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ACADEMY OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES

SELECT TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY I

EXERCISES UNIT 1.

TEACHER(s) OF SUBJECT

M.C Elizabeth Hernández (Spanish)

Amira Reyna Madrigal (English)

This document was elaborated, and it is full authorship of MC Elizabeth

Hernández and translated and adapted to English by Amira Reyna Madrigal

FALL 2020
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BLOCK I.

o Electronic configuration of ionic compounds.

1. Based on kinetic theory, describe the differences between the particles of liquids and those of solids.
How are liquids and solids alike, and how do they differ?

2. Relates the following diagrams with an orbital s or p.

3. State if following sections of the orbital diagrams are possible and explain your reasoning. When
the section is possible, please indicate the element that represents.

4. Relates the spheres represented with Li, Na, K and Rb atoms.

5. How are the following cases similar and how different?

a. 2p and 3p orbitals b. 2s and 2p orbitals c. the orbitals at the 4p sublevel

o Formulas electron point, Multiple covalent bonds and resonance, Forms of molecules
and ions (TRPECV theory)

6. An oxide ion O2- it is about twice the size of an oxygen atom. How
would you explain this?

7. Based on kinetic theory, describe the differences between the particles of liquids and those of solids.
How are liquids and solids alike, and how do they differ?

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8. If you lived in Alaska, which of the following natural gases would you store in a tank at
outdoors during winter ?: methane (CH4), propane (C3H8) or butane (C4H10). Justify your choice.

9. List the types of intermolecular forces that exist between the molecules (or base units) in each of
the following species: a) benzene (C6H6), b) CH3Cl, c) PF3, d)NaCl,
d) CS2.

10. An AB2 molecule it is described as linear, and with known A-B bond length.
a. Does this information fully describe the geometry of the molecule?
b. From this information, could you indicate how many pairs of non-bonding electrons exist
around atom A?

11. What is the difference between the geometry of electron domains and the molecular geometry of a
molecule? Use the water molecule as an example for your explanation.

12. Write formulas electron point for each of next

molecules or ions:
a. CO (Carbon monoxide)
b. H2CCH2 (etilene)
c. H2CO (C is central atom)

13. Write the resonance structures for next molecules or ions:

a. ClNO2 (N is central atom)
b. OCN-

14. Consider the bonds of a MgH2molecule.

to. Represent the Lewis structure for the molecule and predict its molecular geometry
b. What is the hybridization scheme used in MgH2?
c. Represent one of the two-electron bonds between the hybrid Mg orbital and an orbital
atomic ls of H.

15. a. Make a drawing that shows how the orbitals p of two different atoms are
combine to form a sigma bond. b. Outline a link π built from orbitals p. c. As usual; Which is
stronger, an α bond or a π bond? Explain your answer. d. Can two s orbitals form a π bond? Explain
your answer.

BLOCK II.

o Electronegativity, polarity, and attractive forces in compounds

16. Explain the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.

17. What is the relationship between the dipole moment and the binding moment? How is it possible that
a molecule with bond moments is nonpolar?

18. Will the OCS molecule have a greater or lesser dipole moment than CS2?

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19. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of dipole moment:

20. Element M is a bright and highly reactive metal (melting point 63 °C); element X is a highly
reactive nonmetal (melting point —7.2 ° C). They react with each other to form a compound of
the empirical formula MX, a colorless, brittle solid that melts at 734 °C. When dissolved in water
or molten, the substance conducts electricity. When chlorine gas is bubbled into an aqueous
solution containing MX, a reddish-brown liquid is produced and CF ions are formed. From these
observations, identify M and X.

21. Indicate the main type of ionic attractive force, (2) dipole-dipole, (3) hydrogen bridge, (4)
dispersion forces at which between the particles of the following substances:
a. NH3 b. CHC13 c. H2O d. CH4 e. LiC1

22. Consider the Lewis structure of glycine, the simplest amino acid an answer the next questions:

23. What are the approximate bond angles related to the two carbon atoms, and what are the
hybridizations of the orbitals in each of them?

