Management

Theories III
DR. SARITA BHATNAGAR
Agenda

Contribution of Mary Parker Follett

Human Relations Approach
Behavioral Approach
Systems Approach
Contingency Approach
Contribution of Peter Drucker
Mary Parker Follett :
Prophet of Management

Link between Classical and Behavioral Approach

- Her ideas were radical for the period

- Most of her ideas were recognized and

appreciated much later
Contribution of Mary
Parker Follett

Organizational
Participative
Relationships
Management
and Behavior

Constructive Authority and

conflict the law of
Resolution situation
Contributions of Mary
Parker Follett

Manager as
Empowerment
coach

CO active
Power as
Cross Functional
opposed to Teams
coercive
Power
Mary parker Follett

“The Manager cannot share his power with

division superintendents or foreman or
workmen, but he can give them
opportunities for developing their power .”
Human Relations
Movement

Supervisors be behaviorally trained

to manage subordinates in ways that
elicit their cooperation and increase
their productivity
The Hawthorne Studies

 1924-1932
 Hawthorne Plant of GE , Chicago

4 Experiments
1.)Illumination experiments
2.)Relay Assembly Test Room
Experiments
3.) Bank Wiring test Room Experiments
4.) Mass Interviewing
Illumination Experiments

Existence of other factors in

influencing productivity
Relay Assembly Test Room
Experiment

Hawthorne Effect
A manager’s behavior or
leadership approach can
affect worker’s level of
performance
Interviewing Program

Need for Management to

listen to workers’ feelings
and problems
Bank wiring test room
experiment

Existence and influence of

informal groups within
formal organization
Contributions of
Hawthorne Experiments

Recognition of Foundations of
Personnel
Human factor Organizational
management
in productivity Behavior

Importance of Leadership
informal and
groups motivation
Human Relations
Movement

 People oriented Approach to Management

 The interaction of people in organizations is

studied to judge its impact on organizational
Success
Behavioral Approach

Started after 1940

Gave special attention on

understanding individuals and their
interpersonal Relationships
Maslow’s Theory of
Hierarchy of Needs
Self
Actualiza
tion
Needs
Esteem
Needs

Social Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs
Herzberg’s Contribution

Motivation hygiene Theory

Factors related to job content determine motivation

and satisfaction
Contribution of Mc Gregor

Theory X and Theory Y

Style of management adopted is a function of the

manager’s attitude towards human nature and
behavior at work
Contribution of Mc Gregor

 Theory X - People are inherently lazy and

will shirk their duties if they aren't closely
policed

 Theory Y – People want to find meaning in

their work and will contribute in positive
ways if the work is well designed
Systems Approach

 Based on general systems

theory proposed by Ludwig
von Bertalanffy
 To fully understand the
operation of an entity , the
entity must be viewed as a
system
Systems Approach

 General Systems Theory – “

Integrates the knowledge of
various specialized fields so
that the system as a whole can
be understood
Features of Systems
Approach
Dynamic

Interdep Social
endent Features system

Multivari
ate
Systems Approach
involves
 Structuringa system to achieve
the organization’s objectives in
the most efficient and effective
manner
 Understanding the
interdependencies between the
processes of the system
 Structured approaches that
harmonize and integrate the
process
Management Science
approach

An approach involving solution of

managerial problems by solving
mathematical equations representing
the system
Management Science

Whiz Kids
Characteristics of Management
Science Approach

 Complicated managerial situations

requiring analysis of large no. of variables

 Best suited for analyzing quantifiable

factors like sales , expenses, and units of
production
Characteristics of
Management Science
Approach
 Complicated Management Problems
 Economic implications
 Mathematical Models
 Use of Computers
Characteristics of Management
Science Approach

 Mathematical models constructed to

represent reality and to determine how
real world situation might be improved

 Sophisticated mathematical analysis of

problem related information using
computer and software
Sub fields of Management
Science Approach
 Quantitative Techniques

 Operations Management

 Total Quality Management

 Management Information System

Contingency Approach

“It depends”
Contingency approach

Main thinkers :

Burns and Stalker (U.K.)

Lawrence and Lorsch (U.S.)

Contingency approach

If managers are to apply

management concepts ,principles
and techniques successfully, they
must consider the reality of the
specific organizational
circumstances they face
Peter Drucker

“There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that

which should not be done at all”
Peter F Drucker

 One of the most influential

Management Thinkers

 Writer, consultant and

Professor

 60 years of career
Major Contributions by
Drucker
 Management as a discipline
 Corporation as a Social
Institution
 Decisive
importance of
customer value and Marketing
Major Contributions by
Drucker
Predicted many of the major
developments of the late Twentieth
century , like

 Privatization
 Decentralization
 Emergence of Information Society
 Importance of life long learning
Major Contributions by
Peter Drucker
 Concept of Knowledge worker

 Knowledge as an important factor input

to economic outcome generation

 Unique Qualities of knowledge as a

resource
 Defined Knowledge work , “ As the work
you can only do by applying things that
can only be learned in a formal
education process “
Major Contributions by
Peter Drucker
 Seminal work “ Concept of Cooperation “

 It charted out the Practice of Management and

its role in society
Major Contributions by
Peter Drucker
 What makes an “Effective
Executive”

 MBO