Daxiao 大孝皇帝 Yonglong 永隆 939–944 Jingzong
宗
羲
王
Wang
Yanzheng 延 943–
945
Prince Gongyi 恭懿王 Tiande 天德 943–945 –
政
劉巖 Qiánhēng 乾亨 917–925
Liú Yán
or 917–
天皇大帝 白龍 高
or
925
Emperor Tianhuang Da Báilóng 925–928 Gaozu
祖
Liú Yǎn
劉龑 Dàyǒu 大有 928–941
Liú
Chǎng 劉鋹 958–
971
– Dàbǎo 大寶 958–971 –
李昪 937–
光文肅武孝高皇帝 昇元 烈
Li Bian
943
Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao Shengyuan 937–943 Liezu
祖
Baoda 保大 943–958
Li Yu 李煜 961–
976
– – –
(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)
Wang Kui 王逵
or or
Military Commissioner of Wuping 武平節度使 953–956
Name by which
most commonly Personal name Reign Posthumous name Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Temple name
known
耶 Shence 神冊 916–
律 Emperor Dasheng 大聖大 922
太
Emperor Taizu of
Liao
Yēlǜ
Ābǎojī 阿 916–
926
Daming Shenlie 明神烈 Tianzan 天贊 922– Taizu
祖
保 Tian 天皇帝 926
機 Tianxian 天顯 926
耶 Tianxian 天顯 927–
938
Emperor Taizong Yēlǜ 律 926– Emperor Xiaowu 孝武惠 太
of Liao Déguāng 德 947 Huiwen 文皇帝 Huitong 會同 938–
947
Taizong
宗
光 Datong 大同 947
耶 孝和莊 世
Emperor Shizong
of Liao
Yēlǜ Ruǎn 律 947–
951
Emperor Xiaohe
Zhuangxian 憲皇帝 Tianlu 天祿 947–
951
Shizong
宗
阮
耶 孝安敬 穆
Emperor Muzong
of Liao
Yēlǜ Jǐng 律 951–
969
Emperor Xiao'an
Jingzheng 正皇帝 Yingli 應曆 951–
969
Muzong
宗
璟
耶 Emperor
孝成康 Baoning 保寧 969–
979 景
Emperor
Jingzong of Liao
Yēlǜ Xián 律 969–
982
Xiaocheng
靖皇帝 Jingzong
宗
賢 Kangjing Qianheng 乾亨 979–
982
Qianheng 乾亨 982
Taiping 太平 1021–
1031
耶 Jingfu 景福 1031–
Emperor Yēlǜ 律 1031–
Emperor
神聖孝 1032
興
Xingzong Liao Zōngzhēn 宗 1055
Shensheng
Xiaozhang 章皇帝 重熙 1032–
Xingzong
宗
真 Chongxi
1055
Qingning 清寧 1055–
1064
Xianyong 咸雍 1065–
1074
Taikang 太康
or or 1075–
耶 仁聖大 1084
Emperor Yēlǜ 律 1055–
Emperor
孝文皇 Dakang 大康 道
Daozong of Liao Hóngjī 洪 1101
Rensheng Daxiao
Wen 帝
Daozong
宗
基 Da'an 大安 1085–
1094
Shouchang 壽昌
or or 1095–
1101
Shoulong 壽隆
耶
Qiantong 乾統 1101–
1110
Emperor Tianzuo Yēlǜ 律 1101–
天慶 1111–
of Liao1 Yánxǐ 延 1125
– Tianqing
1120
–
禧 Baoda 保大 1121–
1125
Name by
which
Posthumous
most Personal name Reign Era names (and their corresponding range of years) Temple n
name
commonly
known
感
Xiao
蕭塔不煙 1144–
Empress
天 咸清 1144–
Tabuyan
(regent)
Xiāo Tǎbùyān
1150
Consort
Gantian 皇 Xianqing
1150
–
后
Shaoxing 紹興
Yelü Yilie Yēlǜ Yíliè 耶律夷列 1150–
1164
–
or or 1150–
1164
Renzong
Xuxing2 續興
承
Yelü
耶律普速完 1164–
Empress
天 Chongfu ( 崇福 Chóngfú) 崇福 1164–
Pusuwan
(regent)
Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán
1178
Dowager
Chengtian 太 1164–1178 1178
–
后
Yelü
Zhilugu
Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ 耶律直魯古 1178–
1211
– Tianxi ( 天禧 Tiānxī) 1178– 天禧 1178–
1218
–
1218
1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.
2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[1]
耶律安 947–
Yelü Anduan Yelü Anduan
端 952
– – –
啟運 建 960–
立極 Jianlong
隆 963
Emperor Qiyun 英武
Emperor Liji Yingwu 睿文 乾 太
Taizu of Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 960–
976
Ruiwen Shende 神德 Qiande
德
963–
968
Taizu
祖
Song Shenggong 聖功
Zhiming Daxiao
至明 開
大孝 Kaibao
寶
968–
皇帝 976
太
平 976–
趙匡義 至仁
Taipingxingguo
興 984
Zhao Kuangyi 應道 國
or Emperor Zhiren 神功 雍 984–
Emperor
or
Zhao Guangyi
趙光義 Yingdao 聖德 Yongxi
熙 987
太
Taizong of
or
976–
997
Shengong
Shengde Wenwu 文武 端 Taizong
宗
Song
or Ruilie Daming 睿烈 Duangong
拱
988–
989
Zhao Jiong Guangxiao 大明
趙炅 廣孝 淳 990–
皇帝 Chunhua
化 994
至 995–
Zhidao
道 997
咸 998–
Xianping
平 1003
應符 景 1004–
稽古 Jingde
德 1007
Emperor Yingfu
Jigu Shengong 神功 大
Emperor Rangde 讓德 中 真
Zhenzong of Zhao Heng 趙恆 997–
1022
Wenming 文明 Dazhongxiangfu
祥
1008–
1016
Zhenzong
宗
Song Wuding 武定 符
Zhangsheng
Yuanxiao 章聖
元孝 天 1017–
皇帝 Tianxi
禧 1021
乾
Qianxing
興 1022
天 1023–
Tiansheng
聖 1032
明 1032–
Mingdao
道 1033
景 1034–
體天
Jingyou
祐 1038
法道 寶 1038–
Emperor Titian 極功 Baoyuan
元 1040
Emperor
Fadao Jigong 全德 康 仁
Renzong of Zhao Zhen 趙禎 1022–
1063
Quande
Shenwen 神文 Kangding
定
1040–
1041
Renzong
宗
Song
Shengwu Ruizhe 聖武
Mingxiao 睿哲 慶 1041–
明孝 Qingli
曆 1048
皇帝 皇 1049–
Huangyou
祐 1054
至 1054–
Zhihe
和 1056
嘉 1056–
Jiayou
祐 1063
體乾
應曆
Emperor Tiqian 隆功
Emperor
Yingli Longgong 盛德 治 英
Yingzong of Zhao Shu 趙曙 1063–
1067
Shengde
Xianwen Suwu 憲文 Zhiping
平
1064–
1067
Yingzong
宗
Song
Ruisheng 肅武
Xuanxiao 睿聖
宣孝
皇帝
Emperor Zhao Xu 趙頊 1067– Emperor Tiyuan 體元 熙 1068– Shenzong 神
Shenzong of 1085 Xiandao Fagu
顯道 Xining
寧 1077 宗
Song Lixian Dide
Wanggong 法古 元
Yingwen Liewu 立憲 Yuanfeng 1078–
1085
Qinren 帝德 豐
Shengxiao
王功
英文
烈武
欽仁
聖孝
皇帝
憲元 元 1086–
繼道 Yuanyou
祐 1094
Emperor 世德
Emperor
Xianyuan Jidao 揚功 紹 哲
Zhezong of Zhao Xu 趙煦 1085–
1100
Shede Yanggong
Qinwen Ruiwu 欽文 Shaosheng
聖
1094–
1098
Zhezong
宗
Song
Qisheng 睿武
Zhaoxiao 齊聖 元
昭孝 Yuanfu
符
1098–
皇帝 1100
建
中
Jianzhongjingguo
靖 1101
國
體神 崇
合道 Chongning
寧
1102–
Emperor Tishen 駿烈 1106
Emperor
Hedao Junlie 遜功 大 1107– 徽
Huizong of Zhao Ji 趙佶 1100–
1125
Xungong
Shengwen 聖文 Daguan
觀 1110 Huizong
宗
Song
Rende Cixian 仁德
Xianxiao 慈憲 政 1111–
顯孝
Zhenghe
和 1118
皇帝 重 1118–
Chonghe
和 1119
宣 1119–
Xuanhe
和 1125
恭文
Emperor
趙桓 1126–
Emperor
順德 靖 1125– 欽
Qinzong of
Song
Zhao Huan
1127
Gongwen
Shunde Renxiao 仁孝 Jingkang
康 1127
Qinzong
宗
皇帝
南宋) (1127–1279 AD)
Southern Song (
受命
中興 建 1127–
Emperor
Shouming 全功 Jianyan
炎 1130
Emperor Zhongxing 至德 高
Gaozong of Zhao Gou 趙構 1127–
1162
Quangong Zhide 聖神 Gaozong
宗
Song Shengshen 武文
Wuwen Zhaoren
昭仁 紹 1131–
Xianxiao
憲孝
Shaoxing
興 1162
皇帝
紹統 隆 1163–
同道 Longxing
興 1164
Emperor
Shaotong 冠德
Emperor Tongdao Guande 昭功 乾 孝
Xiaozong of Zhao Shen 趙昚 1162–
1189
Zhaogong 哲文 Qiandao
道
1165–
1173
Xiaozong
宗
Song Zhewen Shenwu 神武
Mingsheng
Chengxiao 明聖 淳
成孝 Chunxi
熙
1174–
皇帝 1189
循道
憲仁
Emperor Xundao 明功
Emperor
Xianren 茂德 紹 光
Guangzong Zhao Dun 趙惇 1189–
1194
Minggong
Maode Wenwen 溫文 Shaoxi
熙
1190–
1194
Guangzong
宗
of Song
Shunwu 順武
Shengzhe Cixiao 聖哲
慈孝
皇帝
法天 慶 1195–
備道
Qingyuan
元 1200
恭孝 嘉 1208–
皇帝 Jiading
定 1224
安孝 嘉 1237–
皇帝 Jiaxi
熙 1240
淳 1241–
Chunyou
祐 1252
寶 1253–
Baoyou
祐 1258
開
Kaiqing
慶 1259
景 1260–
Jingding
定 1264
端文
Emperor
趙禥 1264–
Emperor
明武 咸 1265– 度
Duzong of
Song
Zhao Qi
1274
Duanwen
Mingwu Jingxiao 景孝 Xianchun
淳 1274
Duzong
宗
皇帝
Emperor
趙顯 1274– 德 1275–
Gong of
Song
Zhao Xian
1276
– Deyou
祐 1276
–
裕文
Emperor
趙昰 1276– Emperor Yuwen 昭武 景 1276– 端
Duanzong of
Song
Zhao Shi
1278 Zhaowu Minxiao 愍孝 Jingyan
炎 1278
Duanzong
宗
皇帝
趙昺 1278– 祥 1278–
Zhao Bing Zhao Bing
1279
– Xiangxing
興 1279
–
Mingde 明德 952–?