24. What are the hybridizations of the orbitals in the two oxygen atoms and the nitrogen atom? what
are the approximate bond angles in nitrogen?

25. What is the total number of a bonds in the entire molecule, and what is the total number of π bonds?

26. What is the difference between a localized and a delocalized π bond? How can you
determine if a molecule or ion exhibits a delocalized π bond? Is the π bond in NO2
localized or delocalized?

27. The PF3 molecule has a dipole moment of 1.03 D, but BF3 has a dipole moment equal to zero. How
can you explain the difference?

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BLOCK III.

o Molecular kinetic model of the liquid state

28. Why are liquids, unlike gases, practically incompressible?

29. What is surface tension? What is the relationship between this property and intermolecular
forces? How does surface tension change with temperature?

30. Even though stainless steel is much denser than water, a stainless steel razor can float on water.
Why?

31. Use water and mercury as examples to explain adhesion and cohesion.

32. Water pipes that are outdoors need to be drained or insulated during winter in cold climates. Why?

o Vapor pressure and boiling point

33. Describe the dynamic equilibrium in a closed bottle that contains only one cup of water.

34. The normal boiling point of a substance depends on the molecular mass and the type of
intermolecular attractions. Order the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point.

a. H2O b. CO c. O2

35. Potatoes are boiled in a container with water. Will potatoes cook sooner if the stove heat is
increased, or would this be a waste of energy?

36. Based on the molecular structure and intermolecular forces, which of the following compounds
would have a higher boiling point: ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH, or ethyl fluoride, CH3CH2F?
(Their molar masses are similar.)

37. The heat of vaporization of ammonia, NH3, is 1368 J/g. What is the molar heat of
vaporization of ammonia in kilo Joules per mole?

38. The heat of vaporization of bromine, Br2 is 188 J/g. What is the molar heat of
bromine vaporization in kilo Joules per mole?

39. Acetone, an ingredient in nail polish remover, is very volatile. Molar heat
acetone vaporization, C3H6O, it is 7.23 kcal/mol. How much heat (in kilocalories) is absorbed when
750 g of acetone is evaporated?

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40. The molar heat of vaporization of acetic acid, CH3COOH (present in

vinegar), is 5.81 kcal/mol. How much heat is needed to vaporize 6.75 g of
acetic acid?

41. For each of the following problems, find the heat change at 100 °C and tell whether it absorbed or
released heat:

a. Joules to vaporize 10.0 g of water

b. kilo Joules to vaporize 500 g of water
c. Joules to condense 8.00 kg of steam
d. kilo Joules to condense 175 g of steam

42. Use your knowledge of state changes to explain the following.

a) Why does perspiration cool the body during intense exercise?
b) Why do towels dry faster on a hot summer day than on a cold winter day?
c) Why wet clothes stay like this if they are placed in a plastic bag?

o Freezing point.

43. Draw a heating curve for a sample of ice that is heated from -20 °C to 130 °C. Indicate the
segment of the graph that corresponds to each of the following

a. solid, liquid, gas. b. melting point c. boiling point

44. Draw a cooling curve for a steam that cools from 110 °C to -10 °C. Indicate the segment of the
graph that corresponds to each of the following
a. solid, liquid, gas. b. melting point c. boiling point

45. To relieve inflamed muscles, he used an ice pack containing 275 g of ice at 0 ° C. When the bag
was removed, the ice had melted and the liquid water had a temperature of 24 ° C. How many kilo
Joules of heat were absorbed?

46. A sample of 115 g is emitted from a volcano at 100 °C. It condenses, cools and falls like snow at
0 °C. How many kilo Joules of heat did they release?

47. The south pole of Mars is covered with dry ice that only partially sublimates during the summer.
CO2 vapor recondenses in winter when the temperature drops to 150 K. Since the heat of
sublimation of CO2 is 25.9 kJ / mol, calculate the atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars.

o Surface tension

48. Describe in terms of intermolecular forces the cause of the phenomenon of surface tension.

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49.What is a surfactant, and what effect does it have on the surface tension of water?

50. Why do “beads” of water form on the engine cover of a freshly waxed car? Why is the same not
true of
a dirty car?

51. Describe why you can carefully fill a glass with water over the rim.

o Density and Viscosity

52. Determine the density (g/mL) for each of the following

exercises:
a. A 20.0-mL saline sample that has a mass of 24.0 g.
b. A cube of butter that weighs 0.250 lb and has a volume of 130.3 mL.
c. A gem that has a mass of 45.0 g. When the gem is placed in a graduated cylinder containing
20.0 mL of water, the water level rises to 34.5 mL.
d. A solid with a volume of 114 cm3 that has a mass of 485.6 g.

53. A syrup is added to an empty container with a mass of 115.25 g. When a 0.100 pint of syrup is
added, the total mass of the container and the syrup is 182.48 g. (1 quart = 2 pints). What you
need to find in this examplw? Make your operations.

54. Solve the following problems:

a. How many liters of ethyl alcohol does 1.50 kg of alcohol contain?
b. How many grams of mercury are in a barometer that contains 6.5 mL of mercury?
c. A sculptor prepared a mold to cast a bronze figure. The figure has a volume
of 225 mL. If the bronze has a density of 7.8 g/mL, how many ounces of
bronze are needed to prepare the bronze figure?
d. What is the mass in grams of a copper cube that has a volume of 74.1 cm3?
e. How many kilograms of gasoline fill a 12.0 gallon tank? (1 gallon = 4
quarts)

55. An 18 karat gold necklace is 75% gold by mass, 16% silver, and 9.0% copper.
a) What is its mass in grams, if it contains 0.24 ounces of silver?
b) How many grams of copper are in the necklace?
c) If 18-karat gold has a density of 15.5 g/cm3, what is the volume in cubic centimeters?

56. Describe the effects of molecular size and symmetric shape on viscosity.

57. Explain why a lower viscosity oil, such as SAE 10, is more desirable in very cold winters. Why
should this oil not be used during hot summers?

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BLOCK IV.
o Solid state

58. Compare the bonds of diamond with those of graphite. Are they crystalline solids or amorphous
solids? How are these materials similar?

59.What do graphite and nanotubes have in common?

60. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has a melting point (mp) of 135 °C. It is moderately soluble in: Ethyl
alcohol and non-polar solvents. Classify the type of aspirin bonds.

61. Describe and give examples of the following types of crystals: a) ionic, b) covalent, c)
molecular, and d) metallic.

62. Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity? Why does a metal's ability to
conduct electricity decrease with increasing temperature?

63. What is an amorphous solid? How is it different from a crystalline solid?

64. Define what glass is. What is its main component? Name three types of glass.

65. The compact packing hexagonal net can be represented by the figure below if
There is an atom in each vertex of the unit cell, and another that
It can be located by traveling one-third of the distance along the diagonal of the rhombic base,
starting at the lower left vertex and proceeding perpendicularly upward on c / 2. Magnesium
crystallizes in this network and its density is 1.74 g/cm3.
a. What is the volume of the unit cell?
b. What is the value of a?
c. What is the distance between close neighbors?
d. How many close neighbors does each atom have?

NaCl unit cell

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References

1. Brown, H. et al (2009). Química: la ciencia central. México. Pearson Education.

2. Chang R. (2007). Chemistry. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana

3. Timberlake K and Timberlake W (2015). Química General. Mexico. Pearson Education.

4. Whitten K et al (2009). Chemistry. México. Cengage Learning.

5. William D and William S (2005). Chemistry. México. Pearson Education.

6. Gallego A et al. (2018). Química Básica. Madrid España. UNED

ACADEMY OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES