C CHAPTER 7.

Electric Current

10th GRADE

LOGO
 Electric Power

➢ Electric Power: is the rate at which the electrical energy

converted to other forms in devices.
➢ Combine Ohm’s law with power law:
∆𝑉 2
𝑃 = 𝐼 Δ𝑉 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 𝑃=
𝑅

➢ To study the relationship between power

and current or power and voltage, there
should be a constant quantity which is
the resistance.
➢ When charges (q) move through a resistor, the potential is
reduced by amount (ΔV) and energy decreased by (qΔV) and
power is consumed by a device while temperature increases.
 Electric Power

➢ Ex: A heater has a resistance of 10.0 Ω. It

operates on 120.0 V.
a. What is the power of the heater?
b. What thermal energy is supplied by the
heater in 10.0 s?

𝑅 = 10 Ω Δ𝑉 = 120 V 𝑡 = 10 𝑃 = ?? 𝐸 = ??

Δ𝑉 2 1202
𝑃= = = 1440 W
𝑅 10

𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 1440 10 = 14400 J
 Electric Power

➢ P. 181
 Electric Power

➢ P. 181
 Electric Power

➢ Ideal devices converts all electric

energy into other forms of energy.
𝐸input = 𝐸output ideal

➢ Real devices converts electric energy

into other forms of energy, but some
part of electrical energy is converted
into thermal energy.
𝐸input = 𝐸output + 𝐸los𝑠 real

Einput: electric energy No energy lost

Eoutput: any form of energy (useful energy) in heaters.
Eloss: thermal energy (wasted energy)
 Electric Power

➢ Efficiency (ε): ratio of output energy to input energy.

𝐸out = ε𝐸in 𝑃out = 𝜀𝑃in

𝐸loss = 𝐸in − 𝐸out 𝑃loss = 𝑃in − 𝑃out

➢ Ex: If electric energy of 100 J is consumed by a lamp, the lamp

converts 22 J into radiant energy and 78 J into thermal energy.
𝐸in = 100 J 𝐸out 22
ε= = = 0.22
𝐸in 100
𝐸out = 22 J
𝐸loss = 𝐸in − 𝐸out ε = 22%

𝐸loss = 100 − 22 = 78 J
 Electric Power

➢ P. 95

𝑃in = 100 𝜀 = 0.22

𝑃out = 𝜀𝑃in = 0.22 100 = 22 W

𝑃lost = 𝑃in − 𝑃out = 100 − 22 = 78 W
 Electric Power

➢ P. 95

𝑃out = 22 𝑃lost = 78 𝑡 = 1 × 60

𝐸out = 𝑃out 𝑡 = 22 60 = 1320 J

𝐸los𝑠 = 𝑃los𝑠 𝑡 = 78 60 = 4680 J

𝐸in = 𝑃in 𝑡 = 100 60 = 6000 J

 Electric Power

➢ Joule heating loss: wasted thermal energy (in devices) while

electrical energy is transferred or transformed (I2R).

➢ As a current passes through a

resistor (device), the electrons
collide with atoms which made
the resistor. An amount of kinetic
energy transferred from the
electrons to atoms which cause collisions between electrons and
raising in thermal energy. atoms slow down electrons motion.
resistivity
➢ Superconductors: material with zero resistance, so electricity is
conducted without wasted thermal energy, but material must
be kept below 100 K.
 Electric Power

➢ P. 183
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Power plants produce huge

electric energy for a whole
city by using generators.
500,000 V
➢ Generators: devices convert 2,400 V
mechanical energy into
230 V
electric energy.

➢ Electric companies provide

electric energy (not power).

➢ Transmission Lines are used

to transfer electric energy
from generators to homes.
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ To minimize the loss of transform electrical energy (I2R) by

transmission lines, there are two ways:
1. resistance reduced: all cables have small resistance, to reduce
resistance a high conductivity and large diameter cable can be
used, but its heavy and expensive.
2. current reduced: by voltage increasing to keep power (P = IΔV)
constant.

➢ P. 188

➢ The power and voltage given by electric company are constant,

the power and resistor of devices usually are constant.
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Joule (J) is very small unit to measure used energy at homes, so

kilowatt-hour (kWh) is used instead.
kWh ≡ 1000 watts delivered
kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
for an hour (3600 s)

➢ The cost of bill for consuming electricity:

¢: cost of electrical energy (AED) ¢ = 𝐸 × price
E: electric energy in unit (kWh)
price of electricity (AED/kWh)
➢ To answer questions:
find the power (𝑃 = 𝐼∆𝑉)
find energy (𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡)
convert energy (𝐸/3.6 × 106 )
calculate the cost (¢ = 𝐸 × price)
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Ex:
An amount of energy is 1,888 MJ, convert into kilowatt-hour.

𝐸 = 1,888 MJ = 1,888 × 106 J

kWh = 3.6 × 106 J

1888 × 106
𝐸= 6
= 524 kWH
3.6 × 10

➢ Ex:
An amount of energy is 80 kWh, convert into Joules.

𝐸 = 80 × 3.6 × 106 = 288,000,000 J

 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Q32 (P.183):
A digital clock has a resistance of 12,000 Ω and is plugged into a
115-V outlet.
a) How much current does it draw?
b) How much power does it use?
𝑅 = 12000 Ω Δ𝑉 = 115 V 𝐼 =?? 𝑃 = ??

Δ𝑉 115
𝐼= = = 9.6 × 10−3 A = 9.6 mA
𝑅 12000

Δ𝑉 2 1152
𝑃= = = 1.1 W
𝑅 12000
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Q32 (P.183):
A digital clock has a resistance of 12,000 Ω and is plugged into a
115-V outlet.
c) If the owner of the clock pays AED 0.12 per kWh, how much
does it cost to operate the clock for 30 days?
price = 0.12 AED/kWh 𝑡 = 30 d 𝑃 = 1.1 W ¢ =? ?
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡
= 1.1 × (30 × 24 × 60 × 60)
= 2,851,200 J

2851200
𝐸= 6
= 0.8 kWh
3.6 × 10
¢ = 𝐸 × price = 0.8(0.12) = 0.1 AED
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ P. 97:
 Electrical Energy Transmission

➢ Ex: A 100 W lamp works 5 hours every day for one month.
(a) Calculate the consumed energy in Joules.
(b) Calculate the consumed energy in kWh.
(c) Calculate the cost of operating it if AED 0.07 per kWh