NAME: AQARIB SHAH

Class: bscs 2-D

Subject: Digital Logic Design
Sir: SIR HAQUE NAWAZ
DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER SCIENCE

Experiment no 1:
Objective:
 In this lab the main objective is to understand the basic concept
of digital training system. And understands its components functions.

Requirements:
• Digital training system

Theory
The ETS 7000A Digital-Analog Training System is a platform equipped with built-in power
supply (fixed and variable), function generator (sine, triangle, square, TTL) and Universal
Counter as well as various common Input/Output components, such as data switches, 7-
segment display, LED indicators, speaker, etc.

Procedure:
In this lab we are brief with the basic concept of of digital
training system. We learn about it working and functionality and see how
we can design a circuit on in.

Diagram:
Experiment no 2:
Objective:
In this lab our objective is to install multisim for our online
classes.

Requirements:
• Computer / laptop
• Internet
• multisim

Theory
 NI Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part
of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit
design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation.

Procedure:
we install by following the steps performed my our teacher sir Nawaz
lashari. After downloading we cracked the application for proper use.

Diagram:

Experiment no 3:
Objective:
In this lab our objective is to install multisim for our online
classes.

Requirements:
• Computer / laptop
• Internet
• multisim

Theory
 NI Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part
of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit
design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation.

Procedure:
in this lab we understand and learn to use the multisim
software. We look into its componants and understand how we can drag
drops elements and how we can create our own circuit in multisim.

Diagram:

Experiment no 4:

Objective:
The main objective of this practical is to understand the
functionality and features of multisim and build a basic circuit with the help
of multisim.

Requirements:
1) PROB_BLUE
2) NOT LOGIC GATE
3) GROUND
4) RESISTER
5) DC POWERSOURCE
6) Switch

Theory of components:
1) PROB_BLUE
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

2) NOT LOGIC GATE

 NOT gate, often called an inverter, is a nice digital logic
gate to start with because it has only a single input with simple behavior.
A NOT gate performs logical negation on its input. In other words, if the
input is true, then the output will be false. Similarly, a false input results in
a true output.

3) GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth. 

4) RESISTER
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. A resistor reduces (or resists) the flow of current. ... So,
a 1k Ω resistor has a value of 1,000 ohms and the number we will code is
1,000.

5) DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

6) Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to not
logic gate from the logic gate connect the probe_blue after turning on the
switch if the probe_blue blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…

Output:
Experiment no 5:
Objective:
To understand the basic of or logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of or logic gate and be able to perform on its on.

Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) PROB_GREEN
4) AND LOGIC GATE
5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

PROB_GREEN
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to or
logic gate from the logic gate connect the led after turning on the switch if
the Led blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…

Symmetric Diagram:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Experiment no 6:

Objective:
To understand the basic of or logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of or logic gate and be able to perform on its on.

Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) PROB_GREEN
4) OR LOGIC GATE
 5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

PROB_GREEN
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.
Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to or
logic gate from the logic gate connect the led after turning on the switch if
the Led blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…

Symmetric Diagram:

Circuit Diagram:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Experiment no 7:

Objective:
To understand the basic of or logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of NOR logic gate and be able to perform on its on.
Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) PROB_GREEN
4) NOR LOGIC GATE
5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

PROB_GREEN
 It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to nor
logic gate from the logic gate connect the probe_GREEN after turning on
the switch if the probe_GREEN blinks then we our circuit is working
accurately…

Symmetric Diagram:

Circuit Diagram:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Experiment no 8:

Objective:
To understand the basic of or logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of NAND logic gate and be able to perform on its on.

Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) lED
4) NAND LOGIC GATE
5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
 In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

LED
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to NAND
logic gate from the logic gate connect the LED after turning on the switch if
the LED blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…

Symmetric Diagram:
Circuit Diagram:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 1
 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Experiment no 9:

Objective:
To understand the basic of or logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of NAND logic gate and be able to perform on its on.

Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) lED
4) XOR LOGIC GATE
5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

LED
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to NAND
logic gate from the logic gate connect the LED after turning on the switch if
the LED blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…
Symmetric Diagram:

Circuit Diagram:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Experiment no 10:
Objective:
To understand the basic of XNOR logic gate and perform it on
mutisim. At the end of the experiment student must understand the basic
of XNOR logic gate and be able to perform on its on.

Requirements:
• DESKTOP/LAPTOP
• MULTISIM TOOL
3) lED
4) XNOR LOGIC GATE
5) GROUND
6) VCC
7) Switch

Theory of components:
DC POWERSOURCE
DC” is short for “direct current,” which, in basic terms, is a
movement of electric charge that provides a constant voltage (or current)
that only flows in one direction. ... DC power products work similarly to
this concept — once the electricity is drained in a battery, it can no longer
provide power.

GROUND
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point
in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

Switch
a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current
or diverting it from one conductor to another.

LED
It is a low voltage indicator that blinks when it receive
current. In our experiment we used this to see either our circuit is working
or not. When it receive current its gives glows showing that circuit is
working.

Procedure:
In this practical we take all the components at the start window after that
first we join the dc power supply with the ground to discharge the reverse
current of the circuit. Then connect the resister and switch to the power
supply also connect a single current wire from resister and switch to XNOR
logic gate from the logic gate connect the LED after turning on the switch if
the LED blinks then we our circuit is working accurately…
Symmetric Diagram:

Circuit Diagram:
Table:
Input 1 Input 2 Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Experiment no 11:

Objective:
To construct XOR gate using discrete components.

Goal:
In this experiment students will implement XOR Logic Gate
practically using discrete components and will observe its
function.

Requirement:
• Multisims/ laptop
 • Connecting Wires (Jumpers).
• PNP Transistor
• Resistors (10KΩ and 4.7KΩ)
• Led
• vcc

Theory:-

When the voltages at terminals A and B are at opposite logic states

forward biases the Emitter-Base junction and turns ON the
transistor. Thus an approximate Logic HIGH
voltage VH−0.6V−VCE is available at output terminal Z. The
Logic LOW voltage is approximately 0V but the sink current
limited by the collector resistance 10K ohm.
As the Logic HIGH input current for TTL is approximately 0.4mA,
which is the transistors emitter current and would generate a
voltage drop of approximately 4V across 10K ohm resistor. But
the problem is the 10K ohm resistor cannot provide the required
sink current 0.4mA when the output Z is at Logic ZERO. Thus this
XOR configuration seems to be suitable only for CMOS or TTL
inputs at A and B and capable of driving only CMOS at output Y.

Procedure:-
• Construct circuit as shown in Figure.
• Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as
shown in table 9.1 and note down Output Z.
Input (A) Input (B) Output (Z)
0 (LOW) 0 (LOW) 0 (LOW)
0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH)
1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH)
1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW)

Circuit diagram:
Experiment no 12:

Object:
To construct XNOR gate using discrete components.

Goal:
In this experiment students will implement XNOR Logic Gate
practically using discrete components and will observe its
function.

Required Tools/Equipment:-
Desktop/mutisims
Vcc
Led
Connecting Wires (Jumpers).
NPN Transistor (BC 548)
Resistors (10KΩ and 4.7KΩ)

Theory:-
XNOR:

When the voltage at A and B terminals are at opposite logic state,

a voltage of higher voltage minus lower voltage minus 1.2V
(voltage drop between two diodes) forward bias the Emitter-Base
junction of the Transistor. This turns ON the transistor and the
Logic LOW voltage available at the collector of the transistor is
approximately equal to 0.6+VL+VCE, where VL is the Logic LOW
input and VCE is the Collector to Emitter voltage of the transistor.
When the both inputs A and B are at the same Logic Levels, the
Emitter to Base junction of the transistor cannot be forward
biased, thus the transistor is in OFF state and the output Y is at
supply voltage.

Procedure:-
• Construct circuit according to Figure.
• Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as
shown in table 10.1 and note down Output Z.
Input (A) Input (B) Output (Z)
0 (LOW) 0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH)
0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW)
1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW) 0 (LOW)
1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH)

Experiment no 13:
Objective:
To construct XNOR gate with diodes.