段思 Emperor Zhidao 至道廣慈 廣德
Duan Sicong Duan Sicong
聰 952–968
Guangci 皇帝 Guangde ?–967 –
Shunde 順德 968
段素 應道皇帝 明政
Duan Sushun Duan Sushun
順 968–985 Emperor Yingdao Mingzheng 969–985 –
Guangming 廣明 986–?
Mingying 明應 ?
段素 985–
昭明皇帝 明統
Duan Suying Duan Suying
英 1009
Emperor Zhaoming Mingtong ? –
Mingsheng 明聖 ?
Mingzhi 明治 ?
段素 1009–
宣肅皇帝 明啟
Duan Sulian Duan Sulian
廉 1022
Emperor Xuansu Mingqi 1010–1022 –
段素 1022–
秉義皇帝 明通
Duan Sulong Duan Sulong
隆 1026
Emperor Bingyi Mingtong 1023–1026 –
段素 1026–
聖德皇帝 正治
Duan Suzhen Duan Suzhen
真 1041
Emperor Shengde Zhengzhi 1027–1041 –
段素 1041–
Shengming 聖明 1042–?
Duan Suxing Duan Suxing
興 1044
–
Tianming 天明 ?–1044
–
Bao'an 保安 1045–1052
Zheng'an 政安 1053–?
段思 1044–
孝德皇帝 正德 興
Duan Silian Duan Silian
廉 1075
Emperor Xiaode Zhengde ? Xingzong
宗
Baode 保德 ?–1074
Minghou 明侯 ?
段廉 1075–
上德
Duan Lianyi Duan Lianyi
義 1080
– Shangde 1076 –
段壽 1080–
上明
Duan Shouhui Duan Shouhui
輝 1081
– Shangming 1081 –
Baoli 保立 1082
Duan 段正 1081–
保定皇帝 建安
Duan Zhengming
Zhengming 明 1094
Emperor Baoding Jian'an 1083–1091 –
Tianyou 天祐 1091–1094
Tianshou 天授 1096
段正 Mingkai 明開 1097–1103
中
Duan Zhengchun
Duan
淳
1096–
Emperor Wen'an 文安皇帝 Zhongzong
宗
Zhengchun 1108
Tianzheng 天政 1103–1104
Wen'an 文安 1104–1108
Rixin 日新 1109–1110
Wenzhi 文治 1110–?
Duan 段正 1108–
宣仁皇帝 永嘉 憲
Duan Zhengyan
Zhengyan 嚴 1147
Emperor Xuanren Yongjia ?–1128 Xianzong
宗
Baotian 保天 1129–1137
Guangyun 廣運 1138–1147
Yongzhen 永貞 1148
Dabao 大寶 1149–1156
Duan 段正 1147–
正康皇帝 龍興 景
Duan Zhengxing
Zhengxing 興 1171
Emperor Zhengkang Longxing 1157–1161 Jingzong
宗
Shengming 盛明 1162–?
Jiande 建德 ?–1171
Duan Zhixing Duan Zhixing 段智 1171– Emperor Gongji 功極皇帝 Lizhen 利貞 1172–1174 Xuanzong 宣
興 1200
宗
Shengde 盛德 1176–1180
Jiahui 嘉會 1181–1184
Yuanheng 元亨 1185–1195
Ding'an 定安 1195–1200
段智 Fengli 鳳曆 1200–?
英
Duan Zhilian Duan Zhilian
廉
1200–
Emperor Hengtian 亨天皇帝 Yingzong
宗
1204
Yuanshou 元壽 ?–1204
Tiankai 天開 1205–1225
Duan 段智 1204–
天輔 神
Duan Zhixiang
Zhixiang 祥 1238
– Tianfu 1226 Shenzong
宗
Tianshou 仁壽 1227–1238
Duan 段祥 1238–
孝義皇帝 道隆
Duan Xiangxing
Xiangxing 興 1251
Emperor Xiaoyi Daolong 1239–1251 –
段興 1251–
天定
Duan Xingzhi Duan Xingzhi
智 1254
– Tianding 1251–1254 –
The Tangut names for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or from Western Xia
coins.
Name by which most commonly Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal Name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
known years
Xiǎndào 顯道 1032–
1034
Kāiyùn 開運 1034
天授禮法 1038–
Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò
延祚 1048
Gǒnghuà 拱化 1063–
1067
Qiándào 乾道 1067–
1069
天賜禮盛 1070–
Lǐ 李秉 1067– Emperor 康靖皇
Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng
國慶 1074
惠
Emperor Huìzōng of Western Xia
Bǐngcháng 常 1086 Kāngjìng 帝 Dà'ān 大安
1075–
Huìzōng
宗
𘜶𗵐 1085
Tiān'ānlǐdìng 天安禮定
1085–
1086
𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯
Tiānyòumín'ān 天祐民安
1090–
1097
𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴
Yǒng'ān 永安 1098–
1100
Zhēnguān 貞觀
1101–
Emperor Chóngzōng of Western Lǐ 李乾 1086– Emperor 聖文皇 𗣼𘝯 1113
崇
Xia Qiánshùn 順 1139 Shèngwén 帝 Yōngníng 雍寧
1114–
Chóngzōng
宗
𗖠𗪚 1118
Yuándé 元德
1119–
1127
𗣼𗪘
Zhèngdé 正德
1127–
1134
𗣼𘇚
Dàdé 大德
1135–
1139
𘜶𗣼
Dàqìng 大慶
1139–
1143
𘜶𘅝
Rénqìng 人慶
1144–
Emperor Rénzōng of Western 李仁 1139– Emperor 聖德皇 𗸦𘅝 1148
仁
Xia
Lǐ Rénxiào
孝 1193 Shengde 帝 Tiānshèng 天盛
1149–
Rénzōng
宗
𘓺𘃸 1170
Qiányòu 乾祐
1170–
1193
𘀗𘑨
阿 收
骨 Shōuguó
國
1115–
Āgǔdǎ
打
1116
Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode 應乾興運昭德定功 太
Emperor Taizu of or
or
1115–
Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng 仁明莊孝大聖武元 Tàizǔ
祖
Jin Wányán
Mǐn 完 1123
天 Wuyuan 皇帝
顏 Tiānfǔ
輔
1117–
1123
旻
吳
乞
Emperor Taizong of
Wúqǐmǎi
or
買
1123– 天 1123– Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide Zhaogong 體元應運世德昭功 太
Jin Wányán
Shèng
or
完 1134
Tiānhuì
會 1134 Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie 哲惠仁聖文烈皇帝 Tàizōng
宗
顏
晟
合 天 1135–
Tiānhuì
會 1138
Hélá
Emperor Xizong of or
or
1135– 天 1138– Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing 弘基纘武莊靖孝成 熙
Jin Wányán 完 1149
Tiānjuàn
眷 1141 Xiaocheng 皇帝 Xīzōng
宗
Dǎn 顏 皇
亶 Huángtǒng
統
1141–
1149
迪 天 1149–
古
Tiāndé
德 1153
Dígǔnǎi
乃
貞
Wanyan Liang
or
or
1149–
Zhènyuán
元
1153–
Prince Yáng 煬王 –
Wányán
Liàng 完 1161 1156
顏 正 1156–
亮 Zhènglóng
隆 1161
烏
Wūlù
祿
Emperor Shizong of or
or
1161– 大 1161– Emperor Guangtian Xingyun Wende 光天興運文德武功 世
Jin Wányán 完 1189
Dàdìng
定 1189 Wugong Shengming Renxiao 聖明仁孝皇帝 Shìzōng
宗
Yōng 顏
雍
麻 明 1190–
達
Míngchāng
昌 1196
Emperor
Mádágě
or
葛
1190– 承 1196– Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen Yiwu 憲天光運仁文義武 章
Zhangzong of Jin Wányán
Jǐng
or
完 1208
Chéng'ān
安 1200 Shensheng Yingxiao 神聖英孝皇帝 Zhāngzōng
宗
顏 泰 1200–
璟 Tàihé
和 1208
大 1209–
完
Dà'ān
安 1212
濟 至
Zhìníng
寧 1213
吾 貞 1213–
睹
Zhēnyòu
祐 1217
Emperor Xuanzong
Wúdúbǔ
or
補
1213– 興 1217– Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren 繼天興統述道勤仁 宣
of Jin Wányán
Xú
or
完 1223
Xīngdìng
定 1222 Yingwu Shengxiao 英武聖孝皇帝 Xuānzōng
宗
顏 元 1222–
珣 Yuánguāng
光 1223
寧 正 1224–
甲 Zhèngdà
大 1232
Níngjiǎsù
速
Emperor Aizong of or
or
1224– 開 莊皇帝 哀
Jin Wányán 完 1234
Kāixīng
興 1232 Emperor Zhuang Āizōng
宗
Shǒuxù 顏
守 天 1232–
緒
Tiānxīng
興 1234
呼
Hūdūn
or
Emperor Mo of Jin
or
完 1234 – – –
Wányán
Chénglín 顏
承
麟
Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).
Era names and their
Khan Name Personal name Reign corresponding range of
years
Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號) Posthumous name Temple name
孛兒只 法天
Genghis Borjigin
斤鐵木 1206–
Emperor
啟運 太
Khan Temüjin
真 1227
– – Fatian Qiyun
Shengwu 聖武 Tàizǔ
祖
皇帝
孛兒只 Emperor 仁聖 睿
Tolui Borjigin Tolui
斤拖雷 1228 – – Rensheng 景襄 Ruìzōng
宗
Jingxiang 皇帝
孛兒只 英文 太
Ögedei Khan Borjigin Ögedei 斤窩闊 1229–
1241
– –
Emperor
Yingwen 皇帝 Tàizōng
宗
台
孛兒只 1246– Emperor 簡平 定
Güyük Khan Borjigin Güyük
斤貴由 1248
– –
Jianping 皇帝 Dìngzōng
宗
Möngke Borjigin 孛兒只 1251– Emperor 桓肅 憲
Khan Möngke 斤蒙哥 1259
– –
Huansu 皇帝 Xiànzōng
宗
中 1260– 憲天述道 聖德
孛兒只 Zhōngtǒng
統 1264 Emperor Xiantian
仁文義武
Emperor
神功 世
Kublai Khan Borjigin Kublai 斤忽必 1260–
Shudao Renwen Yiwu
大光孝皇
Shengde
文武 Shìzǔ
祖
烈
1294
至 1264– Daguang Xiao
帝
Shengong
Wenwu
皇帝
Zhìyuán
元 1294
1294– 元 1295–
孛兒只 1307
Yuánzhēn
貞 1297 Emperor 欽明 成
Temür Khan Borjigin Temür 斤鐵穆 – Qinming 廣孝 Chéngzōng
宗
耳 1307– 大 1297– Guangxiao 皇帝
1308
Dàdé
德 1307
孛兒只 繼天體道 睿聖
Gegeen Borjigin
斤碩德 1321– 至 1321–
Emperor Jitian Tidao
敬文仁武 Emperor
文孝 英
Khan Suddhipala
八剌 1323
Zhìzhì
治 1323
Jingwen Renwu
Dazhao Xiao 大昭孝皇 Ruisheng
Wenxiao 皇帝
Yīngzōng
宗
帝
泰 1324–
孛兒只 Tàidìng
定 1328
Yesün Borjigin Yesün-
斤也孫 1323–
– – –
Temür1 Temür
鐵木兒
1328
致
Zhìhé
和 1328
孛兒只 天
Ragibagh
Khan1
Borjigin
Arigaba 斤阿里 1328 Tiānshùn
順 1328 – – –
吉八
孛兒只 1328– 天 1328– Emperor Qintian 欽天統聖 聖明
Jayaatu
Borjigin Toq-
斤圖帖 1329 and
Tiānlì
曆 1330 Tongsheng Zhide 至德誠功 Emperor
元孝 文
Khan Tugh
Temür
Temür
睦爾 1329– Chenggong Dawen 大文孝皇 Shengming
Yuanxiao 皇帝
Wénzōng
宗
1332 Xiao
帝
孛兒只 順天立道 翼獻
Khutughtu Borjigin
斤和世
Emperor Shuntian
睿文智武 Emperor
景孝 明
Khan Kusala Qoshila
剌
1329
至 1330–
Lidao Ruiwen Zhiwu
Dasheng Xiao 大聖孝皇 Yixian
Jingxiao 皇帝
Míngzōng
宗
Zhìshùn
順
1332
帝
孛兒只 Emperor 沖聖 寧
Rinchinbal
Khan
Borjigin
Irinchibal 斤懿璘 1332 – Chongsheng 嗣孝 Níngzōng
宗
質班 Sixiao 皇帝
1333
元 1333–
Yuántǒng
統 1335
宣仁
孛兒只 至 Emperor 普孝
Toghon Borjigin
斤妥懽 1333– Zhìyuán
元
1335–
1340
Xuanren
皇帝
惠
Temür2 Toghan-Temür
帖睦爾
1368
– Puxiao
or
or
Huìzōng
宗
至 1341– Emperor Shun 順皇
Zhìzhèng
正 1368 帝
至 1368–
Zhìyuán
元 1370
1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "Yuan" + era name (e.g.
2 — Chinese convention: for this sovereign only, use "Yuan" + posthumous name.
Northern Yuan ( 北元) (1368–1388 AD)
Retreat of the Yuan court to the Mongolian Plateau after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1368 (1368 – early 15th
century)
Posthumous
Khan Names Personal Name Reign Era names and their corresponding range of years Temple name
name
Zhìshùn 至順 1333 宣
仁
Yuántǒng 元統 1333–
1335 Emperor 普
孛兒只斤 Xuanren 孝
Toghon Temür
Borjigin
妥懽帖睦 1368– Zhìyuán 至元 1335– Puxiao
皇 惠
(same person as the
last Yuan emperor)
Toghan-
Temür 爾 1370 1340 or
Emperor
帝
Huìzōng
宗
Zhìzhèng 至正 1341–
1368 Shun
or
順
至元 1368– 皇
Zhìyuán
1370 帝
武
孛兒只斤 承
Biligtü Khan Borjigin
愛猷識里 1370–
宣光 1371–
Emperor
和 昭
Ayushiridara Ayushiridara
達臘 1378
Xuānguāng
1378
Wucheng
Hexiao 孝 Zhāozōng
宗
皇
帝
Tiānyuán 天元 益
孛兒只斤 聖
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Borjigin
脫古思帖 1378– or or 1378–
Emperor
寧
Temür Tögüs Temür
木兒 1388 1388
Yisheng
孝 –
Tiānguāng1 天光 Ningxiao
皇
帝
1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[2]
開
天
行
道
肇
紀
立
Emperor 極
Kaitian 大
Xingdao 聖
朱 Zhaoji Liji 至
Hongwu
Emperor
Zhū
Yuánzhāng 元 1368–1398 Hóngwǔ 洪武 1368–1398
Dasheng
Zhishen 神 Tà
璋 Renwen 仁
Yiwu Junde 文
Chenggong
義
Gao
武
俊
德
成
功
高
皇
帝
嗣
天
章
道
誠
Emperor 懿
Sitian 淵
Zhangdao 功
朱 Chengyi 觀
Jianwen
Emperor
Zhū
Yǔnwén 允 1398–1402 Jiànwén 建文 1398–1402
Yuangong
Guanwen 文 Huiz
炆 Yangwu 揚
Keren 武
Duxiao
克
Rang
仁
篤
孝
讓
皇
帝
啟
天
弘
道
高
明
Emperor 肇
Qitian
Hongdao 運
朱 Gaoming 聖
Yongle
Emperor
Zhū Dì
棣 1402–1424 Yǒnglè 永樂 1402–1424 Zhaoyun 武 Chéng
Tàiz
Shengwu 神
Shengong
Chunren 功
Zhixiao Wen 純
仁
至
孝
文
皇
帝
Hongxi Zhū 朱 1424–1425 Hóngxī 洪熙 1424–1425 Emperor 敬 Rénz
Emperor Gāochì
高 Jingtian
天
熾 Tidao
Chuncheng 體
Zhide 道
Hongwen 純
Qinwu
Zhangsheng 誠
Daxiao 至
Zhao 德
弘
文
欽
武
章
聖
達
孝
昭
皇
帝
憲
天
崇
道
英
Emperor 明
Xiantian 神
Chongdao 聖
朱 Yingming 欽
Xuande
Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī 瞻 1425–1435 Xuāndé 宣德 1425–1435
Shensheng
Qintian 天 Xuān
基 Zhaowu 昭
Kuanren 武
Chunxiao
寬
Zhang
仁
純
孝
章
皇
帝
法
天
立
道
仁
明
Emperor 誠
1435–1449 Zhèngtǒng 正統 1435–1449 Fatian Lidao
Renming 敬
Emperor 朱 Chengjing 昭
Yingzong
Zhū
Qízhèn 祁 and and and and
Zhaowen 文 Yīng
of Ming 鎮 1457–1464³ Tiānshùn 天順 1457–1464
Xianwu 憲
Zhide
Guangxiao 武
Rui 至
德
廣
孝
睿
皇
帝
符
天
建
道
恭
Emperor 仁
Futian 康
Jiandao 定
朱 Gongren 隆
Jingtai
Emperor
Zhū Qíyù 祁 1449–1457 Jǐngtài 景泰 1449–1457
Kangding
Longwen 文 Dàiz
鈺 Buwu 布
Xiande 武
Chongxiao
顯
Jing
德
崇
孝
景
皇
帝
繼
天
凝
道
誠
Emperor 明
Jitian 仁
Ningdao 敬
朱 Chengming 崇
Chenghua
Emperor
Zhū
Jiànshēn 見 1464–1487 Chénghuà 成化 1464–1487
Renjing
Chongwen 文 Xiàn
深 Suwu 肅
Hongde 武
Shengxiao
宏
Chun
德
聖
孝
純
皇
帝
Hongzhi Zhū 朱 1487–1505 Hóngzhì 弘治 1487–1505 Emperor 建 Xiào
Emperor Yòuchēng
祐 Jiantian
天
樘 Mingdao
Chengchun 明
Zhongzheng 道
Shengwen 誠
Shenwu
Zhiren Dade 純
Jing 中
正
聖
文
神
武
至
仁
大
德
敬
皇
帝
承
天
達
道
英
肅
Emperor 睿
Chengtian
Dadao 哲
朱 Yingsu 昭
Zhengde
Emperor
Zhū
Hòuzhào 厚 1505–1521 Zhèngdé 正德 1505–1521 Ruizhe 德 Wǔz
照 Zhaode 顯
Xiangong
Hongwen 功
Sixiao Yi 弘
文
思
孝
毅
皇
帝
欽
天
履
道
英
毅
Emperor 神
Qintian
Lüdao 聖
朱 Yingyi 宣
Jiajing
Emperor
Zhū
Hòucōng 厚 1521–1566 Jiājìng 嘉靖 1521–1566 Shensheng 文 Shìz
熜 Xuanwen 廣
Guangwu
Hongren 武
Daxiao Su 洪
仁
大
孝
肅
皇
帝
契
天
隆
道
淵
Emperor 懿
Qitian 寬
Longdao 仁
朱 Yuanyi 顯
Longqing
Emperor
Zhū
Zǎihòu 載 1566–1572 Lóngqìng 隆慶 1566–1572
Kuanren
Xianwen 文 Mùz
垕 Guangwu 光
Chunde 武
Hongxiao
純
Zhuang
德
弘
孝
莊
皇
帝
Wanli Zhū Yìjūn 朱 1572–1620 Wànlì 萬曆 1572–1620 Emperor 範 Shén
Emperor
翊 Fantian
天
鈞 Hedao
Zhesu 合
Dunjian 道
Guangwen 哲
Zhangwu
肅
Anren
Zhixiao Xian 敦
簡
光
文
章
武
安
仁
止
孝
顯
皇
帝
崇
天
契
道
英
睿
Emperor 恭
Chongtian
Qidao 純
朱 Yingrui 憲
Taichang
Emperor
Zhū
Chángluò 常 1620 Tàichāng 泰昌 1620 Gongchun 文 Guāng
洛 Xianwen 景
Jingwu
Yuanren 武
Yixiao Zhen 淵
仁
懿
孝
貞
皇
帝
達
天
闡
道
敦
Emperor 孝
Datian 篤
Chandao 友
朱 Dunxiao 章
Tianqi
Emperor
Zhū
Yóujiào 由 1620–1627 Tiānqǐ 天啓 1620–1627
Duyou
Zhangwen 文 Xīz
校 Xiangwu 襄
Jingmu 武
Zhuangqin
靖
Zhe
穆
莊
勤
悊
皇
帝
紹
天
繹
道
剛
明
Emperor 恪
Shaotian
Yidao 儉
朱 Gangming 揆
Chongzhen
Emperor
Zhū
Yóujiǎn 由 1627–1644 Chóngzhēn 崇禎 1627–1644 Kejian 文 Sīzō
Yìz
檢 Kuiwen 奮
Fenwu
Dunren 武
Maoxiao Lie 敦
仁
懋
孝
烈
皇
帝
1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu
frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping t
recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu ( 福王
), the new self-proclaimed emp
Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong.
3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother
Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengton
was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.
Name most commonly known Reign Era names and their corresponding range of
Personal name Alternative title
by years years
Li 李自 永昌 闖王
Li Zicheng
Zicheng 成 1644–1645 Yongchang 1644–1645 Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing King)
Name by which
Era names and their corresponding range of
most commonly Personal name Reign Posthumous name Temple name
years
known
承天廣運聖
努 17 February 1616 – 30
Emperor Chengtian
Guangyun Shengde 德神功肇紀
爾 September 1636 (20 天 Abkai 1616– Shengong Zhaoji Liji 立極仁孝睿 太
Nurhaci Nurhaci
哈 years, 7 months, and
Tiānmìng
命 fulingga 1626 Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi 武端毅欽安 Tàizǔ
祖
赤 13 days)3 Qin'an Hongwen Dingye
弘文定業高
Gao
皇帝
Emperor Yingtian Xingguo 應天興國弘
皇 天 Hongde Zhangwu 德彰武寬溫 太
Huang Taiji
Hong
Taiji4 太 1626–1636 Tiāncōng
聰 Abkai sure
1627–
1636
Kuanwen Rensheng 仁聖睿孝敬 Tàizōng
宗
極 Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding 敏昭定隆道
Longdao Xiangong Wen
顯功文皇帝
Qing dynasty ( 清朝) (1636–1912 AD)
Emperor Yingtian Xingguo 應天興國弘
Huang Taiji
皇 崇 Hongde Zhangwu 德彰武寬溫 太
(same person Hong
Taiji4 太 1636–1643 Chóngdé
德
Wesihun
erdemungge
1636–
1643
Kuanwen Rensheng 仁聖睿孝敬 Tàizōng
宗
極 敏昭定隆道
as the last
Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding
Later Jin khan)
Longdao Xiangong Wen
顯功文皇帝
Emperor Titian Longyun 體天隆運定
福 順 Dingtong Jianji Yingrui 統建極英睿 世
Shunzhi
Emperor
Fúlín
臨 1643–16615 Shùnzhì
治
Ijishūn
dasan
1643–
1661
Qinwen Xianwu Dade 欽文顯武大 Shìzǔ
祖
Honggong Zhiren 德弘功至仁
Chunxiao Zhang
純孝章皇帝
Emperor Hetian Hongyun 合天弘運文
玄 康 Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian 武睿哲恭儉 聖
Kangxi
Emperor
Xuányè
燁 1661–1722 Kāngxī
熙 Elhe taifin
1661–
1722
Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin 寬裕孝敬誠 Shèngzǔ
祖
Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng 信中和功德
Ren
大成仁皇帝
Emperor Jingtian 敬天昌運建
胤 雍
Changyun Jianzhong 中表正文武 世
Yongzheng
Emperor
Yìnzhēn
禛 1722–1735 Yōngzhèng
正
Hūwaliyasun
tob
1722–
1735
Biaozheng Wenwu
Yingming Kuanren Xinyi 英明寬仁信 Shìzōng
宗
Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng 毅睿聖大孝
Xian 至誠憲皇帝
法天隆運至
弘 乾
Emperor Fatian Longyun 誠先覺體元 高
Qianlong
Emperor
Hónglì
曆 1735–17966 Qiánlóng
隆
Abkai
wehiyehe
1735–
1796
Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan
Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming 立極敷文奮 Gāozōng
宗
Xiaoci Shensheng Chun 武欽明孝慈
神聖純皇帝
Emperor Shoutian Xingyun 受天興運敷
顒 嘉 Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen 化綏猷崇文 仁
Jiaqing
Emperor
Yóngyǎn
琰 1796–1820 Jiāqìng
慶
Saicungga
fengšen
1796–
1820
Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong 經武光裕孝 Rénzōng
宗
Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe 恭勤儉端敏
Rui
英哲睿皇帝
Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun 效天符運立
旻 道 Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen 中體正至文 宣
Daoguang
Emperor
Mínníng
寧 1820–1850 Dàoguāng
光
Doro
eldengge
1820–
1850
Shengwu Zhiyong Renci 聖武智勇仁 Xuānzōng
宗
Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding 慈儉勤孝敏
Cheng
寬定成皇帝
Emperor Xietian Yiyun 協天翊運執
奕 咸 Zhizhong Chuimo Maode 中垂謨懋德 文
Xianfeng
Emperor
Yìzhǔ
詝 1850–1861 Xiánfēng
豐
Gubci
elgiyengge
1850–
1861
Zhenwu Shengxiao 振武聖孝淵 Wénzōng
宗
Yuangong Duanren 恭端仁寬敏
Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian
莊儉顯皇帝
Emperor Jitian Kaiyun 繼天開運受
載 同 Shouzhong Juzheng 中居正保大 穆
Tongzhi
Emperor
Zǎichún
淳 1861–18757 Tóngzhì
治
Yooningga
dasan
1861–
1875
Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi 定功聖智誠 Mùzōng
宗
Chengxiao Xinmin 孝信敏恭寬
Gongkuan Mingsu Yi
明肅毅皇帝
Emperor Tongtian 同天崇運大
載 光 Chongyun Dahong 中至正經文 德
Guangxu
Emperor
Zǎitián
湉 1875–19087 Guāngxù
緒
Badarangga
doro
1875–
1908
Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu 緯武仁孝睿 Dézōng
宗
Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian 智端儉寬勤
Kuanqin Jing
景皇帝
Pǔyí
配天同運法
(also
溥 宣
Emperor Peitian Tongyun
古紹統粹文 恭
Xuantong
Emperor
known
儀 1908–1912, 191710 Xuāntǒng
統
Gehungge
yoso
1908–
1912
Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen
Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu 敬孚寬睿正 Gōngzōng9
宗
穆體仁立孝
9
as
Tiren Lixiao Min8, 9
Henry)
愍皇帝 8, 9
1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro ( 愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an
individual's personal name.
2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing,
to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
金
3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin ( ) or Later Jin ( 後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci
adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus ( 太上皇帝 ). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign
longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing
emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her
considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during
the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of
the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the common name by which mainland China and Taiwan's history books refer to Puyi.
9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Emperor
Min ( 愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong ( 恭宗
). Both titles are not commonly used in academia to refer to this sovereign.
10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with
his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his
Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件 ) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with
the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated
that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus,
Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917, in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between
February 12, 1912, and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong ( 大同 )
(1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde ( 康德 ) (1934–1945).
No. Portrait
Name by which most commonly known
(birth/death)
Personal name Reign Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
1
Yuan Shikai
(1859-1916)
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 Hóngxiàn 洪憲
See also
Dynasties in Chinese history
Timeline of Chinese history
Monarchy of China
List of Chinese leaders
List of presidents of China
List of leaders of the Republic of China
List of presidents of the Republic of China
List of leaders of the People's Republic of China
List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China
List of presidents of the People's Republic of China
List of rulers of Taiwan
List of Khagans of the Göktürks
List of rulers of Tibet
List of emperors of Tibet
List of Khitan rulers
List of Jurchen chieftains
List of Mongol rulers
Chairman of the Kuomintang
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
List of leaders of the Democratic Progressive Party
References
1. Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor
Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.
2. "北元《天光元宝、重宝》篆书光背 咏生藏泉 新浪博客 _ _ " (http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_ac349fd50102xfdr.html).
External links
List of Chinese rulers (https://web.archive.org/web/20130615034730/http://www.thailex.asia/THAILEX/THAILEXENG/LEXICON/List%20of%20Ch
inese%20Dynasties%20and%20Rulers.htm)