Requirement:
Desktop/multisims
Connecting wires
Led
Vcc
NPN transistors
Resistors
diodes

Theory:
When either of the gates inputs A or B, is it an opposite logic state.
A drop voltage of the high minus, the low voltage minus 1.2v is
available to the forward biased and the bias emitter junction. The
transistors turns on, and the logic zero voltage at the resistor is
approximately 0.6v+Vl+Vcc ,
Where Vl and Vcc are the voltages low voltage and collector to
emitter voltage. When inputs A and B are at same logic states, you
cannot forward bias based the transistor base-to-emitter junction,
so output y is at supply

Procedure:-
• Construct circuit according to Figure
• Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as
shown in table 10.1 and note down Output Z.

Truth table:

Input (A) Input (B) Output (Z)

0 (LOW) 0 (LOW) 0 (LOW)
0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH)
1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH)
1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW)
Experiment no 14:

Objective:
To construct XOR gate with diodes.

Requirement:
Desktop/multisims
Connecting wires
Led
Vcc
PNP transistors
Resistors
Diodes

Theory:
Consider the XOR configuration in which logic zero at either A or
B is relevant for the base and logic one is relevant for the emitter.
The logic one voltage available at y. is Vh-0.6-Vcc, and logic zero
is approximately 0V but current limited through the collector
resistor. The concern here is with the TTlogic-one output current
of approximately 0.4Ma, which is the transistors emitter current.
The current drops to 4v which is tolerable for CMOS but not for
TTL, which demands a current of atleast 0.4 ma, for logic o inputs
when y is at logic zero.

Procedure:
1) Construct circuit according to Figure
2) Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as shown in
table 10.1 and note down Output Z.

Truth table:

Input (A) Input (B) Output (Z)

0 (LOW) 0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH)
0 (LOW) 1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW)
1 (HIGH) 0 (LOW) 0 (LOW)
1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH) 1 (HIGH)
Circuit diagram:

Experiment no 15:
Objective:
To construct half-adder through logic gates.

Requirement:
Desktop/multisims
Vcc
Connecting wires
Led
Logic gates
Transistors
Resistors

Theory:
Half adder is a combinational  arithmetic circuit that adds two
numbers and produces a sum bit (S) and carry bit (C) as the
output. If  A and B are the input bits, then sum bit (S) is the X-OR
of A and B  and the carry bit (C) will be the AND of A and B. From
this it is clear that a half adder circuit can be easily constructed
using one X-OR gate and one AND gate. Half adder is the simplest
of all adder circuit, but it has a major disadvantage.  The half
adder can add only two input bits (A and B) and has nothing to do
with the carry if there is any in the input. So if the input to a half
adder have a carry, then it will be neglected it and adds only the A
and B bits. That means the binary addition process is not
complete and that’s why it is called a half adder

Procedure:
1) Construct circuit according to Figure
2) Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as shown in
table 10.1 and note down Output Z.

Truth table:
Circuit diagram:

Experiment no 16:
Objective:
To construct full-adder using logic gates.

Requirement:
Desktop/multisims
Wires
Transistors
Resistors
Led
Logic gates

Theory:
Full Adder is the adder which adds three inputs and
produces two outputs. The first two inputs are A and B and
the third input is an input carry as C-IN. The output carry
is designated as C-OUT and the normal output is
designated as S which is SUM.
A full adder logic is designed in such a manner that can
take eight inputs together to create a byte-wide adder and
cascade the carry bit from one adder to the another.
Logical Expression for SUM:
= A’ B’ C-IN + A’ B C-IN’ + A B’ C-IN’ + A B C-IN
= C-IN (A’ B’ + A B) + C-IN’ (A’ B + A B’)
= C-IN XOR (A XOR B)
= (1,2,4,7)
Logical Expression for C-OUT:
= A’ B C-IN + A B’ C-IN + A B C-IN’ + A B C-IN
= A B + B C-IN + A C-IN
= (3,5,6,7)

Procedure:
1) Construct circuit according to Figure
2) Use toggle switches to apply logics to input A and B as
shown in table 10.1 and note down Output Z.

Truth table:
Circuit diagram: